(123doc) Ky Thuat Can Bang Tai Trong Mpls Te

Li cam oan
n tt nghip l mt thc o nh gi kt qu hc tp sau 5 nm hc ca

sinh vin ti ging ng i hc Bch Khoa, mi sinh vin la chn cho mnh mt
ti tt nghip ph hp vi hng ngh nghip ca mnh trong tng lai. thc
c iu ny em c gng la chn cho mnh mt ti ph hp mnh v c
gng ht sc hon thnh ti ca mnh.
Trong tnh hnh rt ph bin hin nay nhiu sinh vin s dng nhng n
lm trc a vo n ca mnh, s dng cc chng trnh m phng m
ngun m a vo ti ca mnh m khng tun theo ng nguyn tc v s
hu tr tu trong khi s dng phn mn ngun m, xm phm quyn s hu tr tu
ca ngi khc. L mt sinh vin nm cui, em thc r v vn v quyt tm
tun theo ng quy nh v s hu tr tu, nhng thng tin em s dng trong n
nu ly t bn ngoi u c trch dn y nhng thng tin v tc gi, tun theo
ng quy nh trn th gii hin nay.
Mt ln na em xin cam oan ni dung n hon ton khng s dng bt c
ti liu n, cng trnh khoa hc no t trc n nay, cc on m v chng
trnh m phng l hon ton t lm khng ly t bt c cng trnh no trc y.
Nng, ngy 7 thng 1 nm 2008
Sinh vin thc hin
Mc lc
Li cam oan.............................................................................................................
Mc lc.....................................................................................................................
Cc t vit tt............................................................................................................
Phn 1: L thuyt....................................................................................................1
Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc.....................................1
1.1 Gii thiu........................................................................................................... 1
1.2 S lc lch s MPLS v nguyn nhn ca s ra i ca MPLS......................1
1.3. c tnh ca chuyn tip IP..............................................................................2
1.3.1 M hnh nh tuyn lp mng.........................................................................2
1.3.2 Cng ngh ATM v m hnh hng kt ni....................................................3
1.3.3 Qu trnh iu khin v chuyn tip c lp...................................................4
1.4 MPLS................................................................................................................5
1.4.1 Li ch ca MPLS..........................................................................................5
1.4.2 c im mng MPLS...................................................................................6
1.4.3 im vt tri ca MPLS so vi m hnh IP over ATM................................6
1.4.4 Mt s khi nim thng gp.........................................................................8
1.5 Kin trc MPLS................................................................................................8
1.5.1 Mt phng chuyn tip...................................................................................9
1.5.2 Mt phng iu khin.....................................................................................9
1.5.3 Cc thnh phn mt phng d liu v iu khin ca MPLS........................11
1.6 Nhn (Label) trong MPLS...............................................................................11
1.7 LSPs (Label Switch Path)................................................................................13
1.8 LER, LSR v hot ng ca LSR....................................................................13
1.9 Cc hnh thc hot ng ca MPLS................................................................14
1.10 Thut ton chuyn tip nhn (Label Forwarding Algorithm).........................15
1.11 Hot ng chuyn tip ca MPLS.................................................................16
1.12 LDP v cc loi thng ip ca LDP.............................................................16
1.12.1 Cc thng ip ca LDP.............................................................................16

1.12.2 Phn phi bng giao thc phn phi nhn LDP..........................................17
1.13 Mt s ng dng ca MPLS..........................................................................18
1.14 Kt lun.........................................................................................................19
Chng 2. K thut lu lng trong MPLS..........................................................20
2.1 Gii thiu.........................................................................................................20
2.2 Tng quan v qun l lu lng MPLS...........................................................20
2.3 S cn thit ca k thut lu lng trong Internet...........................................21
2.4 K thut lu lng trc MPLS......................................................................22
2.5 K thut lu lng vi MPLS.........................................................................25
2.6 So snh IP-TE vi MPLS-TE..........................................................................26
2.7 Cc thnh phn k thut lu lng MPLS.......................................................28
2.7.1 ng hm LSP...........................................................................................28
2.7.2 Phn phi cc thng tin nh tuyn rng buc..............................................29
2.7.3 Gn lu lng cho ng hm.....................................................................29
2.7.4 nh tuyn li...............................................................................................30
2.7.5 nh tuyn li nhanh....................................................................................30
2.7.6 nh tuyn li c ti u............................................................................31
2.8 Cc dng thng tin chnh c phn phi.......................................................32
2.8.1 Bng thng c sn........................................................................................32
2.8.2 u tin ng hm..................................................................................33
2.8.3 Cc c thuc tnh..........................................................................................34
2.9 Thng tin c phn phi nh th no ?.........................................................34
2.10 Kt lun.........................................................................................................35
Chng 3 Cn bng ti trong MPLS-TE, thut ton LCM..................................36
3.1. Gii thiu........................................................................................................36
3.2 S cn thit ca cn bng ti trong thc t......................................................37
3.3. Tip cn phng php cn bng ti ng........................................................38
3.4. Thut ton LCM cn bng ti.........................................................................40
3.5. Bi lab kim tra..............................................................................................42

3.6 Kt lun...........................................................................................................44
Phn 2: Thc nghim.............................................................................................45
Chng 4. Chng trnh m phng v bi lab kim tra........................................45
4.1 Gii thiu.........................................................................................................45
4.2 Trin khai bi lab kim tra trn thit b thc....................................................45
4.3 Chng trnh m phng mng Network Simulator..........................................47
4.4 Cc bc ti hnh m phng...........................................................................51
4.5. Kt qu...........................................................................................................59
4.6 Kt lun...........................................................................................................66
Kt thc v hng pht trin ti........................................................................67
Ti liu tham kho.................................................................................................68
Ph lc................................................................................................................... 70
Li ni u
Khi i mt vi s pht trin v m rng mng c hai vn cn quan tm: k
thut mng (network engineering) v k thut lu lng (traffic engineering). K
thut mng l t chc mng ph hp vi lu lng. Ban u phi c d on tt
nht v lu lng trn mng s dng cc mch v cc thit b mng (router,
switch, ) thch hp. K thut mng phi c m bo hiu qu v sau ny v
thi gian lp t mng c th din ra lu di. K thut lu lng l thao tc trn lu
lng ph hp vi mng. D c c gng n u th lu lng mng cng khng
bao gi p ng c 100% so vi d tnh. Gia thp nin 90 s tng truyn lu
lng vt qu mi d tnh v khng th tnh ton trc c. Do c th ti mi
ni nhu cu bng thng qu nhiu nhng ng thi c cc ng lin kt khc cha
c s dng. K thut lu lng l mt ngh thut chuyn lu lng t cc lin
kt b y sang cc lin kt ri. K thut lu lng c th c b sung: IP metric
trn giao tip, kim tra mt mc li ATM PVC v xc nh li ng PVC da
trn yu cu v lu lng i qua n. K thut lu lng trong MPLS nhm t n
k thut iu khin lu lng hng kt ni tt nht v kt hp vi nh tuyn IP.
Trong phm vi n tt nghip, phn l thuyt trc tin em cp v nhng
c im ca cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS), t i su v
k thut lu lng trong MPLS (MPLS-TE). Phn thc nghim xin gii thiu v
thut ton cn bng ti c dng trong MPLS-TE.
n gm hai phn l thuyt v thc nghim, trong phn l thuyt em c
gng trnh by nhng kin thc t tng quan ti chi tit, phn thc nghim xc pht
t c s l thuyt ton hc, em c gng lin h vi thc nghim gip cho
ti c sc thit phc hn. Mong c thy c v cc bn ng gp kin xy dng.
Em xin cm n.
n ny cp vn k thut cn bng ti trong MPLS- TE. Ni dung
n gm hai phn 4 chng.
Phn 1: l thuyt gm 3 chng, chng 1: gii thiu tng quan c im,

kin trc ng dng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc, chng 2 v 3: i su vo c
im k thut lu lng trong MPLS v gii thiu thut ton cn bng ti LCM.
Phn 2: phn thc nghim, chng 4: phn tch, thit lp th nghim thut
ton cn bng ti LCM (load balance with congestion and mean utilization
thresholds) trong MPLS-TE.
Phng php nguyn cu xuyn sut ca n l nguyn cu l thuyt cng
ngh, thuyt lp h thng lab kim tra, o t, ghi li kt qu. S dng ton hc
kim tnh thut ton bng cch so snh kt qu thu c ca h thng lab thc vi
chng trnh m phng. Nhn xt kt qu so snh rt ra kt lun v tnh hiu qu
ca thut ton.
Nng, ngy 9 thng 6, nm 2007

Sinh vin thc hin
Cc t vit tt
MPLS : Multiprotocol Label Switching
Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
AS
: Autonomous System
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

BGP
: Border Gateway Protocol
CR-LDP : Constraint-based Routing LDP

EGP
: Exterior Gateway Protocol
ER
: Explicited Routing
FEC
: Forwarding Equivalence Class
IGP
: Interior Gateway Protocol
ISIS
: Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
ISP
: Internet Server Providers
LER
: Label Edge Router
LFIB
: Label Forwarding Information Base
LIB
: Label information base.
LSP
: Label Switching Path
LSR
: Label Switching Router
MPLS-TE : Multiprotocol Label Switching

OSPF
: Open Shortest Path First
QoS
: Quality of service
RFC
: Request For Comments
RVSP
: Resource Reservation Protocol
TCL
: Tool Command Language
TDP
: Tag Distribution Protocol.
TE
: Traffic Engineering
VPN
: Virtual private network.
Phn 1: L thuyt
1.1 Gii thiu
Trong chng ny gii thiu c im ca chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPLS. Chuyn tip gi IP truyn thng phn tch a ch IP ch cha trong tiu
ca lp mng mi gi. Mi b nh tuyn phn tch a ch ch c lp mi
chng trong mng. Giao thc nh tuyn ng hay tnh khi xy dng c s d liu
cn phi phn tch a ch IP ch to ra bng nh tuyn. Qu trnh ny gi l nh
tuyn unicast tng chng da trn ch n ca cc gi tin. Vic nh tuyn bng
cc giao thc phi kt ni p ng c nhu cu n gin ca khch hng. Khi mng
Internet pht trin v m rng, lu lng Internet trn mng bng n, phng thc
chuyn tip gi hin ti t ra khng hiu qu, mt tnh linh hot. Do cn mt k
thut mi gn a ch v m rng cc chc nng ca cu trc mng da trn IP.
Trong phn ny ch ra mt s nhc im, cc hn ch m hnh c v trnh by mt
k thut mi k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS nhm khc phc
cc nhc im trn.
1.2 S lc lch s MPLS v nguyn nhn ca s ra i ca MPLS

im thnh cng ca Internet ch cc cng ngh ca Internet c trin
khai v pht trin theo nhu cu ca th trng. Internet khng a ra cc tiu chun
theo kiu Recommendation nh ca ITU-T m a ra cc RFC (Request For
Comments) vi mc ch cng b cc gii php cng ngh t c v thu thp
nhng ng gp thm nhm hon thin, pht trin sn phm ch khng bt buc
phi tun th. Khi mng Internet pht trin v m rng, lu lng Internet bng n.
Cc ISP x l bng cch tng dung lng cc kt ni v nng cp router nhng vn
khng trnh khi nghn mch. L do l cc giao thc nh tuyn thng hng lu
lng vo cng mt s cc kt ni nht nh dn n kt ni ny b qu ti trong khi
mt s ti nguyn khc khng c s dng. y l tnh trng phn b ti khng

ng u v s dng lng ph ti nguyn mng Internet.
Vo thp nin 90, cc ISP pht trin mng ca h theo m hnh chng lp
(overlay) bng cch a ra giao thc IP over ATM. ATM l cng ngh connectionoriented, thit lp cc knh o (Virtual Circuit), tuyn o (Virtual Path) to thnh
mt mng logic nm trn mng vt l gip nh tuyn, phn b ti ng u trn
ton mng. Tuy nhin, IP v ATM l hai cng ngh hon ton khc nhau, c thit
k cho nhng mi trng mng khc nhau, khc nhau v giao thc, cch nh a
ch, nh tuyn, bo hiu, phn b ti nguyn. Khi cc ISP cng m rng mng theo
hng IP over ATM, h cng nhn r nhc im ca m hnh ny, l s phc
tp ca mng li do phi duy tr hot ng ca hai h thng thit b.
S bng n ca mng Internet dn ti xu hng hi t cc mng vin thng
khc nh mng thoi, truyn hnh da trn Internet, giao thc IP tr thnh giao thc
ch o trong lnh vc mng. Xu hng ca cc ISP l thit k v s dng cc
router chuyn dng, dung lng chuyn ti ln, h tr cc gii php tch hp,
chuyn mch a lp cho mng trc Internet.
Nhu cu cp thit trong bi cnh ny l phi ra i mt cng ngh lai c kh
nng kt hp nhng c im tt ca chuyn mch knh ATM v chuyn mch gi IP.
Cng ngh MPLS ra i trong bi cnh ny p ng c nhu cu ca th trng
ng theo tiu ch pht trin ca Internet mang li nhng li ch thit thc, nh
du mt bc pht trin mi ca mng Internet trc xu th tch hp cng ngh
thng tin v vin thng (ICT - Information Communication Technology) trong thi
k mi.
1.3. c tnh ca chuyn tip IP

