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Free Field Technologies

Presentation and General Products Overview

Copyright Free Field Technologies

Free Field Technologies


Free Field Technologies is the technical leader in acoustic, vibro-acoustic and
aero-acoustic CAE
The company has three main activities:
Development of the Actran software suite
Provision of related services: training, consulting, technology transfer, methodology
development, installation and performance tuning, custom developments, CAE
process automation
Research in acoustic CAE and related fields

Free Field Technologies operates from its headquarters in Mont-Saint-Guibert


(near Brussels), Belgium, and from its offices in Toulouse, France, Tokyo,
Japan, and Troy, MI, USA.

Actran is used by over 200 industrial customers worldwide.


FFT joined MSC Software Corporation in September 2011 and became a wholly
owned subsidiary of MSC.
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Motivation for Acoustic Simulations


Engineering tasks for acoustic simulation
Sound radiation and propagation into far field
Generic sources
Vibrating structures
Turbulent (unsteady) fluid flow

Noise reduction
Absorption (porous media)

Sound transmission & fluid-structure interaction


Transmission loss
Transfer functions
Damping of vibration by heavy fluids
Sender
room

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Receive
r room

Motivation for Acoustic Simulations


Disciplines of acoustics simulation
Sound radiation and propagation into far field
Generic sources
Vibrating structures

Acoustics
(propagation &
weak coupling)

Turbulent (unsteady) fluid flow

Aero-Acoustics

Noise reduction
Absorption (porous media)

Sound transmission & fluid-structure interaction


Transmission loss
Transfer functions
Damping of vibration by heavy fluids

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Vibro-Acoustics

The Actran software suite


Actran for NASTRAN

Actran Vibro-Acoustics

Actran DGM

Actran Aero-Acoustics

Actran VI

Actran Acoustics

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Actran TM

Actran Acoustics
General purpose acoustic modelling tool

Target applications:

Sound propagation in ducts


Sound diffraction by rigid obstacles
Sound radiation by vibrating structures

Pre-requisite for more advanced Actran modules:

Actran VibroAcoustics
Actran AeroAcoustics
Actran TM
Exhaust Muffler

HVAC Module

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Gearbox Radiation

Actran VibroAcoustics
General purpose vibro-acoustic modelling tool

Large finite element and material library:

acoustic finite and infinite elements incl. pyras and pentas


visco-elastic elements for beams, shells and solids
Composite elements allowing also the handling pre-stress effects
Porous and poro-elastic finite elements
Piezo-electric elements for modelling active structures

Realistic excitation mechanisms:

acoustical, kinematical and dynamical excitations


turbulent boundary layer
diffuse sound field

High-performance solvers and parallel processing


Loudspeaker

Side window transmission

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Muffler Radiation

Actran for NASTRAN


From body-in-white to trimmed body vehicle models (fully compatible with Nastran)

A technology providing the right blend of accuracy and speed

In phase with the distributed development process

References: Ford, Nissan, MMC, GM, Rieter, ...


Trim is everywhere

Superlement coupling

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From BIW to trimmed body

Actran AeroAcoustics
Broadband aero-acoustics modelling tool (vortex noise)

Key features:

Direct link to most CFD codes


Validated by experiments for fans, side window noise and simplified Air Conditioning systems

References:
Daimler, BMW, VW, Delphi, Visteon, John Deere, Brothers, PSA...

Fan noise

Air conditioning duct

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Correlation to test

Actran TM
Exclusive tool for the modelling of noise radiation by aircraft engine and other

turbomachines
Key features:

excitation defined in terms of duct modes


propagation in a non-uniform background flow
accurate modelling of liners

References: Airbus, Rolls-Royce, SNECMA, General Electric, MTU, Honeywell, Liebherr,

Turbomeca, Aermacchi, ...


