Lecture 31

Plastic deformation
of Materials

Announcements
Display of Minor-II copies on 01/11/2016,
Tuesday from 6:30-7:15 PM: LH325
Make up class on Nov. 5, 2016, Saturday
from 10:00-11:00 AM: LH121
Quiz on Nov. 08, Tuesday, 6:00 -6:30 PM:
LH121 and LH325
Quiz syllabus: Full course

What
happens
during plastic
deformation?

Externally, permanent shape

change begins at sy
Internally, what happens?

What happens to crystal structure after

plastic deformation?

Plastic
Deformation

Some Possible answers

Remains the
same

Changes to
another
crystal

structure

Becomes random
or
amorphous

How Do We Decide?
X-ray diffraction
No change in crystal structure!
No change in internal crystal
structure but change in external
shape!!
No change in volume as well

Mechanisms of Plastic
deformation
Plastic
Deformation

Mechanism of Plastic deformation

When one bents a rod of aluminum to a new shape, it
involves processes occurring at various length scales
and understanding these is an arduous task.
However, at the fundamental level slip is at the
heart of the whole process.
To understand how slip can lead to shape change?;
we consider a square crystal deformed to a rhombus
(as Below).

Net shape change

Dislocation
formed by
pushing in
a plane

Step formed
when dislocation
leaves the crystal

Now visualize dislocations being punched in on successive planes moving and finally
leaving the crystal

This sequence of events finally leads to deformed shape which can be approximated to a
rhombus

Net shape change

No change in crystal structure and volume of

crystal

Twin
Mechanical force is
required to form a twin
Unit cell remains same
everywhere
Only mirror reflection

No change in crystal structure and volume of Crystal

Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation

Twinning: Mostly occurs when slip is
difficult: e.g. Low temperature
Will focus on slip only. Because slip is the
most common and easy mechanism of
deformation in most materials at most
temperatures.

The phenomenon of slip takes place on specific

crystallographic plane and along specific crystallographic
direction

Slip Planes, Slip Directions, Slip

Systems

Slip Plane:

Crystallographic planes

Slip Direction: Crystallographic direction

Slip System:

A combination of a slip
plane and a slip direction

Slip direction lies on slip plane

In majority of materials Slip planes are happened to

be close packed plane and slip directions are close
packed directions

Why slip planes are usually close packed

planes?
Why slip directions are close-packed
directions?
Close packed planes tend to have larger
distance between them

For easy movement of dislocation, you therefore require small repeat

distances between atoms (in other words high atomic density). This condition
is best satisfied in closed pack planes since more atoms are stuffed within this
plane compared to others. Therefore slip is preferred in closed pack planes.
Abhinav has already given the closed pack configurations in some crystal
structures.

Slip systems in common

crystal classes

Slip Systems
Crystal

Slip
Plane

Slip
Direction

Slip
Systems

FCC

{111}
(4 planes)

<110>
4x3=12
(3 per plane)

BCC

{110}
(6 planes)

<111>
6x2=12
(2 per plane)

HCP

{0001}
(1 plane)

<11-20>
(3 per plane)

3x1=3

Generally speaking, as we come down the tendency of

material to exhibit limited plasticity increases
which can be attributed to limited slip systems

Slip Systems in FCC Crystal

(111)

y
x

Slip lines in the

microstructure
of plastically
deformed Cu
Laboratory experiment
Callister

Tensile vs Shear Stress

Plastic deformation takes place by slip

Slip requires shear stress

Then, how does plastic deformation take
place during a tensile test?

: Applied tensile stress

N: Slip plane normal (close packed plane)

D: Slip direction (close packed direction)

N
1
2

1: angle between and N

2 =angle between and D

Is there any shear stress on the slip

plane in the slip direction due to the
applied tensile stress?

Resolved Shear stress

s = F/ A

Area=A
FD = F cos 2

N
1
2

As = A/cos 1

RSS
Area = As

FD

AS

F cos2

A
cos1

cos1 cos2
A
RSS s cos1 cos2 Schmids Law:
cos1 cos2 Schmids factor

why here their is no component of

trss direction of slip dirrection

No resolved
shear stress
on planes
parallel or
perpendicular
to the stress
axis

F
cos 2 = 0

F
cos 1 = 0

CRITICAL RESOVED SHEAR STRESS

RSS

RSS s cos1 cos2

CRSS
N
1
2

cos1 cos2
Elastic deformation

sy

Plastic
deformation

CRSS s y cos1 cos2

CRITICAL RESOVED SHEAR STRESS

Minimum value of the resolved shear stress ( RSS)
at which plastic deformation begins in the material

CRSS s y cos1 cos2

Stress less than above then no plastic deformation