1.3.1 M hnh nh tuyn lp mng
Trong mi trng phi kt ni truyn thng khng phi s dng cc bn tin bo
hiu thit lp kt ni, phng thc chuyn tin l chuyn tng chng mt. Tt c
cc gi tin c chuyn i da trn cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng (nh giao
thc tm ng dn ngn nht [OSPF] hay giao thc cng bin [BGP]), hay nh
tuyn tnh. Cc router x l tt c cc gi tin nh nhau v c quyn hu b cc gi
tin m khng cn bt k thng bo no cho c bn gi v bn nhn. Chnh v vy, IP
ch cung cp cc dch v c bit vi hiu qu tt nht ch khng thch hp cho
cc dch v c yu cu nghim ngt v QoS.
C ch phi kt ni gy kh khn trong vic iu khin lung v phn b lu
lng mng lm tt nghn ti cc nt mng. Cc nh cung cp dch v Internet
(ISP) x l bng cch tng dung lng cc kt ni v nng cp router nhng hin
tng nghn mch vn xy ra. L do l cc giao thc nh tuyn Internet thng
hng lu lng vo cng mt s cc kt ni nht nh dn ti cc kt ni ny b
qu ti trong khi mt s khu vc khc ti nguyn khng c s dng. y l tnh
trng phn b ti khng ng u v s dng lng ph ti nguyn mng. Tuy nhin,
bn cnh hn ch nh vy, m hnh phi kt ni cng c nhng u im, l :
- Kh nng nh tuyn gi tin mt cch c lp.
- C cu nh tuyn v chuyn tin n gin, hiu qu, nn m hnh phi kt
ni rt ph hp vi cc lung c thi gian kt ni chm.
1.3.2 Cng ngh ATM v m hnh hng kt ni
ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, tc l kt ni t im u
n im cui phi c thit lp trc khi thng tin c gi i. Vic to kt ni
mch o c th t hiu qu trong mng nh, nhng i vi mng ln th nhng vn
c th xy ra. Mi khi mt router mi a vo mng li WAN th mch o phi
c thit lp gia router ny vi cc router cn li m bo vic nh tuyn ti
u. iu ny lu khin lng nh tuyn trong mng tng. Thng thng vic thit
lp kt ni ny c thc hin bi giao thc bo hiu. Giao thc ny cung cp cc
thng tin trng thi lin quan n kt ni cho cc chuyn mch nm trn ng
nh tuyn. Chc nng iu khin chp nhn kt ni CAC (Connection Admission
Control) m bo rng cc ti nguyn lin quan n kt ni hin ti s khng c
a vo s dng cho cc kt ni mi. iu ny buc mng phi duy tr trng thi
ca tng kt ni (bao gm thng tin v s tn ti ca kt ni v ti nguyn m kt

ni s dng) ti cc n c d liu i qua. Vic la chn tuyn c thc hin da
trn cc yu cu v QoS i vi kt ni v da trn kh nng ca thut ton nh
tuyn trong vic tnh ton cc tuyn c kh nng p ng cc yu cu QoS . Do
kh nng nhn dng mng, kh nng c lp tng kt ni vi cc ti nguyn lin
quan n kt ni trong sut thi gian tn ti ca kt ni m mi trng hng kt
ni c th m bo cht lng cho tng lung thng tin. Mng s gim st tng kt
ni, thc hin nh tuyn li trong trng hp c s c v vic thc hin nh tuyn
li ny cng phi thng qua bo hiu.
T c ch truyn tin ta thy mng hng kt ni thch hp vi :
- Cc ng dng yu cu phi m bo QoS mt cch nghim ngt.
- Cc ng dng c thi gian kt ni ln.
i vi cc ng dng c thi gian kt ni ngn th mi trng hng kt ni dng
nh li khng thch hp do thi gian thit lp kt ni cng nh t l phn thng
tin header li qu ln. Vi cc loi lu lng nh vy th mi trng phi kt ni vi
phng thc nh tuyn n gin, trnh phi s dng cc giao thc bo hiu phc
tp s ph hp hn.
Nh vy ta cn tm mt phng thc chuyn mch c th phi hp u im
ca IP (nh c cu nh tuyn) v ca ATM (nh phng thc chuyn mch) v
thc s ph hp vi mng a dch v c hai cng ngh ATM v IP u phi c
nhng thay i, c th l a thm kh nng phi kt ni vo cng ngh ATM, v
kh nng hng kt ni vo cng ngh IP.
1.3.3 Qu trnh iu khin v chuyn tip c lp
Vi chuyn tip gi IP thng thng, mi thay i v thng tin iu khin
truyn gi c tt c cc thit b lin lc vi nhau trong cng mt vng. S thay
i ny i hi mt thi gian hi t trong thut ton chuyn tip. V vy ta mong
mun c mt c ch c th thay i cch chuyn tip gi, m khng nh hng n
cc thit b trong mng. thc hin c c ch nh vy, cc thit b mng
(router) khng da trn thng tin tiu IP m da trn mt nhn thm vo gi tin
quyt nh qu trnh chuyn tip. Vi cch thc chuyn tip nh vy bt k s

thay i quyt nh no c th thng tin n cc thit b bng cch phn phi mt
nhn mi, cc thit b ny chuyn tip lu lng da trn nhn mt s thay i din
ra s khng nh hng ti cc thit b cn li.
Cng ngh MPLS ra i p ng c nhu cu ca th trng ng theo tiu
ch pht trin ca Internet, kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp th
3 v chuyn mch lp th 2 cho php chuyn cc gi rt nhanh trong mng li v
nh tuyn tt cc mng bin bng cch da vo nhn.
1.4 MPLS
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MPLS - Multiprotocol Label Switching) l
mt cng ngh lai kt hp nhng c im tt nht gia nh tuyn lp 3 (layer 3
routing) v chuyn mch lp 2 (layer 2 switching) cho php chuyn ti cc gi rt
nhanh trong mng li (core) v nh tuyn tt cc mng bin (edge) bng cch
da vo nhn (label). MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) kt hp c tnh tc
v hiu sut ca cc mng chuyn gi (packet-switched network) vi c tnh
thng minh cc mng chuyn mch (circuit-switched network) nhm cung cp gii
php tt nht cho vic tch hp voice, video and data. Ging nh cc mng chuyn
mch, MPLS thit lp con ng kt ni end-to-end trc khi vn chuyn thng tin,
v cc con ng ny c chn da vo yu cu ca ng dng (vd: bng
thng,...). Mt khc, ging nh cc mng gi, cc ng dng v ngi dng c th
chia s chung mt kt ni. Cc ng dng MPLS c th thay i rt rng, t mng
phn pht d liu "best effort" n gin ti cc mng nng cao vi kh nng m bo
phn pht d liu c km thng tin re-routing dnh cho con ng ph (trong trng
hp lin kt mng b hng u trn ng chnh) trong vng 50 milli giy.
1.4.1 Li ch ca MPLS
- Lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu.
- Tng thch vi hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn v cc cng ngh khc lin quan
n Internet.
- Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn .

- Tm ng i linh hot da vo nhn (label) cho trc.
- H tr vic cu hnh qun tr v bo tr h thng (OAM).
- C th hot ng trong mt mng phn cp.
- C tnh tng thch cao.
1.4.2 c im mng MPLS
- Khng c MPLS API, cng khng c thnh phn giao thc pha host.
- MPLS ch nm trn cc router.
- MPLS l mt giao thc c lp nn c th hot ng vi cc giao thc mng khc
IP nh IPX, ATM, Frame-Relay, PPP hoc trc tip vi tng Data Link.
- nh tuyn trong MPLS c dng to cc lung bng thng c nh tng t
nh knh o ca ATM hay Frame Relay.
- MPLS n gin ho qu trnh nh tuyn, ng thi tng cng tnh linh ng vi
cc tng trung gian.
1.4.3 im vt tri ca MPLS so vi m hnh IP over ATM
S tch hp:
MPLS xc nhp tnh nng ca IP v ATM ch khng xp chng lp IP trn ATM.
MPLS gip cho c s h tn ca ATM thy c nh tuyn IP v loi b cc yu
cu nh x gia cc c tnh IP v ATM. MPLS khng cn a ch atm v k thut
nh tuyn (nh PNNI).
tin cy cao:
Vi c s h tng ATM, MPSL c th kt hp hiu qu vi nhiu giao thc
nh tuyn IP over ATM thit lp mt mng li (mesh) dch v cng cng gi cc
router xung quanh mt m my ATM. Tuy nhin c nhiu vn xy ra do cc
PCV link gia cc router xp chng trn mng ATM. Cu trc ATM khng th thy
b nh tuyn. Mt link ATM b hng lm hng nhiu lin kt router-to-router gy
kh khn cho lng cp nht thng tin nh tuyn v nhiu tin trnh x l ko theo.
Trc tip thc thi cc loi dch v:
Khc vi MPLS, xp lp IP trn ATM ny sinh nhiu bt li, t bit trong

vic h tr cc dch v IP nh IP multicast v RSVP ( Resource Reservation
Protocol - RSVP). MPLS h tr cc dch v ny, kt tha thi gian v cng vic
theo cc chun v khuyn khch to nn nh x xp x ca cc c trng IP&ATM.
S o lng v qun l VPN:
MPLS c th tnh c cc dch v IP VPN v rt qun l cc dch v VPN
quan trng cung cp cc mng IP ring trn mt c s h tng n. Vi mt
ng trc MPLS i qua mt trc v n im ra ng c n.Kt hp MPLS vi
MP-BGP (Multiprotocol Broder Gateway Protocol) to ra cc dch v VPN da trn
nn MPLS VPN d qun l hn vi s iu hnh chuyn tip qun l pha VPN v
cc thnh vin VNP, dch v MPLS-base VNP cn c th m rng h tr hnh
ngn VPN.
Gim ti trn mng li :
Cc dch v VPN hng dn cch MPLS hi tr mi thng tin nh tuyn
phn cp, hn na c th tch ri cc nh tuyn internet ti im ra vo ca mng.
Vi MPLS, k thut lu lng truyn bin ca AS c gn nhn lin kt vi
im tng ng. S tch ri ca nh tuyn ni khi nh tuyn internet y
cng gip hn ch li, n nh v tng tnh bo mt
Kh nng iu khin lu lng :
MPLS cung cp cc kh nng iu khin lu lng s dng hiu qu ti
nguyn mng. K thut lu lng gip chuyn ti t cc phn qu ti sang cc phn
cn ri ca mng da vo im ch, loi lu lng ti, thi gian.
1.4.4 Mt s khi nim thng gp

- FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) l mt nhm cc gi tin lp mng c
dn nhn ging nhau v gi i ng nht theo mt ng i xc nh.
- LSR (Label Switching Router) l b nh tuyn c h tr MPLS, bao gm cc
giao thc iu khin MPLS, cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng v cch thc x l
nhn MPLS.
- LER (Label Edge Router) l cc LSR bin mng MPLS trong MPLS domain,
gm c LER vo (Ingress LER) v LER ra (Egress LER).
- LSP (Label Switching Path) l ng i xut pht t mt LSR v kt thc ti mt
LSR khc. Tt c cc gi tin c cng gi tr nhn s i trn cng mt LSP.
- MPLS domain l tp cc nt mng MPLS.
1.5 Kin trc MPLS

Label: Nhn c s dng trong tin trnh gi gi tin sau khi thit lp ng
i. MPLS tp trung vo qu trnh hon i nhn (Label Swapping). Mt trong
nhng th mnh ca kin trc MPLS l t nh nghi cc chng nhn (label stack).
Cng thc dn nhn gi tin l: Network Layer Packet + MPLS Label Stack.
Label Spaces: chia lm 2 loi
Per-Platform Label Space: cc interface dng chung gi tr nhn.
Per-Interface Label Space: mi interface mang gi tr nhn ring.
Mt nt ca MPLS c hai mt phng iu khin: mt phng chuyn tip MPLS v
mt phng iu khin MPLS. Nt MPLS c th thc hin nh tuyn ba lp hoc
chuyn mch lp hai. Kin trc c bn ca mt nt MPLS nh sau:
Hnh 1.1: Kin trc MPLS

1.5.1 Mt phng chuyn tip
Mt phng chuyn tip s dng mt c s thng tin chuyn tip nhn (LFIBLabel Forwarding Information Base) chuyn i gi. Mi nt MPLS c hai bng
lin quan n vic chuyn tip l: c s thng tin nhn v LFIB. LIB cha tt c cc
nhn c nt MPLS cc b nh du v nh x. iu ny n cc nhn c nhn
t lng ging (MPLS neighbor) ca n. LFIB s dng mt tp con cc nhn cha
trong LFIB thc hin chuyn tip gi.
1.5.2 Mt phng iu khin
Mt phng iu khin MPLS chu trch nhim to ra v lu tr LFIB. Tt c
cc nt MPLS phi chy mt giao thc nh tuyn IP trao i thng tin nh
tuyn n cc nt MPLS khc trong mng. Cc giao thc nh tuyn Link-State nh
OSPF v IS-IS l cc giao thc c chn v chng cung cp cho mi nt MPLS
thng tin ca ton mng. Trong cc b nh tuyn thng thng, bn nh tuyn IP
cung cp thng tin ca mng ch v subnet prefix. Cc giao thc nh tuyn linkstate gi thng tin nh tuyn gia mt tp cc router ni trc tip (adjacent), thng
tin lin kt nhn ch c phn phi gia router ni trc tip vi nhau bng cch
10
dng giao thc phn phi nhn (Label Distribution Protocol), hoc TDP (ciscos
Tag Distribution Protocol).
Cc m un iu khin MPLS gm:
nh tuyn Unicast (Unicast Routing)
nh tuyn Multicast (Multicast Routing)
K thut lu lng (TE)
Mng ring o (VPN), Cht lng dch v (QoS)
Mt phng iu khin mt nt mng
Hnh 1.2 Cu trc nt MPLS
iu khin
nh tuyn
MPLS IP
iu khin nh
tuyn MPLS
Multicast IP
iu khin
nh tuyn
( MPLS/VPN)
iu khin
lu lng
(MPLS TE)
Cht lng
dch v
(QoS)
C s thng tin chuyn

tip nhn LFIB
Mt phng d liu ti mt nt mng
Mt phng d liu ti mt nt mng
11
1.5.3 Cc thnh phn mt phng d liu v iu khin ca MPLS

Hnh 1.3 Thnh phn mt
phng Plane
iu khin v mt phng
Control
IP Routing
1.6 Nhn (Label)
trong protocols
MPLS
(IGP/BGP)
Kiu khung (Frame mode) l thut ng khi chuyn tip mt gi vi nhn gn trc
IP Routing tableLable Informations Base 20
tiu lp ba. Mt nhn
c
m
ho
vi
20 bit, ngha
RIB
LIB l c th 2 gi tr khc
nhau. Mt gi c nhiu nhn, c gi l ngn xp nhn (label stack). mi chng
trong mng ch c mt nhn bn ngoi c xem xt. Hnh sau m t nh dng tiu
IP Forwarding Table ca MPLS:
Forwarding
Information Base FIB
Incomming
Outgoing IP Packet
IP Packet
Label Forwarding
Information Base LFIB
Data Plane
Hnh 1.4 nh dng tiu ca MPLS
Incoming Labeled
outgoing labeled
(MPLS) packet
Data Plane
Data Plane
12
Trong
- EXP=Experimental (3 bit): dnh cho thc nghim. Cisco IOS s dng cc bt ny
dng gi cc thng bo cho QoS, khi cc gi MPLS xp chng c th dng cc
bit EXP tng t nh cc bit IP u tin (IP Precedence).
- S=Bottom of stack (1 bit): l bt cui chng. Nhn cui chng bt ny c thit
lp ln 1, cc nhn khc c bit ny l 0.
- TTL=Time to Live (8 bit): thi gian sng l bn sao ca IP TTL Gi tr ca n
c gim ti mi chng trnh lp (ging nh trong IP). Thng dng khi ngi
iu hnh mng mun che du cu hnh mng bn di khi tm ng t mng bn
ngoi
Hnh 1.5 nh dng nhn