Aermacchi

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Airbus

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Airbus

Actran/DGM
Objective: solve exhaust turbine noise

Key features:

Linearized Euler Equations (LEE)


DGM scheme in the time domain
Non-structured mesh
Import the RANS-based mean flow from most standard CFD codes
Each best element chooses its best order (1 to 16)

Complex Exhaust Flow

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Acoustic field

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TURNEX Project

Actran VI
Actrans own pre- and post-processor

Validation and modification of Actran models created with other tools


Creation of Actran model directly form mesh data recovered from other CAE
tools

Advanced results display capabilities

Model creation and validation

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Advanced post-processing

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FRF Display Tool

Some of our Automotive Customers

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Some of our Aerospace Customers

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Some Other References

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Reduction of Discharge Gas Pulsation of HVAC


Compressor by using Numerical Acoustic Solver
ACTRAN

Pierre POYSAT
EMERSON Climate Technologies

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HVAC System: Description

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HVAC System: Description


NVH Challenges for compressor manufacturer
Reduce compressor noise
Structure borne
Airborne

Reduce the disturbing energy from the compressor to the system


Rigid body vibration
Discharge gas pulsation
Heat exchanger noise radiation

Minimize risk of piping failure


System reliability (fresh good conservation)
Environment
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Dual Scroll: Compressor Description

Suction
Gas

Discharge
Gas

50% Flow through


4 Slots
50%
Flow

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Discharge gas pulsation: how to control?


Destructive interference
Efficient to control discharge pulsation when compressor operating at 100%
Pulsation still too high at the check valves
Impact on Reliability

Alternative solution
Discharge volume increase
Original: 0.4 L
Quick fix: complex, large volume 4.4L

Objective: Reduce the volume from quick fix


Constrains

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Size (cost, manufacturing)


Weight
Pulsation attenuation
HW limitations
Inside Pressure
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Experimental setup & Model


Frequency range: 0-800 Hz

m1, m2, m3, m4, m5:

m5
m4
m3

pressure transducers
m2

m1

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Geometries
Simulations done for 6 designs variable speed of sound

Volume 4.4

Volume 1.76 (FFT)

Volume 1.76 (Cop.)

Not tested

Volume 1.36

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Volume 0.96

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Volume 0.4

Results
Pressure map

100 Hz

modle Copeland

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modle FFT

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Results
Pressure map

300 Hz

modle Copeland

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modle FFT

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Conclusion of the study


Damping volume can be reduced to 1.4 L
Shape has a limited impact since major contribution to discharge pulse
is 100 Hz component
Freedom for design

Strong positive impact on cost, weight, dimension, resistance to high


pressure

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Actran

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Case Study : Acoustic Radiation of Large


Powertrain

Reference :
Experimental Validation of an Efficient Procedure for Large Acoustic Radiation
Problems, M.Gustafsson, J.Jacqmot, S.Caro - ISMA 2010 conference

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Introduction
This project: a complete truck powertrain, length around 2.5 meters

The structure vibration levels are computed with an external FEA solver
The results (velocities or displacements) are used as the excitation of the
acoustic radiation problem solved by Actran

Several RPMs of the power train are considered


The numerical results are compared with measurement performed by Volvo

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The reference engine


13 litre 6 cylinder in-line engine with manual gearbox

Noise measurement with a 28 microphone array

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Computation Process
In the following, we only focus on the acoustic computations
1. Vibration modes and participation
factors

2. Acoustic computations (Actran)

Binary
files

3. Post Processing and Analysis


Maps

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FRF

Waterfall

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Modeling Steps Acoustic Model


2. Create finite element mesh
1. Structural FEA model

4. Post-process in Actran

3. Create Actran model in Actran

COMPUTATION

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Model Specifications
Mapping the vibration levels
The vibration levels are projected on a specific surface (named "BC mesh")
This BC mesh is the source in the Actran model

Propagation
Near field: 4 linear finite Elements per wavelength (low dispersion elements
developed by FFT)
Far field: the Infinite Elements model the free field condition and give results
anywhere in the far field
Note: the infinite elements must not be meshed (boundary condition)

Infinite Element Surface

3D elements (TET + PYRA + HEXA )


BC_MESH Surface

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Acoustic Model Preparation


1. Generate a closed surface wrap of the

engine for vibration excitation boundary


condition.
2. Generate a convex offset of the engine
surface for far-field boundary condition
including the reflecting floor.
3. Generate the acoustic 3D mesh in
between.
4. Import microphone coordinates
5. Link the engine surface patches to
corresponding results files (real valued
modes shapes and modal coordinate
files)

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Results Output Specification


Virtual microphones can be located anywhere

in the finite and/or infinite element domain

Output specifications

Multiple control surfaces to compute the


radiated power
Maps for different frequencies
on the acoustic mesh or/and
on a mesh dedicated to the post-processing
(named field mesh in Actran)
Plot acoustic pressure, acoustic intensity, etc.
field points
(microphones)

