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  • Incompressible Flows Through Pipes and Ducts (Internal Flow)

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    Nikhil Bagri
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    The document discusses measurement techniques for pressure, velocity, and flow rate in fluid mechanics. It describes several common devices used to measure these quantities, such as manometers, Pitot tubes, hot-wire anemometers, and obstruction flowmeters. It also discusses hydraulic and energy grade lines and how they are useful for analyzing pipe flows and troubleshooting pipelines. An example problem is presented on calculating flow rates in three connected reservoirs using the concept of grade lines and the energy equation.

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    The document discusses measurement techniques for pressure, velocity, and flow rate in fluid mechanics. It describes several common devices used to measure these quantities, such as manometers, Pitot tubes, hot-wire anemometers, and obstruction flowmeters. It also discusses hydraulic and energy grade lines and how they are useful for analyzing pipe flows and troubleshooting pipelines. An example problem is presented on calculating flow rates in three connected reservoirs using the concept of grade lines and the energy equation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    12 views7 pages

    Incompressible Flows Through Pipes and Ducts (Internal Flow)

    Uploaded by

    Nikhil Bagri
    The document discusses measurement techniques for pressure, velocity, and flow rate in fluid mechanics. It describes several common devices used to measure these quantities, such as manometers, Pitot tubes, hot-wire anemometers, and obstruction flowmeters. It also discusses hydraulic and energy grade lines and how they are useful for analyzing pipe flows and troubleshooting pipelines. An example problem is presented on calculating flow rates in three connected reservoirs using the concept of grade lines and the energy equation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    10/7/2016

    ESO204A,FluidMechanicsandRateProcesses

    Incompressibleflowsthroughpipesandducts
    (InternalFlow)
    EngineeringapplicationsofFluidMechanics

    Chapter6ofFMWhite
    Chapter 8ofFoxMcDonald

    SofarinthisChapter
    o Learnedmajorandmonor lossesinpipeflow

    o Learnedseriesandparallelpipingsystem

    o Solvedapplicationorientedproblemsinpipe
    flow;someofthemrequireiterativesolution

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    10/7/2016

    Measurementsofpressure,velocity,flowrate
    Pressuremeasuringdevices:

    Manometers
    Bourdon
    gage

    Considerafrictionlessflowwiththe
    velocityandpressureof u , p
    p u2
    Total head h

    constant
    g 2g

    Ifthefluidisbroughttorest
    Total head h

    p
    p u2

    constant 0
    g 2g
    g

    p0 p

    Stagnation
    pressure

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    1 2
    u
    2

    Static
    pressure

    Dynamic
    pressure

    10/7/2016

    VelocitymeasurementsusingPitotstatictube
    u, p

    Pitottube
    h

    p u2

    g 2g

    Inserttheprobein
    theflowandrecord
    themanometer
    reading(h)

    Tomanometer
    Wefindthevelocityifweknowthepressure

    Pitotstatictube

    Inserttheprobeintheflowand
    recordthedifferential
    manometerreading

    u, p

    Pitot
    static
    tube
    p u2 p
    h

    g 2g g
    h

    u2
    2g

    Todifferentialmanometer

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    10/7/2016

    Velocitymeasurements:Hotwireanemometer
    Temperatureofthehotwire
    iskeptconstantagainstair
    flow(coolant)

    Topower
    supply

    Velocityismeasuredfromthe
    powerrequiredtomaintainthe
    wiretemperatureconstant

    Flowmeasurements:Obstructionflowmeter
    Obstructtheflow
    Measurethepressure
    dropacrossobstruction
    UseBernoulliEq.
    p1 u12
    p2 u22

    g 2g g 2g
    u2

    2 p1 p2

    1 d 4 D 4

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    D 2u1 d 2u2
    Q Cd A2u2

    Dischargecoefficient,
    obtained
    experimentally

    10/7/2016

    Majordesignvariations
    Flownozzle
    Orificemeter

    Venturi meter

    Easeofuse,
    lowcost
    Highaccuracy

    HydraulicandEnergyGradelines
    Recall

    p u2

    zH
    g 2g

    Pressure
    head

    Velocity
    head

    Totalhead

    Elevation
    head

    InapipeflowH dropsalongflowdirection,plot
    ofH vsL isknownasenergygradeline
    p

    Piezometric head g z H P
    Hp vsL plot isknownashydraulicgradeline

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    10/7/2016

    Energygradeline
    (EGL)
    Hydraulicgrade
    line(HGL)

    EGLalwaysdropalongtheflowdirection,the
    sameisalsotrueforHGLifdiameterremains
    constant
    Slopeofgradelinesmaybeusedtocalculatethe
    frictionallosses

    Energygradeline
    (EGL)
    Hydraulicgrade
    line(HGL)

    Presenceofpumps/turbineleadstosharp
    changesingradelines
    Hydraulicgradelinesareusefultoolforpipeline
    troubleshooting

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

    10/7/2016

    Threereservoirsconnected
    throughsmoothpipes

    d1 d 2 d 3 100cm

    L1 L2 L3 100m
    z1 10m, z2 40m
    z3 20m, z J 0

    Find Q1 , Q2 , Q3

    Assumingallflowsaretowardthejunction
    Q1 Q2 Q3 0

    u1 u2 u3 0

    HGL: hJ z J

    pJ
    p
    J
    g g

    EnergyEqn. p1 z1 pJ z J h f 1 h f 1 z1 hJ
    g

    h f 1 z1 hJ

    hJ

    pJ
    g

    f1 L1 u12
    z1 hJ
    d 2g

    Similarly
    f 2 L2 u22
    z2 hJ
    d 2g

    f 3 L3 u32
    z3 hJ
    d 2g

    u1 u2 u3 0

    WehavefourEqns.,fourunknowns
    StartwithaguessofhJ andupdatetill
    convergence

    ESO204A/IITK/mkdas@iitk.ac.in

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