Trong :
GFC (Generic Flow Control): iu khin lung chung
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): nhn dng ng o
VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): nhn dng knh o
PT (Payload Type): ch th kiu trng tin
CLP (Cell Loss Priority): cha nng ch th u tin hu b t bo
HEC (Header error check): kim tra li tiu
13
1.7 LSPs (Label Switch Path)

Mt kt ni end-to-end MPLS c gi l Label Switch Path (LSP). Kt ni
ny c th c thit lp dnh cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nh bo m mt
vi cp hiu sut, route theo nhiu hng trong mt mng b nghn, hay
to cc IP tunnel cho cc mng kiu nh VPN. Theo nhiu kha cnh, LSPs khng
khc g so vi cc con ng chuyn mch (switched path) trong mng ATM hay
Frame Relay, ngoi tr LSPs khng ph thuc vo mt cng ngh L2 no.
Thng tin v LSP c thu tm vo trong MPLS label, nhn ny c chn
vo gia tiu lp 2 v 3 ca gi tin. Cc nhn cho php thit lp cc con ng
khc nhau gia cc ni (khch hng) khc nhau, hoc thm ch cho cc ng dng
khc nhau ca cng mt khc hng. Cc nhn c gn v phn phi qua nghi thc
ring dnh cho vic ny (vd: LDP, hay TDP).
1.8 LER, LSR v hot ng ca LSR

Gi n vng MPLS c gn nhn u tin bi mt router gi l Label Edge
Router (LSR) hay cn gi l Edge Label Switch Router. Cc nhn thc ra ch l mt
c ch nh ch s n gin lm cho k thut chuyn mch nhanh hn, n gin
hn cch lm truyn thng ca k thut chuyn tip gi (packet forwarding) trn L2
(Ethernet/ATM) hoc L3 (IP).
Ti mi chng (hop) trn mng MPLS, mt router s xem xt nhn n tnh
ra chng chuyn tip tip theo cho gi tin. iu ny loi b vic tiu tn kh nhiu
ti nguyn cho vic tra cu a ch m vn d thng lm gim ton b thng lng
gi tin v hn ch tnh linh hot.
Dc trn ng i, mi LSR s ra quyt nh chuyn tip da trn mi ni
dung ca nhn. Ti mi chng, LSR s lt b nhn c v gn vo nhn mi nhm
thng bo cho LSR ca chng k cch chuyn tip gi tin. Tt c MPLS router
trong mng thng xuyn trao i nhn v thng tin tm vi ti (reachability)
xy dng mt mt s hon chnh ca mng, m sau c dng xc nh
cc con ng cng nh thng tin nhn mi t vo trong gi tin.
14
Hot ng ca LSR:
- tng chnh ca MPLS l s dng nhn quyt nh chn k tip, nn router
lm vic t hn v hot ng gn ging nh b chuyn mch. V cc nhn th hin
cc tuyn ng trong mng nn ta c th iu khin chnh xc qu trnh x l lu
lng bng cch dng cc chnh sch gn nhn.
+ chng router u tin, router chuyn gi tin da vo a ch ch, xc
nh nhn thch hp ty vo FEC gn nhn cho gi v chuyn gi i tip.
+ chng k tip, LSR dng gi tr nhn xc nh nt tip theo cn
chuyn gi, gn nhn mi ri chuyn gi i tip.
- ng dn chuyn mch nhn (LSP): LSP xc nh ng i gi tin MPLS, chia
lm 2 loi:
+ Hop by hop signaled LSP: xc nh ng i kh thi nht
+ Explicit route signaled LSP (ER-LSP): xc nh cc tuyn ng i bt
ngun t nt gc.
- ER-LSP c cc u im sau: kh nng nh tuyn linh hot, xc nh nhiu ng
i n ch, qun l lu lng linh hot, vic tm ng da trn quan h rng buc
nh mng ATM.
1.9 Cc hnh thc hot ng ca MPLS

Mng MPLS dng cc nhn chuyn tip cc gi. Khi mt gi i vo mng,
nt MPLS li vo nh du mt gi n lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC
Forwarding Equivalence Class) c th. Trong mng MPLS nhn iu khin mi
hot ng chuyn tip. iu ny c nhiu thun li hn s chuyn tip thng
thng:
- S chuyn tip MPLS c th thc hin bng cc b chuyn mch, c th tra cu
thay th nhn m khng nh hng n header lp mng. Cc b chuyn ATM thc
hin cc chc nng chuyn cc t bo da trn gi tr nhn. ATM-Switch cn c
iu khin bi mt thnh phn iu khin MPLS da vo IP (IP-base MPLS control
15
element) nh b iu khin chuyn mch nhn (LSC- Label Switch Controller).

y l dng c bn ca s kt hp IP vi ATM.
- Khi mt gi vo mng n c chuyn n lp chuyn tip tng ng (FEC
-Forwarding Equivalence Class). Router c th s dng thng tin gi, nh cng vo
(ingress) hay giao tip (interface). Cc gi i vo mng c gn cc nhn khc
nhau. Quyt nh chuyn tip c thc hin d dng bi router ng vo. iu ny
khng c trong s chuyn tip thng thng, v s xc nh l trnh ca router khc
vi thng tin l trnh trn gi.
- Mng c qun l lu lng buc gi i theo con ng c th, mt con ng
cha c s dng, con ng c chn trc hoc ngay khi gi i vo mng
tt hn s la chn bi cc thut ton nh tuyn thng thng. Trong MPLS, mt
nhn c th c dng i din cho tuyn, khng cn km trong gi. y l dng
c bn ca MPLS TE.
- Lp dch v (Class of Service) ca gi c xc nh bi nt MPLS u vo.
Mt nt MPLS vo c th hu tuyn hay sa i lch trnh iu khin cc gi
khc nhau. Cc trm sau c th nh li rng buc dch v bng cc thit lp PBH
(per-hop behavior). MPLS cho php u tin mt phn hoc hon ton ca lp
dich v t nhn. Trng hp ny nhn i din cho s kt hp ca mt FEC vi
u tin hoc lp dch v. y l dng c bn ca MPLS QoS
1.10 Thut ton chuyn tip nhn (Label Forwarding Algorithm)

B chuyn mch s dng mt thut ton chuyn tip da vo vic hon i
nhn.Nt MPLS ly gi tr trong nhn ca gi va n lm ch mc n LFIB. Khi
gi tr nhn tng ng c tm thy, MPLS s thay th nhn trong gi bng
nhn ra t mc con v gi gi qua giao tip ng ra tng ng n trm k c
xc nh. Nu nt MPLS cha nhiu LFIB trn mi giao tip, n s dng giao tip
vt l ni gi n chn mt LFIB c th phc v chuyn tip gi. Cc thut ton
chuyn tip thng thng s dng nhiu thut ton nh unicast, multicast v cc gi
unicast c thit lp bit ToS (term of service). Tuy nhin, MPLS ch dng mt thut
16
ton chuyn tip da trn s hon i nhn (label swapping). Mt nt MPLS truy
xut b nh n ly thng tin nh quyt inh dnh ra ti nguyn cn thit
chuyn tip gi. Kh nng chuyn tip v tra cu tc nhanh gip chuyn tip
nhn tr thnh cng ngh chuyn mch c tnh thc thi cao. MPLS cn c th dng
chuyn vn cc giao thc lp ba khc nh Ipv6, IXP hoc apple talk. Cc thuc
tnh ny gip MPLS c th tng thch tt vi vic chuyn i cc mng t Ipv4 ln
Ipv6.
1.11 Hot ng chuyn tip ca MPLS

Thc hin chuyn tip d liu vi MPLS gm cc bc sau:
- Gn nhn MPLS trn LSR
- Giao thc phn phi nhn thc hin gn nhn v trao i nhn gia cc LSR
trong min MPLS thit lp cc phin lm vic. Vic gn nhn c th gn cc b
trn router hoc trn giao tip ca router.
- Thit lp LDP/TDP gia LSR/ELSR
- Mc nh trn router s dng LDP
1.12 LDP v cc loi thng ip ca LDP

1.12.1 Cc thng ip ca LDP
Discovery: qung co v chp nhn s c mt ca LSR trong mng.
Session: thit lp bo dng v hu phin lm vic gia cc LSR.
Advertisement :qung co nh x nhn ti FEC.
Notification: bo hiu li.
17
Hnh 1.6 Qu trnh thit lp
Hnh 1.7 Qu trnh di tr

1.12.2 Phn phi bng giao thc phn phi nhn LDP
Trong mt min MPLS, mt nhn gn ti mt a ch (FIB) ch c phn phi ti
cc lng ging ngc dng sau khi thit lp phin. Vic kt ni gia mng c th
vi nhn cc b v mt nhn trm k (nhn t router xui dng) c lu tr trong
LFIB v LIB. MPLS dng cc phng thc phn phi nhn nh sau:
- Yu cu xui dng (Downstream on demand).
- T nguyn xui dng (Unsolicited downstream).
18
Hnh 1.8 M t qu trnh phn phi
1.13 Mt s ng dng ca MPLS

Cc dch v internet c th chia lm 3 nhm chnh: voice, data, video vi cc
yu cu khc nhau. Nh voice yu cu tr thp, cho php tht thot d liu
tng hiu qu. Video cho php mt mt d liu mc chp nhn c, mang tnh
thi gian thc. Data yu cu bo mt, chnh xc cao. Vic trin khai cng
ngh MPLS lm tng hiu qu khai thc cc ti nguyn mng sao cho hu hiu
nht.
Hin c mt s ng dng MPLS ang c trin khai l:
MPLS VPN: nh cung cp dch v c th to VPN lp 3 dc theo mng
ng trc cho nhiu khc hng,ch dng mt c s h tng cng cng sn c,
khng cn cc ng dng m ho hoc ng i dng u cui.
Cht lng dich v(Quality of Service): LSP c th l kt ni hiu qu nht,
trong trng hp Label Ditributrion Protocol (LDP) hay giao thc c trc y, Tag
Ditributrion Protocol (TDP) c dng. Mt LSP c th yu cu bng thng ch
dnh ring cho n. Khi thc hin cp pht, MPLS phi m bo rng bng thng
lun sn sng dng cho ton b con ng ny. Nu bng thng khng sn sng,
th yu cu kt ni b t chi. LSP t trc bng thng nh vo nghi thc m rng
Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering (RVSP-TE) hoc
19
Constraint- based Routing LDP (CR-LDP).

Khi nim ny tng t vi khi nim Committed Information Rate (CIR) ca FR.
Tuy nhin, CIR p dng cho truy cp lin kt, v khng m bo bng thng sut
ng trc.
K thut lu lng (Traffic Engineering): Cc nh cung cp dch v (SP) cn
mt cch qun l vic gia tng mt s lng ln lu lng phi x l. Lu lng
ny ng v kh bit trc bi v cc lung thay i lin tc v do tt yu khng
tng xng vi m hnh mng hin c. K thut lu thng qua MPLS cho php lu
lng c b tr mt cc hiu qu vo cc m hnh mng hin thi. Nh vo vic
thit lp cc con ng qua mng cung cp lu lng, MPLS a ra kh nng
qun l bao qut lu lng m cc thut ton tm ng khng th. K thut lu
lng qua MPLS ci tin tnh tin cy ca cc mng cung cp dch v theo hai cch.
Th nht, n cho php cc nh cung cp dch v nh tuyn lu lng ca h theo
nhiu hng v trnh c tnh trng "hot spots" (nng) trong mng. Th hai, cc
con ng ca MPLS i trong mt mng c th c thit lp d v chia ti. iu
ny cho php cc nh cung cp dch m bo lu lng quan trng lun c mt con
ng cho n. Bng cch ny nh cung cp kim sot kht khao ton b lu lng
trong mng ca h, MPLS s cho php h thu c nhiu li nhun nht t ti sn
(mng) ca h.
1.14 Kt lun
Qua chng mt chng ta c th hnh dung c c im, cu trc, nguyn
l hot ng ca cng ngh MPLS, t c th nguyn cu su hn v k thut lu
lng trong MPLS (MPLS-TE).
20
Chng 2. K thut lu lng trong MPLS

2.1 Gii thiu
Chng ny gii thiu v k thut lu lng trong MPLS, so snh s khc
nhau gia k thut lu lng s dng trong mng IP truyn thng v k thut lu
lng trong MPLS. Nhng thnh phn c im ca MPLS TE. Nhng thnh phn
chnh ca phn phi v nguyn l hot ng phn phi. Trong chng ny minh
ho cho cc thng s thuc tnh ca cc giao thc trong MPLS-TE, em s dng
cc cu lnh cu hnh Router ca h iu hnh mng phin bng 12.3T tr ln ca
Cisco System.
2.2 Tng quan v qun l lu lng MPLS

Qun l lu lng l qu trnh iu khin cc tt nghn trong mng, x l, tnh
ton, kim sot lu lng, ti u ha cc ti nguyn mng theo yu cu cho cc
mc ch khc nhau. Trc khi MPLS ra i, ngi ta thc hin qun l lu lng
trn mng IP v ATM. IP traffic engineering iu khin lu lng da trn n gi
ca ng truyn, khng iu khin c lu lng n, m ch iu khin c
lu lng i. ATM traffic engineering s dng cc Permanent Virtual Circuits
(PVC) truyn cho php qun l lu lng tt hn. Tuy nhin cn phi xy dng
full-mesh PVC (tt c cc phn t u c lin kt vi nhau) v phi iu chnh kch
c, v tr ca cc PVC tu vo loi lu lng ti mi thi im, khi mt kt ni b
ngt s to ra ngp trn rt ln. MPLS traffic engineering kt hp nhng li im
ca ATM TE vi tnh linh hot, mm do ca mng IP cho php xy dng ng
chuyn mch nhn LSP (cn gi l TE tunnel) truyn lu lng. MPLS TE trnh
c vn ngp trn m ATM gp phi do MPLS TE s dng c ch gi l nh
tuyn li (autoroute) xy dng bn nh tuyn thng qua cc ng hm m
khng cn da vo full-mesh PVC ca nh tuyn nh ATM.
21
2.3 S cn thit ca k thut lu lng trong Internet