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field mesh

Results - SPL Comparisons

3 dB

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Panel Contribution

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Maps of the acoustic fields


500 Hz

1500 Hz

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Study of the Noise radiated by an Intake Manifold

Hiroyuki Abe MAZDA


Work presented at the Actran 2011 Users Meeting in Japan

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Introduction
Mazda has developed a new engine in order to reduce
the fuel consumption as well as the weight (among
others)

To achieve this, Mazda decided to use a thin resin


intake manifold
Consequence: many modes are present because of the
low rigidity of the intake manifold and therefore some
significant noise problem occur

Mazda had to consider many structural modifications in


order to fix this problem

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Computational Process

Intake Vibrations

Acoustic
PT Vibration - NASTRAN

Evaluation Point

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Results
Rigid Parts
except Intake
Test-CAE
4000rpm
Original 4000rpm

Test
Test
CCAE
AE

Correlations are very good!

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Comparison with Experiment


Waterfall Diagram

CAE

Correlations are very good!

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5dBA

5dBA

Test

5dBA

Mic2
5dBA

Mic1

Design Improvement
Thanks to the accuracy and to the performance of Actran, Mazda can

use the numerical simulation to improve the acoustic performance of its


Point1 SPL 2000rpm

5dBA

90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50

Element Contribution

1/3Oct. Band Hz

The weight has been reduced as well as the noise (4dB at the
maximum)
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2500

2000

1600

1250

1000

800

630

500

400

BASE
MODIFY

315

S.P.L. dBA

engines

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Vibro-acoustic FEA Modeling of Two Layer

Trim Systems, Christian Y. Glandier and Ralf


Lehmann(DaimlerChrysler AG), Takashi Yamamoto
and Yoshinobu Kamada(Mitsubishi Motors
Corporation),SAE 2005

++

Excitation system





Free field radiation / closed box radiation

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(
)

50

()

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1(
)

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1()

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(,,)
()

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Central Duct
Experimental Set-Up

ACTRAN Results

CFD Results - Fluent

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ACTRAN




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Out
(shell)
In

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Out
(pipe)


(: )

Incident
power
from the
engine

Transmitted power
(pipe noise)

Not reflective BC

(TL)
TL =10*log10(Wincident/Wtransmitted)

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Transmission Loss

With temperature

600K

300K

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Outlet exhaust noise + shell radiated noise
in one unique model
Acoustic FEM/IEM
interface
fluid 2 (2,c2,T2)
fluid 1 (1,c1,T1)
Acoustic elements,
exhaust interior

Shell elements,
exhaust skin

Actran

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Acoustic elements,
outside fluid
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Energies spectra

Exterior sound field

Structure deformation

Interior cavity SPL

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ACTRANTMM

(see )

ACTRAN

TMM analytic codes are limited to the lowest cut-on frequency


of all the elements (inlet/outlet/internal duct).
Ex:

Finlet = 8000Hz

Foutlet 6000Hz
Finternal = 2000Hz

TMM analytic codes can perform the TL computation only until


2000Hz.

Mix-method (ACTRAN+TMM) can compute the TL until the


lowest cut on frequency of the inlet/outlet duct.
Ex:

Finlet = 8000Hz

Finternal = 2000Hz

In this case, ACTRAN can perform the TL computation until 6000Hz

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TMM

Task 1: Geometry Division into subsystems


T = T1*T2*T3
Task 2a: ACTRAN Model creation

To be performed for
each component

Task 2b: ACTRAN computations

Task 3: Results recombination using TMM


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1 0 I 2 0
0 1 R 0

* 2
1 0
0 I1 0

0 0 1 R R1 P0


Exhaust Noise Transmission to the Interior of a
Trimmed Vehicle

Reference :
Numerical Prediction of the Exhaust Noise Transmission to the Interior of a Trimmed Vehicle by using the
Finite/Infinite Element Method
Diego dUdekem et al. (FFT), Takashi Yamamoto (Nissan Motor Co Ltd),
SAE International 2011 Noise and Vibration Conference and Exhibition, 2011, Michigan, USA

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From Exhaust Noise to Trimmed Body


