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Introduction
Capacitors
Series and Parallel Capacitors
Inductors
Series and Parallel Inductors
Introduction
Capacitors
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).
A
d
r 0
8.854 10
12
(F/m)
Capacitors - cont..
A
C
d
Three factors affecting the value of
capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.
Types of Capacitors
Variable Capacitors
Variable capacitors
Symbols
Charge in Capacitor
Charge in Capacitors
The relation between the charge in plates and
the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q
1F 1 C/V
Cv
q
Linear
Nonlinear
10
11
q Cv, i
i
C
dq
dt
dv
C
dt
12
Physical Meaning
i
dv
C
dt
i
C
13
Capacitor Voltage
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.
The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.
Abrupt change
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
14
Capacitor Voltage
i
v(t )
dv
C
dt
1
C
t
to
v(t )
idt v(to)
1
C
idt
v(
) 0
v
v(to)
q(to) / C
i
C
15
vi
pdt
w(t )
w(t )
dv
Cv
dt
dv
v dt
dt
1
Cv 2 (t )
2
v (t )
v(
( v(
vdv
q 2 (t )
2C
0)
1 2
Cv
2
+
v
v (t )
v( )
i
C
16
17
Examples #1
(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF
capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
18
Example #1 Solution
Solution:
(a) Since q Cv,
q
3 10
12
20 60pC
1 2
Cv
2
1
12
3 10
400 600pJ
2
19
Example #2
The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is
v(t ) 10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
By definition, the current is
i
dv
C
dt
d
5 10
(10 cos 6000t )
dt
6
0.3sin 6000t A
20
Example #3
Determine the voltage across a 2- F capacitor if the
current through it is
i (t )
6e
3000t
mA
1
2 10
(1 e
0
t
6
e
0
3000 t
3000 t
dt 10
3 10
e
3000
3000 t t
0
)V
BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1
21
C eq
C 1 C 2 C 3 .... C N
22
C eq C1 C 2 C 3 .... C N
The equivalent capacitance of N parallelconnected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitance.
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
23
1
Ceq
1
C1
1
C2
1
C3
...
1
CN
24
Series Capacitors
v(t )
1
Ceq
q(t )
Ceq
v1 (t ) v2 (t ) ... v N (t )
t
id
q(t )
C1
1
(
C1
1
C2
1
1 t
...
) id
C3
CN
q(t )
q(t )
C2
CN
25
Summary
These results enable us to look the capacitor in
this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y connection and its transformation
26
Example #4
Find the equivalent capacitance seen between
terminals a and b of the circuit below.
27
Example #4 Solution
Solution:
20 F and 5
28
Example #5
For the circuit below, find the voltage across
each capacitor.
29
Example #5
30
Example #5 Solution
Solution:
Two parallel capacitors:
Ceq
Total charge
1
1 1 1
60 30 20
Ceq v 10 10
mF 10mF
30 0.3 C
31
Example #5 Solution
q
0
.
3
Therefore,
v1
15 V,
3
C1 20 10
q
0.3
v2
10 V
3
C2 30 10
Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to
determine v3 by
v3
30 v1 v2
5V
v3
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
q
60mF
0.3
60 10
5V
32
Inductors
An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire
33
Inductors cont..
N2 A
l
r
0
10 7 (H/m)
N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross sectional area.
: permeabili ty of the core
34
Inductors cont
(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core
35
Flux in Inductors
The relation between the flux in inductor and
the current through the inductor is given below.
Li
Linear
1H 1 Weber/A
Nonlinear
36
37
dt
di
L
dt
L
-
38
Physical Meaning
v
d
dt
di
L
dt
39
Inductor Current
An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.
The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.
40
1
vdt
L
1
L
t
to
1
L
v(t )dt
+
v
41
P vi
pdt
i (t )
L i(
i
di
)
di
L idt
dt
1 2
1 2
Li (t )
Li (
2
2
+
v
L
-
) i(
) 0,
w (t )
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
1 2
Li (t )
2
BPB11103 CIRCUIT THEORY 1
42
43
Example #1
The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =
10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v L and L 0.1H,
dt
d
v 0.1 (10te 5t ) e 5t t ( 5)e 5t e 5t (1 5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w
Li
(0.1)100t 2 e 10 t 5t 2 e 10 t J
2
2
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
44
Example #2
Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the
voltage across it is
2
30t , t 0
v(t )
0,
t 0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
Solution:
1 t
and
L
5
H
.
Since i
v
(
t
)
dt
i
(
t
)
0
Lt
3
1 t
t
2
3
i
30
t
dt
0
6
2
t
A
50
3
0
45
Example #4
The power p
vi
t 5
w
pdt 0 60t dt 60
156.25 kJ
60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energy stored using
5
1 2
1
w(5) w(0)
Li (5)
Li (0)
2
2
1
3 2
(5)(2 5 ) 0 156.25 kJ
2
as obtained before.
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Example #5
Consider the circuit
shown. Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.
47
Example #5 Solution
Solution:
(a) Under dc condition : capacitor
open circuit
short circuit
inductor
12
i iL
2 A, vc 5i 10 V
1 5
(b)
wc
wL
1
1
Cvc
(1)(102 ) 50J,
2
2
1 2 1
Li
(2)(22 ) 4J
2
2
48
Inductors in Series
Leq
L1
L2
L3 ... L N
49
Inductors in Parallel
1
Leq
1
L1
1
1
L2
LN
50
v1 v 2
v3 ... v N
di
di
di
di
v L1
L2
L3
... LN
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
( L1 L2 L3 ... LN )
dt
N
di
di
LK
Leq
dt
dt
K 1
Leq L1 L2 L3 ... L N
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51
Parallel Inductors
Using KCL, i i1 i2 i3 ... iN
But ik 1 tt vdt ik (t0 )
i
1
Lk
Lk
t
t0
1
1 t
vdt i1 (t0 )
vdt is (t0 ) ...
t
LN
L2
1
L1
N
k
1
1 Lk
1
L2
t
t0
1
...
LN
N
vdt
t
t0
t
t0
vdt iN (t0 )
1
ik (t0 )
Leq
1
t
t0
vdt i (t0 )
52
Summary
The inductor in various connection has the
same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.
53
Comparison Table
54
Example #6
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit
shown below.
55
Example #6 Solution
Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
42H
7 42
6H
Parallel :
7 42
Leq 4 6 8 18H
56
Practice Problem
57
Example #7
Find the circuit below, i (t ) 4(2 e )mA.
1 mA, find : (a) i (0)
If i2 (0)
(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )
10t
58
Example #7 Solution
Solution:
(a ) i(t ) 4(2 e
10 t
)mA
i(0) 4(2 1)
4mA.
Leq
2 4 || 12 2 3 5H
di
10 t
10 t
v(t ) Leq
5(4)( 1)( 10)e mV 200e mV
dt
di
10 t
10 t
v1 (t ) 2
2( 4)( 10)e mV 80e mV
dt
10 t
v2 (t ) v(t ) v1(t ) 120e mV
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
59
Example #7 Solution
1 t
(c) i
v
(
t
)
dt
i
(
0
)
L 0
1 t
120 t 10 t
i1 (t )
v
dt
i
(
0
)
e
dt
5
mA
2
1
40
4 0
10 t t
3e
5 mA
3e 10 t 3 5 8 3e 10 t mA
0
1 t
120 t 10 t
i2 (t )
v dt i2 (0)
e dt 1mA
0 2
0
12
12
10 t t
10 t
10 t
e
1mA
e
1 1 e mA
0
Note that i1 (t ) i2 (t ) i (t )
L7 CAPACITORS & INDUCTORS
60
THE END
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