Vic cung cp cht lng dch v (QoS) v kh nng k thut lu lng trn
Internet ngy cng quan trng, c bit l h tr cc dch v i hi thi gian thc.
phc v mc ch , Internet hin nay phi c nng cao vi k thut mi,
l MPLS ng vai tr chnh trong mng IP, vi tnh nng k thut lu lng v cht
lng dch v (QoS). Internet c th c xem nh l mt tp cc AS (Autonomous
System) truyn thng vi nhau v chng s dng giao thc EGP (Exterior Gateway
Protocol). Giao thc IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) thc thi trong cc AS cung
cp cc kt ni gia cc router. Cc giao thc nh tuyn link state nh IS IS v
OSPF l giao thc IGP. EGP hin thi c s dng l BGP4. Tuy nhin, giao thc
BGP thc thi trong cc AS cung cp s truyn thng full mesh IBGP gia cc
IBGP ng ng. Cc IBGP ny c th khng kt ni trc tip vi nhau, do cn
phi c mt IGP nh OSPF hay IS IS cung cp thng tin nh tuyn ch hoc
chng k tip cho IBGP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn link state IGP c dng
phn phi thng tin v tt c cc lin kt trong mng. Mi router trong AS dng cc
thng tin ny tnh ton con ng ngn nht n mi ch trong mng bng thut
ton con ng ngn nht. Sau cc router xy dng mt bng chuyn tip, kt
hp a ch tin t vi lin kt ca chng k tip. Khi mt gi n mt router, bng
chuyn tip c s dng, v gi c chuyn tip theo con ng c ch
nh trong bng da vo a ch IP. Cch ny tt trong mng c m hnh mng tha
tht. Ngc li, trong mng dy c, cch tip cn ny c th dn n vic mt cn
bng ti. Cc lin kt khng nm trn con ng s khng c tn dng mc d
lu lng mng ang cao. iu ny dn n lng ph bng thng trn cc ng
trung k mc d cc con ng vn cn c s dng tt. Vn ny c khc
phc bng vic tnh ton li cc metric ( mong i) ca lin kt bng cc giao
thc nh tuyn v p t s cn bng ti khng cng gi tr trn cc lin kt. Tuy
nhin, cch ny khng cung cp mt s d tha ng v khng c xem nh l
c im ca giao thc v kh nng ca mng khi thc hin nh tuyn.
22
Thay i o (metric) l ngc vi k thut lu lng MPLS, mng IP c

im yu l ch c mt c ch iu khin cc lung lu lng l thay i mong
i ca ng truyn trong cc giao thc IGP nh l OSPF. Tuy nhin, cch lm
nh vy s lm thay i tt c cc gi i qua lin kt ny. Cc cch ny khng cung
cp mt s ti u ng v khng c xem l c im ca lu lng v kh nng
ca mng khi thc hin cc quyt nh nh tuyn.
K thut lu lng trong mng MPLS, bt k con ng chuyn mch nhn
(LSP) no cng u c th c thay i ng t mt con ng tt nghn n mt
con ng khc. iu ny th hin mt s hiu qu trong mng IP, bi v ngi
qun tr mng c th cho mng hot ng vi kh nng cao nht trong iu kin
bnh thng, v trc khi tt nghn xut hin th mt vi lu lng c th d dng
c chuyn i bng con ng khc. Hn th na, ngi qun tr mng c th s
dng mt thut ton tng qut cung cp mt s nh x t cc lung lu lng
n ng truyn vt l m khng th c c nu s dng cc cch trn.
MPLS TE cho php cc nh cung cp dch v nh ngha mt con ng chnh
xc, tng t nh nh tuyn ngun, xuyn qua mng ca h v iu khin lu
lng i trn con ng . K thut lu lng cng thc thi cn bng ti c chi
ph khng cn bng da trn thng s thuc tnh trn cc ng hm.
2.4 K thut lu lng trc MPLS

Ta x xt cc k thut lu lng ca IP v ATM
K thut lu lng IP th ph bin nhng cht lng kh km. Cch iu
khin ch yu ca IP l thay i chi ph trn mt lin kt c th. Ngc li, ATM
bn thay th cc PVC trn mng t ngun n ch ca s lu thng. Ngha l t
c quyn iu khin tt hn trn cc lung lu lng. Vi nh cung cp dch v
(ISP) ln trn th gii s dng ATM qun l lu lng trn mng ca h bng
cch xy dng mng li y cc ATM PVC gia mt tp hp cc router, ti
nh kch thc v v tr cc ATM PVC mt cch nh k da trn thng tin lu
lng do cc router cung cp.
23
Bi ton con c
Trong mng IP
Trong hnh c hai con ng i t R2 ti R6
R2 -R5 -R6
R2 -R3- R4 -R6
ng ngn nht-tt c lu lng i trn ng ny
Hnh 2.1 ng i ngn nht

V cc lin kt ny dng chi ph (cost = 15), theo chuyn tip ch thng thng, tt
c cc gi n t R1 v R7 c ra cng giao tip ca R2 ti R5, v chi ph
(cost) ca ng pha trn thp hn di. Tt c cc lin kt trong hnh c bng
thng 150 Mbps, R1 gi 90 Mbps v R7 gi 100 Mbps. Lc ny sinh ra vn : R2
c gng chuyn 190 Mbps qua ng (pipe) 150 Mbps. Ngha l R2 phi hu 40
Mbps cho ph hp vi ng truyn. Vic chuyn tip hng ch (distination base
forwarding) khng gii quyt c vn ny. Ch c th hu b lin kt hoc
chuyn chi ph lin kt con ng ngn ln ng di u c cng chi ph nhm
gim nh vn , nhng ch p dng c trn mng nh
24
Hnh 2.2 Phn ti s dng c 2 ng

Xy dng hai PVC t R2 ti R6 v thit lp cho chng cng chi ph. V R2 c
hai con ng n R6 nn s s dng c hai con ng mang mt lng d liu
hp l. C ch chia ti c th thay i a dng nhng thng thng cn bng ti
trn ngun v ch ca CEF (CEFs per-source-desstination load balancing) s dng
c hai con ng theo cch cn bng th (roughty). Xy dng hai con ng c
cng chi ph l gii php mn do hn thay i chi ph lin kt. Trong mng ATM
cc thit b khc ni n mng khng nh hng n bt k s thay i no ca
o (metric). iu ny cho thy kh nng iu khin lu lng ca ATM tt hn IP.
Gii php bi ton con c bng MPLS-TE
Hnh 2.3 Bi ton con c s dng MPLS- TE

25
C ba im khc bit v k thut lu lng gia ATM v MPLS:

- MPLS TE chuyn tip gi; ATM s dng t bo.
- ATM yu cu mng li y cc tuyn ln cn (routing adjacenies); MPLS
khng cn.
- Trong ATM, cng ngh li khng th thy cc router trn bin ca mng; MPLS
thy c nh cc giao thc nh tuyn IP qung b thng tin ca n.
2.5 K thut lu lng vi MPLS

MPLS TE kt hp kh nng iu khin lu lng ca ATM vi s mn do
ca IP v s khc nhau ca cc lp dich v. MPLS cho php xy dng cc con
ng chuyn nhn (LSP-Label Switch Path) trong mng gim lu lng
chuyn tip. MPLS TE (c th gi l ng hm iu khin lu lng-TE Tunnel)
dng mt ng hm TE iu khin lu lng trn ng n ch c th. Phng
php ny mn do hn k thut lu lng chuyn tip ch da trn a ch ch.
MPLS TE s dng c ch gi l nh tuyn ng (autoroute) xy dng bng nh
tuyn bng MPLS TE LSP m khng cn mng li y cc tuyn lng ging.
MPLS TE d tr bng thng khi xy dng LSP. y gii thiu khi nim ti
nguyn tiu th. Khi LSP c thm vo mng chng c th tm ra con ng c
bng thng c lu tr sn. MPLS bt buc c s d tr ca mt phng iu
khin, ngha l nu mt LSR d tr 10Mb v gi n n 100 Mb trn LSP , mng
s th phn chia 100Mb tr khi lu lng ngun b k thut QoS rng but.
Khi nghin cu v k thut lu lng ta quan tm n ba vn chnh sau:
(1) S phn phi thng tin: Cch cc b nh tuyn nhn din ra mng v cc
ti nguyn no sn sng.
(2) Tnh ton v thit lp tuyn: Cch cc b nh tuyn quyt nh to cc
ng hm TE, v cch xy dng v duy tr cc ng hm TE ny mt
cch chnh xc.
(3) Chuyn tip lu lng vo mt ng hm: Sau khi ng hm c
xy dng th s dng n nh th no ?
26
2.6 So snh IP-TE vi MPLS-TE

Qu trnh thit k mt h thng mng thng c phn thnh 2 giai on, gi
l giai on Network Engineering v Traffic Engineering (NE & TE tng ng).
- Giai on NE l giai on thit k h thng mng theo mu lu lng c sn
(traffic patten) hoc giai on nng cp mng p ng mu lu lng d on. V
d VNPT a ra h s mi thu nng cp mng trc quc gia p ng lu lng
n nm 2010, cc nh thu bt tay vo thit k chn la thit b trin khai cu
hnh... gi l giai on NE.
- Vn l lu lng khng bao gi c nh c. Nhu cu v lu lng lun lun
bin i v c nhng yu t nh hng kh kim sot. V d Vietnam t chc
Seagame, hay sn M nh c trn chung kt World Cup chng hn. Bi ton t ra
i vi cc nh khai thc dch v (operator - ISP) l lm sao ti u hiu sut s
dng ti nguyn mng, ti u hiu nng ca mng ang khai thc. y l i tng
ca TE.
Vy TE khng phi l vn mi. Cc cng ngh chuyn mch dn knh
thng k (statistical mux - ATM, IP, FR...& MPLS) u c cc phng php tip
cn ring gii quyt vn ny.
S khc bit gia TE v QoS, th TE trong IP, nhim v chnh l lm sao to ra
c mt ng hm khc vi tuyn ng i tt nht vn thng chn la theo
ch quan (metrics- ) ca cc giao thc nh tuyn IGP. OSPF h tr loadbalancing
trn nhiu ng c chi ph ging nhau, EIGRP h tr "varian". Ngoi ra PBR cng
l mt cng c tt. Tuy nhin, cc gii php ny ch mang tnh tm thi v chp v,
chp v IP c th "do TE" c tt hn. N khng "scalable" Scalable l ci m
ISP v cc Operator nhc n u tin.
Mun lm TE tt, hin nhin l bn phi c thng tin v mng (thng tin v
cc thit b, v ti nguyn), sau l kh nng can thiu (intervention) t ng hoc
bng tay iu chnh. TE trong MPLS a ra mt lot cc khi nim mi: FEC,
traffic trunk, LSP, enduced topology..., mi khi nim c mt tp cc tham s thuc
tnh. Tp cc tham s ny cho php MPLS-TE tt hn vi IP truyn thng nhiu.
27
Tm li: c hai khi nim m chng ta cn phn bit

- Network Engineering
- Traffic Engineering
Mc ch u hng n vic ci thin cht lng mng cng nh cht lng ca
dch v m cc operator cung cp.
* 2 khi nim hay ni ng hn 2 gii php trn khc bit nhau t nht kha cnh
gii quyt vn (mt hng v traffic, trong kh ci khc hng v ti nguyn).
* Mt khc phng php th 2 c v l gii php ng n hn c trong vic bo
m cht lng ln chi ph trong khi phng php u tin c bit thch hp cho
cc ISP Vit Nam.
- Ni v TE, l mt khung chung tp hp cc hng v phng php gii
quyt theo hng lu lng. Trong MPLS-TE l mt gii php c th ban u
dnh cho mng MPLS da vo nhng ng dng, tnh nng m MPLS mang li.
- Cn IP TE l phng php dnh cho mang IP ni chung. Hu nh ko cn
hiu qu
Induced Graph: L mt vn rt quan trng trong TE. Mt Induced Graph
tng t nh khi nim topology o trong m hnh xp chng, vy Induced Graph
l rt quan trng bi v vn c bn trong qun l bng thng l vn lm sao
nh x c hiu qu mt induced graph vo trong h tng c s mng hin ti. C
2 hm s biu th lm r khi nim induced graph :
G = ( V, E, C) trong V l cc nt mng, E l cc ng link gia cc nt mng, C
l cc thuc tnh ca ng link y (dung lng, tr ). G chnh l m hnh
mng c s m ta ang c.
H = (U, F, D) trong U l mt tp hp cc nt mng (LSRs), F l tp hp cc
LSPs, D l mt yu cu hay hn ch tng ng vi F. Ly mt mi quan h cho d
hiu: nu c 2 nt A v B nm trong tp U th s tn ti mt ng link L1 no
tn ti trong tp F vi nhng thuc tnh nm trong tp D tng ng vi tp F .
28
Vy bi ton t ra trong TE/MPLS l g ?