Two-step approach:
Exterior Acoustic Model

From the plane wave source in the exhaust


pipe, get the distributed pressure on the
exterior of the car structure

ACTRAN Acoustic FE/IE model


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Interior Vibro-Acoustic model

From the distributed pressure on the exterior of


the car structure, get the pressure fluctuations
in the car cavity (modal approach with trims)

ACTRAN for Nastran model


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Validation - Exterior Acoustic Analysis


The distributed pressure on the exterior of the car structure is compared with

experimental data :

Measurement
Calculation

Experimental setup : Spherical source set at the exhaust,


Measure on right side of vehicle with 100 mm resolution

Measurement
Calculation

100Hz

300Hz

Measurement

Measurement

Calculation
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Calculation

Dash insulator and floor carpet


Simulation

Experiment

Dash insulator and floor carpet

W/o insulator
W/ insulator

W/o insulator
W/ insulator

Acoustic transfer function

Acoustic transfer function

Structure transfer function

Structure transfer function


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Sound Pressure Response in Cabin


The Transfer function from speaker source to ears position is displayed

with and without insulator

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(Frequency dependent)

(Turbulent boundary layer)

windshield

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PVB
Glass

1-

Windshield Modal analysis, free-free BC


1000
simulation
experimental

Acceleration [m/s2]

100

10

0.1

0.01
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Frequency [Hz]

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350

400

450

500

2-
T ransparence acoustique - Comparaison simulations ACT R AN/mesures
BMW Sie 3
ESSAI 1

ESSAI 2

ACT RAN

40
35
30

Transmission Loss (dB)

25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10

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1200

1000

800

600

400

200

Fr uence [ Hz]

3-

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Model Description

Mode 2 - 73Hz (A) - 185Hz (S)

Glass + Seal detail

Mode 32 - 346Hz (A) - 612Hz (S)

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4-
OpenFOAM CFD computation
Unsteady incompressible CFD
(pressure, velocity)

Actran/VI Pre-processing
Mesh generation
Actran file setup

Actran/ICFD Interpolation of
the turbulence pressure
fluctuations on the acoustic mesh

Actran VibroAcoustics
Acoustic computation
Use of the TWPF excitation into
Actran

Actran/ICFD Fourier Transform


TWPF into the frequency domain

Actran/VI Post-processing
Color map, pressure plot ...

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ACTRAN Aero/Vibro-Acoustic
Color Map of Pressure, Deformation of the side
window 750Hz

CFD pressure fluctuations

TWPF excitation

Sound pressure Level


[dB]

Sound pressure level at drivers ear

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10dB

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Simplified Train Compartment


Vibro-Acoustic Demonstration

Model geometry provided by

CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive, China

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Introduction
Vibro-acoustic modeling of a simplified train compartment

Length: 4 m
Height: 3.12 m
Width: 3 m
Three layer structure: 10 mm of aluminum, 10 mm of porous material , 10 mm of
plastic
Window: glass
Door: Iron
Excitation: point forces from the suspension (on the floor structure)
Frequency range: 5 Hz 500 Hz, with a step of 5 Hz
Symmetric modeling using half geometry
Two steps modeling: 1, coupled structure and inner cavity ; 2, acoustic radiation into
semi free field (taking the ground reflection into account)

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Model Presentation - 1
Three layer structure:
Outer layer: aluminum, 10 mm
Middle layer: porous material, 10 mm
Inner layer: plastic material, 10 mm

Window:

Door:

one layer: glass material, 30 mm

one layer: iron material, 30 mm

Inner cavity:

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Standard air

Model Presentation - 2
Two loading positions:
1, Point load of 1N on the floor under the window
2, Point load of 1N on the floor under the door, with
opposite phase than the first point load

Three loadcases:
1, Only point load 1 is applied on the model
2, Only point load 2 is applied on the model
3, Combination of the load 1 and load 2 with equal
contribution factor is applied on the model

Boundary condition:
1, On the connection with compartment extension,
structure displacement along the train length set free,
other two components set to zero
2, On the symmetry plane, structure displacement
component normal to the symmetry plane set to zero,
other two components set free
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Modeling step 1
Structure and inner cavity
Results under loadcase 1

500 Hz, directivity, (dB)

Transfer function (dB)

point load of 1N on the floor under


the window

Transfer function:
Sound pressure level / point load

10

3
1 2

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Transfer function (dB)