+ Lm sao nh x cc packet vo trong FEC ?
+ Lm sao nh x cc FECs thnh Traffic Trunk ?
+ Lm sao nh x cc Traffic Trunk thnh tunnel ( LSP a xung lp vt l )?
Trong TE/MPLS n sinh ra thm cc khi nim mi chng qua cng ch l lm
TE tt hn, su st hn m thi.
2.7 Cc thnh phn k thut lu lng MPLS

K thut lu lng MPLS s dng giao thc RSVP t ng thit lp v duy
tr mt ng hm LSP qua ng trc MPLS bng cch dng giao thc bo hiu.
Cc ng hm c tnh ton ti im u ca ng hm (router ngun) da trn
cc ti nguyn sn c. IGP nh tuyn lu lng mt cch t ng mt gi qua
ng trc k thut lu lng MPLS trn mt ng hm n, ng kt ni t
ng vo n ng ra. C hai c ch c dng phn phi nhn qua min MPLS,
l giao thc phn phi nhn nh tuyn da trn rng buc (CR-LDP) v giao
thc ginh trc ti nguyn (RSVP-TE).
2.7.1 ng hm LSP
LSR ng vo xc nh cc gi c gn cho mt LSP ring bit trn chng
IBGP k tip. LSR ng vo nhn bit c tin t xa-LSR ng ra, v cc b nh
tuyn trong cng AS thay i thng tin nh tuyn s dng IBGP, khng dng
EBGP, n ch s dng EBGP thc hin truyn thng vi LSR ng vo ca AS
khc. ng hm LSP cung cp mt c ch cho vic iu khin cc gi i qua
mng MPLS. ng hm c thit lp v nh tuyn mt cch chnh xc v c
mt tp cc c ch QoS km theo. Bn tin tuyn ng mang thng tin v con
ng nh tuyn chnh xc s c chuyn i v c s dng trong mt khong
thi gian xc nh ti nguyn cn thit cho con ng. Bn tin p ng c gi
li p ng cho bn tin path. Khi s dng RSVP, cc tham s v QoS s c
thc hin. ng hm LSP l mt chiu. Router ngun c xem nh l u, v
router ch c xem l ch ca ng hm: con ng i c lp vi con ng
29
quay v ca mt lung IP. V th, ng hm LSP h tr rt tt cho k thut lu

lng ca cc lung lu lng IP.
2.7.2 Phn phi cc thng tin nh tuyn rng buc
S phn phi cc thng tin rng buc phi c thc hin c th tm mt
con ng xuyn qua mng. N s dng cc phin TCP gia cc LSR ngang cp v
gi cc bn tin phn phi nhn dc theo cc phin. V n phn phi cc bn tin iu
khin. ng hm k thut lu lng LSP phi c nh tuyn vi vic nhn bit
ti lu lng m chng phi mang. Cc thng tin rng buc phi c phn phi
thng qua mng MPLS mt cch chc chn. C ch lm ngp trn c dng bi
cc giao thc nh tuyn link state nh OSPF v IS IS c th gip cho vic to
mt s rng buc v ti nguyn v bng chuyn tip chuyn cc gi i.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn distance vector (DV) nh RIP th khng ph hp cho
cng vic qung b ny bi v gii hn nhn bit v cu hnh mng ca giao thc
ny hn ch ch nhng lng ging xung quanh. ng dn xc nh dng giao
thc distance vector s rt phc tp, bi v bng nh tuyn distance vector khng
thng tin tnh ton mt con ng khc bng cch dng k thut lu lng.
2.7.3 Gn lu lng cho ng hm
Cc c tnh nh tuyn c tch hp t ng gn lu lng cho cc ng
hm bng cch s dng thut ton con ng u tin ngn nht (SPF). Thut ton
SPF bt u t mt nt, gi l gc, v sau xy dng mt cy con ng ngn
nht ti nt . Ti mi vng lp ca thut ton, c mt danh sch tm cha cc nt
ang c la chn (ban u, danh sch ch cha nt gc). Tng qut, cc con
ng t danh sch tm n nt gc khng nht thit l ngn nht. Tuy nhin trong
cc danh sch tm ny c tn ti mt nt m t n n nt gc l ngn nht. V vy,
ti mi vng lp ca thut ton ly t danh sch tm nt m c khong cch ngn
nht n nt gc. Nt ny sau c cng vo cy SPF v loi n ra hi danh
sch tm ny. Khi mt nt c thm vo cy SPF, cc nt khng c trong cy
nhng l lng ging ca nt ang xt s c xem xt tip l c th c thm vo
30
hay thay i danh sch tm. Thut ton lp li ln na, nu mun tm con ng
ngn nht t nt gc n cc nt khc, thut ton s dng khi danh sch tm tr nn
ging, nu mun tm con ng ngn nht t nt gc n mt nt c bit, thut
ton s dng khi nt ny c thm vo cy SPF. Lu lng c th gn cho ng
hm LSP da trn chng tip theo BGP hoc dng cc tham s lp dch v (CoSClass of service).
2.7.4 nh tuyn li
Cc mng s dng k thut lu lng phi p ng s thay i trong mng v
duy tr s n nh. Bt k lin kt hay nt no hng s khng ph hng cc dch v
mng c u tin cao, c bit cc lp dch v cao. nh tuyn li nhanh l mt c
ch ch lm hng cc dch v nh nht v nh tuyn li c ti u bng mt s
thay i m hnh mng. Vic nh tuyn li c h tr bi hai giao thc CR-LDP
v RSVP.
2.7.5 nh tuyn li nhanh
Ti nh tuyn nhanh MPLS cung cp mt c ch t ng nh tuyn li lu
lng trn mt LSP nu mt nt hay lin kt trn cc LSP hng. Ti nh tuyn
nhanh c hon thnh bi vic tnh ton trc v thit lp con ng LSP bo
v trc gia router ngun v router ch. Mi lin kt hoc nt trong mng MPLS
c th c bo v nh LSP bo v. LSP ny cung cp mt con ng th hai cho
d liu ang c gi qua con ng LSP chnh s truyn qua nu nt hoc lin kt
trn LSP chnh b hng. Theo l thuyt, mt b nh tuyn c th c ti nh
tuyn cc gi ngay khi nhn c s kin. S khng c s mt gi hoc cc dch v
ngng hot ng trong sut qu trnh chuyn sang con ng th hai .
Trong MPLS, k thut ghp ni v xp chng c tn dng kch hot s
phc hi ca cc ng hm LSP. nh tuyn li nhanh cung cp s bo v lin kt
cho cc LSP, nu cc LSP ny hng th s c nh tuyn li thng qua cc giao
thc IGP hoc RSVP.
31
2.7.6 nh tuyn li c ti u
nh tuyn li nhanh c th dn n kt qu khng ti u lm trn cc con
ng s dng k thut lu lng. im chnh y l t ng p ng li cng
tt nh to mi hoc phc hi con ng LSP. Hn na, khi hng hc b pht hin,
n cn thng bo cho pha u (ng vo) ng hm LSP. u ng hm ny c
th c tnh ton c con ng ti u hn. Lu lng c th c chuyn i
trn ng hm LSP mi.
Mt tnh nng ca lp 2 c gi l bridge and roll hoc make before break.
y l kh nng thit lp mt VC mi trong khi vn tn ti VC hin hnh. Vn
y l: gi s cc con ng mi hoc con ng ang tn ti cho mt ng hm
yu cu ti nguyn t cc lin kt ph bin. Tuy nhin, mt hoc nhiu lin kt
khng c kh nng nhn con ng th hai. u tin ng hm phi b hy b
v sau thit lp li con ng mi. Nhng nu cc lin kt c th nhn ra con
ng th hai ny nh con ng ang tn ti, th con ng ny c chp nhn.
Dng RSVP trong k thut lu lng, con ng th hai cho ng hm c hnh
dung nh mt ngun khc bng vic mang path ID nh mt s nhn din ngun.
Khi mt ngun (im u ca ng hm) mun nh tuyn li, n gi mt bn tin
path cho mt ng hm mi. Bn tin ny nh cng tn cho ng hm, nhng
vi mt path ID mi. Vi cc lin kt khng ph bin, th bn tin path nh mt yu
cu. Cn cc con ng ph bin, th khng c ti nguyn no c cp pht. Con
ng c b hy b, v con ng mi ny c s dng. Phng php thit lp
con ng chuyn mch th hai (d phng) c nhng li ch sau
- Vic tnh ton
con ng c gim nhiu. Ch c mt con ng n c thm vo gia

chuyn mch ngun v chuyn mch ch ca con ng c bo v cn c tnh
ton. Hn na, vic tnh ton c hai con ng chnh v con ng th hai c th
c nh v ti chuyn mch n trnh nhiu vn c th xy ra khi vic tnh
ton c phn phi gia cc b chuyn mch.
32
- S lng bo hiu thit lp LSP l nh nht. Vi s m rng RSVP hoc LDP,

chuyn mch n ti ng vo ca con ng c bo v c th khi to vic cp pht
nhn cho c hai con ng chnh v th hai.
- Chuyn mch ngun pht hin lung lu lng ngc, n c th dng gi lu
lng xui dng ca con ng chnh v bt u gi lu lng trc tip dc theo
con ng th hai. Ch rng y l k thut ny sp xp li gi d liu trong sut
tin trnh nh tuyn li con ng.
2.8 Cc dng thng tin chnh c phn phi
Mt l, thng tin v bng thng c sn trn giao tip,cho php mt s ng
hm lm vic trc nhng ng hm khc nh vo u tin. Hai l, cc c thuc
tnh trn giao tip. Ba l, trng lng qun tr trn giao tip. Mi thng tin ny c
qung b trn cc c s lin kt. Ni mt cch khc, mt router qung b bng
thng c sn, cc c thuc tnh v trng lng qun tr trn tt c cc lin kt c
lin quan trong MPLS TE.
2.8.1 Bng thng c sn
Mt s thuc tnh quang trng ca MPLS TE l kh nng dng ring bng
thng qua mng. V d: cu hnh mt lng bng thng dnh ring trn mt lin kt
bng cch s dng lnh sau (IOS Cisco):
router(config-if)#ip rsvp bandwidth [<1-10000000 total-reservable
bandwidth>[perflow-bandwidth]]
Lnh ny c th ly hai tham s. Tham s u l tng lng bng thng dnh ring
trn giao tip, tnh bng Kbps. Tham s th hai l lng bng thng ti a c th
dnh ring trong lung lu lng trn mt giao tip bng 0. Nu khng ch nh gi
tr cho total-reservable-bandwidth trong lnh IP RSVP bandwidth, nhng khng
nht thit phi lun lun nh th. Khi cc ng hm MPLS TE dnh ring bng
thng lin kt, lng bng thng c nh phn (allocated bandwidth) thay i
nhng bng thng c sn ti a khng thay i. Cn cu hnh c hai: trn giao tip
(per-interface) v bng thng ng hm (tunnel band). V hai mc ch, mt l,
33
cu hnh per-tunnel u ng hm cho bit n cn bao nhiu bng thng s

dng.
2.8.2 u tin ng hm
MPLS-TE cung cp c ch u tin cho mt s ng hm lm vic trc
nhng ng hm khc. Mi ng hm c mt u tin, cc ng hm t quan
trng hn b y ra khi ng i v c tnh ton li ng i v ti nguyn ca
n nhng lai cho ng hm quan trng hn.
Cc mc u tin (priority Level)
Mt ng hm c th c thit lp u tin vi gi tr trong khong t 0
n 7. Gi tr u tin cng ln th s quang trng ca ng hm cng thp. V d,
ng hm c u tin 3 th quang trng hn ng hm c u tin 5. u
tin 0 l quan trng nht. trnh nhm ln ngi ta thng dng thut ng tt
hn (better) v t hn (worse) hay thut ng cao hn (higher) v thp hn
(lower). Cng c th dng thut ng quan trng hn (more improtant) v t quan
trng hn (less important)
Nhng c s ca s chim quyn (preemption Basic):
Nhng ng hm quang trng hn c quyn y nhng ng hm khc ra
khi ng i khi mun dnh ring bng thng. iu ny c gi l s chim
trc ng hm.
u tin thit lp v u tin lu tr (sertup and holding priority):
Mi ng hm c hai u tin: u tin thit lp v u tin lu tr. C
hai u tin c c xc nh chi tit trong RFC 3209. Khi mt ng hm
c thit lp ln u tin ta quan tm n u tin ta quan tm n u tin
thit lp ca n lc quyt nh cng nhn ng hm . Khi c ng hm khc
n cnh tranh bng thng trn lin kt vi ng hm u tin ny, u tin thit
lp ca ng hm mi c so snh vi u tin lu tr ca ng hm u tin.
u tin thit lp c th khc vi u tin lu gi cho vi ng dng thc t.
V d, mt ng hm c u tin lu gi bng 0 v u tin thit lp
bng 7. ng hm ny c th b bt c ng hm no khc c th chim trc
34
ng i ca n do c u tin lu gi cao nht (7). Nhng ngay lc n c

thit lp khng ng hm no khc c th chim trc ng i ca n do c
u tin lu gi cao nht (0).
Ch : Cng mt ng hm th u tin thit lp khng c tt hn u
tin lu gi. V nu hai ng hm (gi s tunnel 1 v tunnel 2) ang tranh chp
cng ti nguyn v c hai u c u tin thit lp bng 1 v u tin lu tr
bng 7 iu g xy ra ? Tunnel 1 n u tin thit lp bng 1 v u tin lu gi
bng 7, tunnel 2 n th 2 v dng u tin thit lp ca n (1) y tunnel1 ra
chim ng lin kt (link). Sau tunnel2 gi gi ng lin kt vi u tin
lu gi bng 7. Tunnel n v s dng u tin thit lp (1) y tunnel2 i v
chim ng lin kt v c nh th lp i lp li.
V d vi IOS ca Cisco,cc phin bn Cisco IOS u khng cho php cu
hnh u tin thit lp thp hn u tin lu tr trn cng mt ng hm nn
thc t khng xy ra hin tng trn. Tuy nhin, trong thc t him khi u tin
thit lp v u tin lu gi khc nhau. Nu khng ch nh mt u tin lu tr
th ngm nh bng vi gi trih ca u tin thit lp. u tin ngm nh l
bng 7 (cho c u tin thit lp v u tin lu gi).
2.8.3 Cc c thuc tnh
Mt c tnh khc ca MPLS TE l cc c thuc tnh. Mt c thuc tnh l
mt nh bitmap 32-bit trn mt kt ni c th cha 32 thut tnh ring bit trn mt
kt ni.
Cc thuc tnh c th t 0x0 n 0xFFFFFFF. N i din mt nh bitmap ca 32
thuc tnh (bit), vi gi tr ca mt thuc tnh l 0 hoc 1. Ngm nh l 0x0 hay tt
c 32 thuc tnh trong nh bitmap l 0, chng ta c th t quyt nh cho cc bit ny.
2.9 Thng tin c phn phi nh th no ?

Trong mt mng khng s dng k thut lu lng MPLS, IGP lm trn,
thng tin v mt kt ni trong 3 trng hp sau: Mt l, khi kt ni hot ng hay
khng (up hay down). Hai l, khi mt cu hnh ca kt ni thay i (v d thay i
35
chi ph kt ni,). Ba l, khi n thi gian lm trn thng tin IGP nh k ca

router. Cc loi b nh thi c kt hp vi cc hot ng ny. S khc bit ca
chng phc thuc vo giao thc IGP c s dng. K thut lu lng MPLS thm
vo l do khc lm trn thng tin khi bng thng ca kt ni thay i. Khi cc
ng hm c thit lp v c iu khin qua cc giao tip, lng bng thng
c sn trn giao tip b thay i ginh ring cho mt giao tip. Khi cc ng
hm c thit lp trn mt giao tip, chng yu cu bng thng v lng bng
thng c sn gim xung, khi cc ng hm c iu khin xung qua mt giao
tip c th, lng bng thng c sn tng ln.
2.10 Kt lun
Trong chng 2 ny, em hon thnh vic gii thiu cng ngh MPLS-TE,
nhng c trng v u nhc im ca k thut lu lng trong chuyn mch nhn
a giao thc. y vn do hn ch v phm vi n thng tin nn em cng cha
trnh by tht s chi tit v vn . Trong chng ny c mt s cu lnh minh ho
cho chc nng ca cc thuc tnh ca MPLS-TE, cc lnh ny u thuc h iu
hnh ca thit b hng Cisco, bn c th tham kho con lnh ti trang web chnh
thc ca hng ny ti a ch http://www.cisco.com.
36
Chng 3. Cn bng ti trong MPLS, thut ton LCM
Chng 3: Cn bng ti trong MPLS-TE, thut ton LCM

3.1. Gii thiu
Ngy nay MPLS- TE l mt k thut ang cn rt nng v c chn lm k
thut chnh cho cc thit b mng trng yu. Mt vi nguyn nhn chnh lm cho
MPLS-TE c u thch s dng l bao gm nhng yu cu ca nhng ng dng
mng trong nhng vng cho kh nng lin kt v kt ni mng. MPLS-TE c th x
l bng tay nhng ng dn khc nhau ti nhng tuyn ng khc thc hin cn
bng lu lng ti gia hai im trong mng. Cng vic trc tin chng ta pht
trin mt thut ton cn bng ti ng da trn ngng cc i v ngng ti cho
php c nh ngha cho mi LSP. Chng ny miu t nhng kt qu nguyn cu
t c bi thut ton cn bng ti. Do iu kin khi bo v kh c th c thit
b thit lp h thng lab nh trnh by trong bi vit nn em quyt nh s dng
chng trnh Network Simulator chy trn mi trng gi lp Unix m phng li
bi lab kim tra. Kt qu thut ton c th t c iu khin phn ti ng trong
khi trnh c s nhng dao ng khng mong mun.
Ngy nay ng dng truyn thng a phng tin qung b ang c nhu cu
cao trong cc dch v mng. Qung b internet hiu qu tt nht cn c qun l
hiu qu hn gii quyt vn pht trin lu lng trong ng dng truyn thng
a phng tin qung b. Trong mng IP hin ti, nh tuyn c thc hin bi
giao thc link-state nh l Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) [1]. trnh dao ng
ti, nhng giao thc dng mong i (metric) khng quan tm n lu lng ti.
Hn na chng tm ng ngn nht gia nhng cp router v b qua nhng tuyn
ng khc m c th c dng nh nhng ng lun phin m phn lu
lng ti. Mt khc, lu lng IP c tp trung trn tuyn ng ngn nht v
hin tng nghn mng c th xy ra trong mt vi nt ca nhng tuyn ng ny.
Yu cu tip tc pht trin ca bng thng c bt buc, nhng thit b trong
mng cng tng c v kh nng ca ng dy v kt ni mng. Giao thc nh
37
tuyn nn c cn bng lu lng xuyn qua nhiu ng dy m gim bt tt

nghn v ci thin tnh thc thi ca mng.
MPLS-TE l mt k thut hin i vi nhiu thit b mng chnh c chn
n l nhng b phn ca mng. MPLS da trn nhng m hnh khc nhau, nh
tuyn cnh chuyn mch li. Router cnh ng vo mng MPLS c th m
nhiu ng hm gia ngun v ch v cn bng ti ng gia chng ngn tt
nghn mng v ci thin ton din tnh thc thi ca mng [3][4][5][6]. ng hm
MPLS dng tuyn ng ngn nht c tnh ton bng giao thc nh tuyn c
in nhng c th ln lt nhng tuyn ng c sn hot ng lun phin. Cn
bng ti ng, da trn ti mng hin ti, t ng phn phi lu lng t nhng
ng hm tt nghn ti nhng ng hm khc vi lu lng ti thp hn.
Phng thc ny bao gm phi hp vi giao thc thit lp ng i ng quyt nh
bt router cnh ng vo hot ng tm kim ng i ti u nht khi mng tr nn
tt nghn.
Mt vi cng vic lm trong s c mt ca thut ton cn bng ti nhng
phi chu ng vn dao ng ngn nh tuyn IP c in dng thng tin ti
hin thi nh mt s thng s cho trc u vo [7] [8]. Cui cng chng ta cng
b mt thut ton cng bng ti ng mi nht c tn l Load balance with
Congestion and Mean utilization thresholds (LCM) [9]. By gi chng ta pht trin
mt bi lab MPLS Linux v pht trin phn mn m phng s gip chng ta tinh
ch, kim tra su v thut ton ny hn. Trong bi ny din t kt qu nhng nguyn
cu t c bi thut ton LCM v gii thch mt vi thay i trong thut ton
ci tnh thm tnh thc thi. Nhng kt qu t c th hin thut ton c th cn
bng ti ng thnh cng trong khi c th trnh c s gy rc ri ca dao ng.
3.2 S cn thit ca cn bng ti trong thc t

Mt v d v vn cn bng ti thng gp trong thc t: mt cng ty X
ang s dng mt ng ADSL ca VDC, nhng tnh hnh ng truyn internet
Vit Nam hin khng n nh cho lm, nn cng ty quyt nh ng k thm mt
38
ng truyn ADSL ca Viettel na nu mt trong hai nh cung cp dch v gp

s c th cn c ng truyn ca nh cung cp kia d phng, m bo cho cng
vic ca cng ty c thun li. Vn y l chng ta c hai nh cung cp dch
v khc nhau nn lm th no cn bng ti gia hai nh cung cp dch v ny.
C hai gii php c cp n s dng thit b phn cng chuyn dng
thc hin cn bng ti gia hai nh cung cp dch v (gii php ny tuy tn km
nhng n nh hn), gii php th hai l s dng phn mn (s dng server chy h
iu hnh m ngun m Unix).
Vn cn bng ti trong thc t v cng quan trng, hin nay vic cn bng
ti chuyn nghip hu ht u c lm bi cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng.
Ti thi im hin ti cc h iu hnh Windows hin nay c Window Server 2003
cng cha h tr c ch cn bng ti, do x l cc vn v cn bng ngi
ta thng s dng cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng.
3.3. Tip cn phng php cn bng ti ng

Mt mng MPLS cha cc LSR ng vo, LSR li v LSR ng ra c
kt ni bi cc Label Switched Path (LSP), hnh 3.1. Phng thc cn bng ti c
th phn phi lung IP gia hai hay nhiu LSP, iu khin v tr ca lu lng trong
mng thch hp theo mt cch no trnh c xung t v ci thin tnh thc
thi ca mng. H thng bao gm cc chc nng, thu nht tp hp lu lng, chc
nng thng bo, chc nng phn phi lung IP. Nhng kh nng khc khng c
nu trong bi vit ny nh: c th tm kim nhng tuyn ng ng v chc nng
ci t ng i. Nhng LSR li thc thi nhng tp hp lung lu lng, chc nng
thng bo, trong khi cc LSR u vo thc hin chc nng cn bng phn ti ng.
39
Hnh 3.1: Mng MPLS TE

Chng ta gi nh rng y c hai LSP gia LSR cnh u vo v LSR cnh
u ra v th lung IP c phn phi gia tuyn ng chnh v tuyn ng ph.
LSP chnh thng c ci t tin ti ng i ngn nht v th hu ht lu
lng s c gi qua ng hm ny. Mi LSR gi nhng byte o lng i ra
ngoi ti thi im gia hai s kin. Sau khi thu nht tp hp nhng thng tin c
y trn ra mng xuyn qua gi tin m rng OSPF LSAs (Link State
Advertisements) [10]. LSR cnh u vo lu tr nhng thng tin c bo co t tt
c cc LSR. V th LSR cnh u vo bit lung lu lng ca mt lin kt tin ti
mt LSP v c th tnh ton ti trn mi LSP v kim tra n c tc nghn hay khng.
Nhng LSR cnh u vo phn phi nhng lung IP gia LSP chnh v LSP
ph trnh tc nghn trn ng chnh. LSR phn phi nhng lung IP theo gi tr
hash [11], tnh ton t nhng trng duy nht nh ngha mt lung IP [12]. Nhng
trng ny l a ch IP ch hay ngun v giao thc (ly ra t u mo ca gi tin
IP), ch port v ngun port (ly t u mo trong lp giao vn). LSR cnh u vo
chia thnh hai khong t c theo gi tr hash gia hai LSPs. Trong trng hp,
khong ca gi tr hash c th t 0-6553. Chng ta gi s phn gii ny l hash
40
boundary value, hnh 3.3 (trong phm vi n em khng i su vo vn ny ).

Phn ti gia hai LSP c hon thnh bi vic di chuyn gi tr hash boundary lui
hay ti pha trc y theo cng vic LSP ang lm. C th, ti c tinh chnh bng
cch di chuyn hash boundary v th ti LSP chnh s chc chn t tt nghn hn.
iu ny tng t nh di chuyn lung IP trn mt LSP ti mt LSP khc. S dng
k thut ny gi ca lung thng i trn cng tuyn ng trnh c tnh trng
ln xn.
3.4. Thut ton LCM cn bng ti

Phn ti vi thut ton LCM c thit k m gi ti ca LSP chnh vi hai
cp nh du bi im tc nghn C v im s dng bnh thng M. Thut ton
ny c s dng sau khi c cng b rng ri, chng ta c th gii thiu hai thay
i nhm ti vic bo m l ng th hai ch c s dng nu tng ti vt qu
gii hn tt nghn v gim tng thi gian hi t. Ngng tt nghn c thit lp
gi tr ti cao nht chp nhn trn lin kt (chng ta gi nh gi tr ny khong
60%) [9]. Mc tiu th hai ca thut ton LCM l ti ca ng chnh phi lun
lun ln hn hoc bng vi ti ca ng th hai. Thut ton LCM da trn gi tr
ph thuc thi gian gi l mean load (L)- ti trung bnh v gi tr o t ti hin ti
ta gi l current_load, c thc hin bi LSR. C hai gi tr u chu tc ng ca
gi tr .
L[t] = (1 - ) * L[t-1] + * current_load
Mi LSR trn nhng thng tin v lu lng ti ca n n ng ra ca mng
xuyn qua gi tin LSA. LSR cnh ng vo lu tr thng tin phc tp nhn c t
nhng LSR n l nhng LSP v tnh ton gi tr current_load ca mi LSP nh l
ti cc i c bo co bi cc LSR trong LSP .
Gi tr ln nht ca cho p ng nhanh nht thay i trong LSP ti v lu
lng phn ti nhng c th gii thiu nhng dao ng i vo trong h thng. Gi
tr ln hn mt cht theo mt cch no trnh nhng dao ng nhng c th
lm gim thi gian p ng ca h thng lu lng ti thay i v c th tr li
41
phn ti khng thch hp [7]. Ngi qun tr mng chu trnh nhim v vic thay
i thng s ny. Thut ton, th hin trong hnh 3.2, lm vic theo th t sau:
Bt u, lu lng ti c gi xuyn qua ng chnh. Khi ti ca LSP chnh
vi ti ngng C th thut ton phn ti lu lng ti LSP th hai v th m ti
c c chia s bi hai ng LSP. Thut ton thc hin mc tiu sau:
- gi ti ng chnh (Lp) gia ngng M v C.
- gi (Lp) ln hn hoc bng LSP th hai (Ls) gim kh nng giao ng.
- ng ng th hai ngay khi tng ti c th c mang i bi LSP chnh.
N kim tra ti ca ng chnh ln hn hoc bng ti c ca ng th hai. Nu
ng, n c gng gi ti ca ng chnh thuc khong gia hai ngng (M v C),
di chuyn s lng ca lu lng (M-L p) t ng th hai ti ng chnh v th L p
vn ti M hay di chuyn s lng lu lng (L p-C) t ng chnh n ng
th hai, Lp nh hn ngng tt nghn C.
Mt khc thut ton kim tra liu ng th hai c th ng (tng lu lng
ti c th thp hn C). Nu ng, n di chuyn tt c lu lng t ng th hai ti
ng chnh. Ngc li, n chuyn mt na ca lu lng ti t ng ph th hai
sang ng chnh ct phn ti cho c hai ng.
42
Hnh 3.2 : S thut ton
3.5. Bi lab kim tra

Trong phn ny, chng ta thc hin mt v d tin trnh chng minh thc
ton LCM lm vic nh th no. Chng ta pht trin mng MPLS, nh hnh
3.5. y c 3 LSR: mt LSR cnh u vo (LSR1), mt router trung gian (LSR2)
v mt LSR u ra (LSR3). Tt c cc LSR c kt ni vi tc 10 Mbps vi kt
ni vt l Ethernet. y c hai thit b dng thc hin gi, ang chy trn h
thng mt v mt ci na ang chy trn LSR2 trung gian v s c dng to ra
43
vn tt nghn. Hai qu trnh gi lu lng ti qu trnh nhn ang chy trn

LSR3. Nh minh ho hnh 3.5, y 3 LSP c cu hnh: LSP chnh v LSP ph
cho lung lu lng c gi t qu trnh 1 v LSP3 cho lu lng c gi t qu
trnh 2. Nh chng ta ni trc, LSP chnh thng c ci t ti ng dn
ngn nht, nhng trong bi lab kim tra ca chng ta c thit lp vi nhng tuyn
ng khc, ct m to ra tt nghn lu lng trong LSP ny. Router cnh u
vo LSR1 s ph trch qu trnh phn ti gia tuyn LSP chnh v ph khi lu
lng t qu trnh gi 2 qu ti trn ln kt gia LSR2 trung gian v LSR cnh u
ra LSR3.
Hnh 3.3 : S bi lab bi lab kim tra
Cc my thc hin qu trnh gi ang
chy Fedora Linux 4.0. Ngi ta dng
Sender
mgen tool [13] to ra nhng lung thi
gian thc. Nhng LSR khc chy Fedora
Process
Linux
4.0 vi phn mn MPLS stack version
2 1.1 dng cho Linux [14]. m c
Primary LSP
c tnh hiu qu phn ti, chc nng hash phi cReceive
a vo bn trong ti
Sender
khong to ta hiu ng thc l lc c u

ra khi u v gi tr
LSP3
r u vo l lin tc.
Process 1
Do nu ch c mt s thay i ca chc nng hash trong

gi tr u vo, kt qu
process
LSR2
phi hon ton khc nhau. Chng ta dng OSPF API lm trn thng tin lin kt
10 Mbps Ethernet link
trng thi (the links stake information) ti LSR cnh u vo LSR1. Ti gia LSR2
vIngress-edge
LSR3 c bit bi LSR cnh u vo LSR1 xuyn
qua bn tin OSPF LSA [16]
Egress-edge
Secondary
LSP gian LSR2, theoLSR3
[17],LSR1
gi tin ny trn ngp
bi trung
y nh th tc dng [9]. LSR
Thc hin trung gian (LSR2) tnh ton bng thng c dng bi LSP chnh trn interface u
cn bng ti
ra vi chu k th gian T (5s), v sau lm trn ngp n s dng OSPF API [18]
[19]. Router cnh u vo LSR1 phn tch gi tin OSPF LSA v ly ra gi tr bng
thng, gi tr ny c dng tnh ton ti trn LSP chnh (L p). m bit c
ti gia LSR1 & LSR2 v LSR1 & LSR3, LSR1 thc hin mt th tc ginh
c tp hp nhng traffic a phng. Ch mt mnh LSR1 u vo bit c tp
hp ca tt c cc lin kt ca LSP chnh v LSP th hai, n tnh ton L p v Ls v
tinh chnh gi tr ng bin hash. Trong tin trnh ca chng ta, thng thong mt
44
gi tin OSPF mi li t router trung gian LSR2 di chuyn ti router cnh u vo

LSR1, thut ton LCM c thc thi v Lp, Ls, gi tr hash bin c tnh ton.
3.6 Kt lun
Trong chng ny em hon thnh thnh vic gii thiu v thut ton LCM
cn bng ti, nguyn l hot ng, s thut ton ca thut ton cn bng ti
LCM. Trong chng tip tip theo em s tip hnh lm thc nghim v m phng
h thng s dng thut ton LCM cn bng ti.
45
Chng 4. Chng trnh m phng v bi lab kim tra
Phn 2: Thc nghim

4.1 Gii thiu
Trong chng ny em tp trung th hin cc chng trnh m phng, lin h
t l thuyt ti thc nghim, s lc tin trnh lm m phng trn mi trng gi
lp Unix, chi tit cc cch chy m phng mng MPLS trn h iu hnh Unix,
cng nh chy m phng trn Windows.
4.2 Trin khai bi lab kim tra trn thit b thc.

Theo tinh thn th em s trin khai h thng lab thc nh trn s sau
kim chng thc ton:
Sender
Process
2
Primary LSP
Receive
Sender
LSR2
LSP3
r
process
Process 1
Egress-edge
Ingress-edge
LSR1
Secondary LSP
LSR3
Thc hin
cn bng ti
Hnh 4.1 Mng MPLS trong thc t

Hnh 4.2 M hnh bi lab cn m phng
46
Theo tng ca ti, thc hin mt bi lab thc kim tra thc cn nhng
thit b sau:
- Ba my tnh chy h iu hnh Unix (c th dng Linux) gi lp thnh cc
LSR. Trong trng hp ny chng ta kt hp my gi mt vi LSR u vo nn ch
cn ba PC l .
- Mi my tnh s phi c 2 card mng (NIC).
- Cc my tnh ci Unix s dng cc cng c thc hin phn lung gi tin ti
LSR cnh u vo.
Cc PC trong s lab chy gi lp nh router (c h tr chuyn mch nhn
a giao thc). Tt c cc PC chy m phng Router u phi s dng h iu hnh
Linux (dng Unix). y khng phi ngu nhin ta dng h iu hnh Linux m
bt but phi dng n khng cn la chn no khc m phng gi lp v thc
hin phn ti. Cn router cnh u vo s lm nhim v chy thut ton cn bng
ti, phn lung d liu.
4.3 Chng trnh m phng mng Network Simulator.

Sender
Hnh 4.3: M hnh bi lab kim
tra chy Network Simulator
Process
Do iu kin trong qu trnh bo v
2 em khng c thi gian v trang thit b
Primary LSP
thc hin bi lab kim tra trong qu trnh bo v c
nn em quyt dng
Receive
Sender
Process 1
Thc hin
chng trnh Network Simulator m phng cc nt mng

r MPLS.
LSP3
LSR2
- H iu hnh m ngun m Unix
process
Unix l mt h iu hnh m ngun m, ngi dng c th th mi khm ph
m ngun ca n, mi ngi dng c th t vit cho mnh mt h iu hnh vi
m phong cch ring ca mnh da trn li c sn
( hin nhin l phi tun theo
Egress-edge
Ingress-edge
ng nguyn tc ca lutSecondary
m ngunLSP
m ).
LSR3
LSR1
Do t th m ngun m, mi ngi dng c th can thit ti li, nn cc
cn bng ti chng trnh chy trn h iu hnh Linux (Linux cng l mt dng ca h Unix)
dng nh c nhiu quyn lc hn, uyn chuyn hn so vi mt chng trnh
tng t chy trn h iu hnh Windows ca Microsoft (c ng k bn quyn
47
s hu tr tu nghim ngt ). Do h iu hnh m Unix c th lm c nhng

iu m nhng ngi dng cc h iu hnh khc khng th ngh ti. c bit
nhng chng trnh phn mn c can thit su ti h thng.
Network Simulator cng vy, y l chng trnh m phng mng chuyn
nghip c vit dng ring cho Unix c vit vo nhng nm u ca thp k 90
ca th k trc, qua gn 20 nm pht trin n tr thnh mt h thng m phng
cc k chuyn nghip v rng khi n kt hp cht ch vi h iu hnh m m
Unix, c th m phng rt nhiu h thng khc nhau. Da trn nn tn li c sn
mi lp trnh vin c nhim v vit chng trnh miu t mng (dng ngn ng
min t TCL- Tool Command Language) din t qu trnh m phng.
- Gii thiu khi qut v chng trnh m phng mng Network

Simulator
Hnh 4.4: Kin trc nt MPLS
48
Phn loi MPLS MPLS classifier quyt nh nhn gi ng nhn hay cha.
Trong trng hp gi ng nhn, MPLS classifier thc hin chuyn mch lp
2 n i trc tip n nt tip theo sau khi qu trnh trao i nhn xy ra. Nu gi
cha c ng nhn nhng 1 LSP c chun b, th MPLS classifier vn
thc hin chuyn mch lp 2 nh chuyn tip gi ng nhn.Mc khc MPLS
classifier gi n ti Add Classifier.
Addr Classifier thc hin chuyn tip lp 3 bng cch kim tra a ch ch
ca gi.
Nu next hop l chnh n th gi tin c gi ti Port Classifier.
Hnh 4.5: Cu trc bng ca gi tin trong chuyn mch MPLS
C 3 bng qun l thng tin c quan h vi LSP

Partial Forwarding Tables (PFT),
Label Information Base (LIB),
Explicit Routing Information Base(ERB).
FET l mt tp con ca Forwarding Tables. FET= FEC + PHB (per-hopbehavitor) + LIBptr.
49
LIB table c nhng thng tin v LSP.
ERB cha nhng thng tin v ER-LSP.

y l qu trnh s l cc gi tin ca mt nt Router trong Network Simulator.
Cch i x ca nt MPLS (trong NS) i vi mt gi tin c gn nhn v

cha c gn nhn nh th no, v qu trnh tip theo i vi gi tin sau khi i qua
mt MPLS nt.
Hnh 4.6: Qu trnh x l ca nt

y l mt m hnh v d m phng mng MPLS bng Network Simulator
50
hng ca dng lu lng i trn ng ngn nht

Hnh 4.7: v d mt m hnh MPLS
- Nhng u im khi s dng Network Simulator

Mi nt lm vic ca Network Simulator hon ton tng ng vi mt nt
mng tht s. Tc l nhng chc nng g m mt router c th mi nt ca router
u c. N x l gi tin i qua n nh mt nt mng tht khng hn khng km.
Do vi Network Simulator chng ta hon ton c th tin tng v kh nng m
phng kh nng lm vic ca mt h thng mng. N c th theo di lung lu
lng i qua mi nt, bng thng trn mi ng i.
4.4 Cc bc tin hnh m phng

NS-2 (Network Simulation version 2) Phin bn 2.27 l phn mm chuyn dng
m phng cc giao thc mng. Chng ta c th ci NS-2 trn Linux hoc Windows.
Trn Linux th ch vic gii nn ri g ./install ci (c th set thm bin mi
trng). NS-2 cng c th ci trn Windows bng cc s dng Cygwin gi lp
mi trng Linux.
Bc 1: Ci t Cygwin nhp file setup.exe ci. Chn Install From Local
Directory, next. y em ni s lc qua cc bc ci t th hin bng hnh nh
nh di :
51
52
Nhn View, ch no c ch skip th nhp vo ht
53
Ci xong, bn copy file ns-allinone-2.27.tar.gz trong th mc ns-setup vo th mc

C:\cygwin\home\Administrator
Trong Administrator l tn user bn ang s dng. Lu : tn user khng c
c khong trng.
Chy Cygwin. Gii nn gi ci bng cch g lnh sau:
54
Bc 2: Ci t Network simulator trn mi trng gi nh Linux
55
Copy tp tin
Vo
.bashrc trong th mc ns_setup
C:\cygwin\home\Administrator. Tt cygwin ri m li:
Khi ng Xwin bng cch g lnh
startxwin.bat
56
Ca s Cygwin hin ln
57
Bc 3: Thit lp h thng mng trn NS nh th no ?

Thit k s mng, c hai cch ta to mt s mng trn NS. Th nht
chng ta c th dng dng lnh ca TCL to ra cc nt mng trc tip t ca s
chng trnh ca NS. Th hai l chng ta c th to nt mng mt cch trc quang
hn l dng Nam. T Nam nu mun ly chng trnh ngun th chng ta c th
chuyn qua li ngn ng lnh TCL bng cch gii m file c phn m rng l .ns.
load mt chng trnh ngun vit bng ngn ng TCL vo chy trong NS
cng c hai cch. Th nht l ta ti trc tip files phn m rng TCL vo bng lnh
cat <ng dn.tn file>, th hai l c th nh trc tip lnh t ca s dng lnh.
Nhng chng trnh con ca Network Simulator h tr qu trnh m phng
NAM (the network animator) : Chng trnh dng hin th topologic mng,
th hin mi hot ng trc quan ca h thng cn m phng, t NAM ta c th
58
thy c ton b qu trnh hot ng ca h thng mt cch rt trc quan. NAM

cn c dng thit k topologic mng, thit k giao dch mng mt cch rt
nhanh chng m chng ta khng cn phi nh cc lnh phc tp ca ngn ng miu
t TCL.
Hnh 4.12: NAM The Network Animator v1.10

Xgraph: y l mt cng c nh ca Network Simulator. N dng hin th
cc th chi tit v cc qu trnh ca h thng mng, v d nh cho chng bit
th v bng thng h thng, th v lung lu lng trao i qua cc nt mng. N
c y cc chc nng nh mt trnh x l ho khc nh in kt qu, chun qua
files hnh nh,v.v.
59
chy c cc chng trnh con nh NAM v Xgraph th chng ta dng

ng lnh gi chng trnh v dng ng ng ng dn ti nguyn khi chy
NS c th tm ng v tr ti hai chng trnh ny chy ng thi vi ca s
dng lnh ca NS.
4.5. Kt qu
C c thit lp 6,2 Mbps v M c thit lp 3 Mbps. Chng ta cu hnh
my thc hin qu trnh 1 gi 100 lung ca 56kbps mt lung (trong tng 5,6
Mbps) kt thc h thng mt, hnh 4.5.1. h thng n nh chng ta bt u cho
qu trnh gi 2 tin hnh gi lung d liu khc 2.6 Mbps (lu lng tt nghn) t
LSR2 trung gian.
S kt hp li lu lng ca c hai my gi nhanh chng phn ti. Sau khi ti
trung bnh c n nh v th chiu di thi gian ca mi ln kim tra ph
thuc vo thi gian cn thut ton n nh.
Hnh 4.13: S lu lng i qua mng theo thi gian
60
y l qu trnh m phng mng trn Network Simulator .

To ba bn nt mng tng ng vi bn nt mng trong thc t
Hnh 4.14: M hnh lab kim tra thit lp trn NS

Tin trnh th nht bt u mi gi qua LSR1 (LSR ng vo), LSR2 ti LSR3
(LSR ng ra). ng ny c xc lp l ng chnh nn ton b lu lng s di
chuyn qua mng theo ng ny.
Hnh 4.15: Qu trnh gi ca thit b th nht
61
Khi n nh tin trnh th bt u gi, sinh ra tt nghn trn lin kt LSR2LSR3.
Hnh 4.16: Qu trnh tt nghn trn lin kt LSR2- LSR3

Khi tt nghn xy ra LSR u vo nhn bit c iu , bt u thc hin
thut ton cn bng ti cn bng lu lng. Lung lu lng bt u c phn
bt xung ng th hai.
Hnh 4.17: Khi thut ton cn bng ti c thc hin trn LSR1
62
Khi thut ton cn bng ti c thc hin tt nghn trn lin kt LSR2- LSR3
bt u bin mt.
Hnh 4.18: Khi thut ton lm vic

Mng hot ng bnh thng (khng cn tt nghn) lung lu lng i trn mng
phn b ti ch theo c hai ng chnh v ph.
Hnh 4.19: Cn bng ti hon thnh
63
Chng ta pht trin thm mt phn mm m phng cho cc tin trnh trn.
Chng trnh m phng c vit bng ngn ng delphi v n cho php chng ta
tin hnh bi kim tra rt nhanh v xc thc c tnh hp l ca kt qu bi kim
tra. Chng ta kim tra thut ton dng gi tr . Trong trang ny, chng ta thc hin
kim tra vi gi tr , mt thp, mt trung bnh, mt cao (0.05,0.5,1). y khng
c dao ng trong tt c cc trng hp. Ct hiu hn v cch hot ng ca
thut ton LCM, trong hnh tip theo c ng LSP chnh v ph c ti
(LSR2LSR3 v LSR1LSR3), Lp v Ls.
Cho = 0.05, hnh 4.5.7, ti trung bnh thay i bng phng bi v trng lng
thp ca gi tr ti trc trong tnh ton cn bng ti. gii thch kt qu chng
ta chia hnh v thnh 4 khong thi gian nh hnh v minh ho sau:
Hnh 4.20: M hnh minh ho cc giai on

Khi bt u, nhn vo khong thi gian 1, lu lng ca L p (ti trung bnh ca
LSP chnh) tng chm ti 5.6 Mbps nhng thp im ngng xung t C (6.2
Mbps), v th thut ton cn bng ti LCM cha cn bng v lu lng trn lin kt
cha c s thay i.
Khi lu lng bt u tc nghn th, giai on 2, L P tng chm v thut ton
cn bng ti cha lm vic cho ti khi Lp vt tm ca ngng C.
Trong giao on 3, LCM cn bng ti lu lng t ng chnh ti ng ph
th hai. LSP chnh ti trung bnh (LSR2-LSR3 lin kt lu lng) bt u gim.
Nguyn nhn ny Lp thay i v bt u gim. Giai on 3 kt thc khi L p gim
64
thp hn hoc bng C. Sau LCM dng thut ton cn bng ti v lin kt lu
lng cn li n nh trong thi gian di. Sau khong thi gian th ti trung bnh
cng tin ti gi tr ny.
Thng lng trong gian on 4, y khng cn bng lu lng v L p gim
ti khi tng hp vi ti trung bnh ng chnh (LSR2-LSR3)
Hnh 4.21 : Cn bng ti vi = 0.05

di thi gian ca cng vic cn bng lu lng (gian on 3) tr nn ngn
hn.
Hnh 4.22: Cn bng ti vi = 0.5

Vi = 1. y qu trnh trc ca ti khng nh hng g n ti hin ti v
th gian on cn bng xy ra ngn nht
65
Hnh 4.23: Cn bng ti vi = 1

Kt qu cui cng th hin pht trin ca thi gian hi t nh mt chc nng
ca , hnh 4.24. Thi gian hi t c nh ngha nh thi gian tri qua t lc bt
u ca lu lng tt nghn n khi c thit lp l khi L p khng qu 1% ca C, l
thi gian t khi mt s lo lng bt u ti trng thi ca cn bng ti. Thi gian hi
t gim vi gi tr cao.
Hnh 4.24: Thi gian hi t mng
66
4.6 Kt lun
Trong chng ny em thc hin hai h thng m phng, mt h thng m
phng da trn tng m phng li hon ton bi bab kim tra m do iu kin
khng th thc hin c trc hi ng bo v, hai l chng trnh m phng li
thut ton cn bng ti bng ton hc kim chng kh nng lm vic ca thut
ton.
67
Kt thc v hng pht trin ti

n ny em trnh by tm quan trng ca cng ngh MPLS v k thut
cn bng ti trong cng ngh MPLS. Trong qu trnh pht trin v trin khai trn
din rng gia cc mng vin thng th vn cn bng ti cn phi c quan tm,
bi v k thut cn bng ti vi mc ch l ti u ha vic s dng ti nguyn
mng, nng cao hiu qu trong hot ng mng t c th trnh v gmdc s
tc nghn mng.
Trong em mi lm bi lab kim tra vi m hnh mng ch c hai ng cn
c phn ti, c th pht trin ti theo hng cn bng ti trn m hnh c nhiu
nt mng vi nhiu ng i khc nhau .
Vn cn bng ti l vn vn cn nhiu iu phi nghin cu, v thut
ton cn bng ti p dng trong k thut lu lng chng ta c th pht trin cao
hn theo hng cht lng dch v chng hn nh l cn bng ti cho MPLS trong
Diffferentiated Service.
V kin thc bn thn v vn mun trnh by cn nhiu hn ch cng vi
khong thi gian ngn nghin cu v chng trnh m phng mng nn n
chc chn s khng trnh khi thiu st v khng th gii thiu c nhiu lnh vc
mi c lin quan n ti. V vy em rt mong c s nhn xt v nh gi ca
cc thy c gip em hon thin kin thc bn thn mnh c tt hn. Em xin chn
thnh cm n.
68
Ti liu tham kho

[1] J. Moy, OSPF Version 2. RFC2328, 1998.
[2] E. Osborne, Traffic Engineering with MPLS". Editorial Cisco Press, julio 2002.
[3] K. Gopalan, T. Chiueh, Y. Lin, Load Balancig routing with bandwidth-delay
guarantees IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2004.
[4] T. Ogura, M. Katoh, T. Aoyama, Dynamic traffic engineering method with
priority control IASTED International conference, pp. 435-440. september 2003.
[5] E. Dinan, D. Awduche, B. Jabbari, "Analytical Framework for Dynamic Traffic
Partitioning in MPLS Networks," IEEE International Conference on
Communications (ICC-2000), New Orleans, Louisiana, June 18-22, 2000.
[6] J. Jo, , Y Kim, H. Chao, F.Merat, Internet Traffic Load Balancing using
Dynamic Hashing with Flow Volume, SPIE ITCom 2002, Boston, MA, Aug. 2002.
[7] T. Ogura J. Suzuki, A. Chugo, M. Katoh, T. Aoyama, Stability Evaluation of a
Dynamic Traffic Engineering Methodin a Large-Scale Network IEICE Trans.
COMMUN. pp 518-525, Special Issue on the Internet Technology Feb. 2003.
[8] S. Butenweg, Two Distributed Reactive MPLS Traffic Engineering
Mechanisms for Throughput Optimization in Best Effort MPLS Networks.
Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications
(ISCC 2003), 30 June - 3 July 2003, Kiris-Kemer, Turkey.
[9] J. M. Arco, A. Garca, E. Castro y J. A. Carral, Dynamic load balance in
MPLSTE,IV Workshop in G/MPLS Networks, Gerona, Spain.
[10] R. Coltun, RFC 2370 - The OSPF Opaque LSA Option, July 1998.
[11] Z. Cao, Z. Wang, E. Zegura, Performance of Hashing-Based Schemes for
Internet Load Balancing, pp 332-341, IEEE Infocom 2000.
[12] J. M. Arco, B. Alarcos. J.Domingo, Programacin de aplicaciones en redes de
comunicaciones bajo entorno UNIX, University of Alcala, 1997.
[13] B. Adamson, "The Multi-Generator (MGEN) Toolset".
69
http://manimac.itd.nrl.navy.mil/MGEN/
[14] J. R. Leu, R. Casellas, MPLS for Linux Source Forge
http://sourceforge.net/projects/mpls-linux/
[15] Emilio J. Sastre Garca Estudio, desarrollo y evaluacin de funciones resumen
utilizadas para la generacin de firmas digitales. TFC de Emilio Jos Sastre Garca.
Alcal de Henares, 2004.
[16] Quagga Routing Software Suite, GPL licensed IPv4/IPv6 routing software,
http://www.quagga.net/docs/docs-info.php, latest visit February 2005.
[17] Free routing software http://www.zebra.org
[18] R. Keller, An extended Quagga/Zebra OSPF daemon supporting an API for
external applications http://www.tik.ee.ethz.ch/~keller/ospfapi/
[19] R. Keller, Dissemination of Application-Specific Information using the OSPF
Routing Protocol Technical Report Nr. 181, TIK, Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology Zurich, Switzerland, November 2003.
70
Ph lc
M ngun chng trnh m phng vit bng ngn ng lp trnh TCL,
chy cho Network Simulator version 1.10 trn mi trng gi lp Unix
#Create a simulator object
set ns [new Simulator]
#Tell the simulator to use dynamic routing
$ns rtproto DV
#Open the nam trace file$ns trace-all $f
set nf [open outc.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
set f [open outc.tr w]
$ns trace-all $f
#Define a 'finish' procedure
proc finish {} {
global ns nf f
$ns flush-trace
#Close the trace file
close $nf
close $f
#Execute nam on the trace file
exec nam outc.nam &
#Call xgraph to display the results
#exec xgraph outc.tr -geometry 800x400 &
exit 0
}
71
# Create wired nodes.

set n4 [$ns node]
## n3 at 638.125000,555.968750
$n4 set X_ 638.125000
$n4 set Y_ 555.968750
$n4 set Z_ 0.0
$n4 color "#00000000ffff"
$ns at 0.0 "$n4 label LSR3"
set n3 [$ns node]
## n3 at 574.531250,615.437500
$n3 set X_ 574.531250
$n3 set Y_ 615.437500
$n3 set Z_ 0.0
set n2 [$ns node]
## n2 at 526.750000,555.968750
$n2 set X_ 526.750000
$n2 set Y_ 555.968750
$n2 set Z_ 0.0
set n1 [$ns node]
## n1 at 469.343719,554.937500
$n1 set X_ 469.343719
72
$n1 set Y_ 554.937500

$n1 set Z_ 0.0
$n1 color "#00006666cccc"
$ns at 0.0 "$n1 label CBR"
#Create links between the nodes
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 10Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link-op $n1 $n2 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n4 orient right
$ns duplex-link-op $n2 $n3 orient right-up
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n4 orient right-down
#Monitor the queue for the link between node 2 and node 3
$ns duplex-link-op $n3 $n4 queuePos 0.5
#Create a UDP agent and attach it to node n1
set udp0 [new Agent/UDP]
$udp0 set class_ 1
$ns attach-agent $n1 $udp0
# Create a CBR traffic source and attach it to udp0
set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 5000
$cbr0 set interval_ 0.005
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp0
73

$udp1 set class_ 2
#Create a Null agent (a traffic sink) and attach it to node n4
set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $null0
$udp2 set class_ 3
#Create a Null agent and attach it to node n3
set null2 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $null2
74
#Connect the traffic sources with the traffic sink

$ns connect $udp0 $null0
#Start logging the received bandwidth
#$ns at 0.0 "record"
#Schedule events for the CBR agents
$ns at 0.1 "$cbr0 start"
$ns rtmodel-at 0.3 down $n2 $n4
#$ns at 3.0 "$cbr1 stop"
$ns rtmodel-at 3.1 up $n2 $n4
$ns at 4.5 "$cbr0 stop"
# Insert your own code for topology creation
# and agent definitions, etc. here
#Call the finish procedure after 5 seconds simulation time

$ns at 5.0 "finish"
#Run the simulation
$ns run
75
M ngun chng trnh m phng vit bng ngn ng lp trnh delphi:

unit Unit5;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,
Dialogs, TeEngine, Series, ExtCtrls, TeeProcs, Chart, TeeFunci, StdCtrls,
Buttons;
type
TForm1 = class(TForm)
Chart1: TChart;
Series1: TFastLineSeries;
TeeFunction1: TLowTeeFunction;
TeeFunction2: TAverageTeeFunction;
Start: TBitBtn;
Label1: TLabel;
Edit1: TEdit;
Label2: TLabel;
Edit2: TEdit;
Button1: TButton;
Edit3: TEdit;
Label3: TLabel;
Button2: TButton;
Edit4: TEdit;
76
Label4: TLabel;
Label5: TLabel;
Label6: TLabel;
Label7: TLabel;
procedure StartClick(Sender: TObject);
procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
private
{ Private declarations }
public
{ Public declarations }
end;
var
Form1: TForm1;
implementation
{$R *.dfm}
const max=1000;
var t,t1:integer;
lp:array[1..max] of double;
lpv:array[1..max] of double;
tl:array[1..max] of double;
ls:array[1..max] of double;
tls:array[1..max] of double;
cc:array[1..max] of double;
mm:array[1..max] of double;
77
procedure TForm1.StartClick(Sender: TObject);

var i,j,k:integer;
c,m,anpha: double;
current_load,current_loadmax:double;
current_load1:double;
begin
current_load:=strtofloat(edit4.Text);
c:=strtofloat(edit1.Text);
m:=strtofloat(edit2.Text);
anpha:=strtofloat(edit3.Text);
i:=0;lp[i]:=0;
i:=0;tl[i]:=0;
while (lp[i]<5.57)do
begin
i:=i+1;
lp[i]:=(1-anpha)*lp[i-1]+anpha*current_load;
tl[i]:=5.6;
series2.AddXY(i,lp[i],'',clblue);
series1.AddXY(i,tl[i],'',clyellow);
end;
current_load:=current_load + 2.6;
while lp[i]<=c do
begin
i:=i+1;
tl[i]:=8.2;
78
end;
t1:=t;
current_loadmax:=current_load;
{lpv[i]:=lp[i];}
{khi lp vuot qua nguong C }
while lp[i]>c do
begin
i:=i+1;
current_load:=current_load-anpha*1.6;
tl[i]:=tl[i-1]-anpha*1.6;
tls[i]:=current_loadmax-tl[i];
series3.AddXY(i,tls[i],'',clyellow);
ls[i]:=(1-anpha)*ls[i-1]+anpha*tls[i];
series4.AddXY(i,ls[i],'',clblue);
end;
for j:=i to max do
begin
tl[j]:=tl[i];
series1.AddXY(j,tl[j],'',clyellow);
tls[j]:=tls[i];
series3.AddXY(j,tls[j],'',clblue);
79
lp[j]:=(1-anpha)*lp[j-1]+anpha*current_load;
series2.AddXY(j,lp[j],'',clblue);
ls[j]:=(1-anpha)*ls[j-1]+anpha*tls[j];
series4.AddXY(j,ls[j],'',clblue);
end;
{ ve nguong tac nghen C va nguong cho phep M }
for j:=0 to max do
begin
cc[j]:=c;
mm[j]:=m;
series5.AddXY(j,cc[j],'',clblue);
series6.AddXY(j,mm[j],'',clblue);
end;
end;
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
Close;
end;
end.
80

(123doc) Ky Thuat Can Bang Tai Trong Mpls Te

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(123doc) Ky Thuat Can Bang Tai Trong Mpls Te

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Li cam oan

n tt nghip l mt thc o nh gi kt qu hc tp sau 5 nm hc ca

1.12.1 Cc thng ip ca LDP.............................................................................16

3.5. Bi lab kim tra..............................................................................................42

Phn 1: l thuyt gm 3 chng, chng 1: gii thiu tng quan c im,

Nng, ngy 9 thng 6, nm 2007

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode

: Border Gateway Protocol

CR-LDP : Constraint-based Routing LDP

: Exterior Gateway Protocol

: Forwarding Equivalence Class

: Interior Gateway Protocol

: Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System

: Internet Server Providers

: Label Edge Router

: Label Forwarding Information Base

: Label information base.

: Label Switching Path

: Label Switching Router

MPLS-TE : Multiprotocol Label Switching

: Open Shortest Path First

: Request For Comments

: Resource Reservation Protocol

: Tool Command Language

: Tag Distribution Protocol.

: Virtual private network.

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.2 S lc lch s MPLS v nguyn nhn ca s ra i ca MPLS

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

mt s ti nguyn khc khng c s dng. y l tnh trng phn b ti khng

1.3. c tnh ca chuyn tip IP

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

ca tng kt ni (bao gm thng tin v s tn ti ca kt ni v ti nguyn m kt

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

quyt nh qu trnh chuyn tip. Vi cch thc chuyn tip nh vy bt k s

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

- Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn .

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

Khc vi MPLS, xp lp IP trn ATM ny sinh nhiu bt li, t bit trong

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.4.4 Mt s khi nim thng gp

1.5 Kin trc MPLS

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

Hnh 1.1: Kin trc MPLS

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

C s thng tin chuyn

Mt phng d liu ti mt nt mng

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.5.3 Cc thnh phn mt phng d liu v iu khin ca MPLS

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

Hnh 1.5 nh dng nhn

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.7 LSPs (Label Switch Path)

1.8 LER, LSR v hot ng ca LSR

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.9 Cc hnh thc hot ng ca MPLS

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

element) nh b iu khin chuyn mch nhn (LSC- Label Switch Controller).

1.10 Thut ton chuyn tip nhn (Label Forwarding Algorithm)

Chng 1. Tng quan v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc

1.11 Hot ng chuyn tip ca MPLS