Microphone 1, frequency response function, (dB)

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Modeling step 1
Structure and inner cavity
Results under loadcase 1

300 Hz, SPL (dB)

point load of 1N on the floor


under the window

10

500 Hz, SPL (dB)

3
1 2

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Modeling step 2
Acoustic radiation
Model: acoustic radiation from the vibration of structure skin calculated

in step 1
Finite element for near field acoustic

Outer air domain length extended, taking account of


the scattering effect of neighboring compartment

Origin of infinite
domain placed on
the floor, taking
account of exterior
ground reflection

Infinite element for far field radiation

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Vibration of
structure as
boundary condition

Rigid wall (default) boundary condition

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Modeling step 2
Acoustic radiation
Results under loadcase 1: point load of 1N on the floor under the window
500 Hz, inner arc directivity , (dB)

Transfer function (dB)

Transfer function (dB)

100 Hz, inner arc directivity, (dB)

500 Hz, outer arc directivity , (dB)

3 2
1

128

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Transfer function (dB)

Two series of far field microphones

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Modeling step 2
Acoustic radiation
Results under loadcase 1: point load of 1N on the floor under the window
200 Hz, SPL (dB)

500 Hz, SPL (dB)

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500 Hz, SPL (dB)

200 Hz, SPL (dB)

500 Hz, SPL (dB)

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ACTRAN VibroAcoustics for Aircraft

ACTRAN Features for Cabin and Cockpit Noise

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Aircraft Noise Major Contributors


Overall Interior noise level

Interior Noise

External noise sources

Boundary
Layer

Engine

Air
borne

Internal noise sources

Structure
borne

ECS
Environment
Control
System

Windows

Avionics
System

Structure

Radiated Noise
Engine noise during landing and take-off phases
APU noise while engines off

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Other systems
(hydraulic, electrical
systems, etc)

Efficiency of Fuselage Panels


Unique features to model all the mechanisms of damping, absorption &

transmission in multi-layered trim panels :


Viscoelastic, porous materials (Biot model) & stiffeners
Fluid-structure coupling (one model inculding the structure and the acoustic)
Fast FRF Krylov solver
stiffeners

aluminum

layer 1
layer 2

air
layer 3
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Noise Transmission through Fuselage &


Cockpit Models
FEM Actran models take into account:

Real shape & structural heterogeneity effect

Variable thickness skin


Multi-layered windows
Glass wool (Biot model)
Frames & stringers
Floor
Added masses

Excitation type effect

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Diffuse field
Turbulent boundary layer (Corcos)
Engine structure borne vibrations
User defined (e.g. propeller noise)
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Noise Transmission through Fuselage &


Cockpit Typical results
Cockpit sound transmission

Cockpit sound transmission

NR(dB)

10 dB

Cabin structure response

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10

100

F(Hz)

1000

A more Realistic Model


Objective: Compute the interior noise induced

by a Diffuse Sound Field excitation


Modeling :

Half Model (symmetry BC), Upper cavity (5 m3)


Insulation (Glasswool)
Multi-layered windows
Composite or Aluminum Fuselage
Stringers and Frames

Example with Actran 11 (year 2010)


2.1 MDOFs model, valid up to 5kHz
Runs in 2.2 hours on 2x4 threads with 2x30GB
RAM

Courtesy of Airbus
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Going Further

Advanced features

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Composite Materials in Actran


A composite material is an assembly of 2 or more materials, put

together to obtain performances higher than any of its constituents


The composite shell is usually multilayered with plies having a specific
fiber direction
2
1

El=135E9 Pa
Et=8.5E9 Pa
nu12=0.35
nu23=0.00
G12=4.2E9

The fiber direction vary from one ply to another

This gives specific mechanical properties (fatigue, weight)

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Pressurization in Actran
Computations for assessing the effect of the pressurization

pi

po

Average flight
configuration :
pi- po= 50kPa

The pressurization is a static load modify the dynamic stiffness of the entire
system
In practice in ACTRAN: work in two steps:
Step 1: Computation of the static response
determination of the INITIAL_DISPLACEMENT
Step 2: Computation of the dynamic response
using the results of step 1. The software uses the
updated system stiffness

Use: airplane applications, underwater applications


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ACTRAN / TM
A unique environment for
modeling turbo-machinery noise

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Aircraft noise sources

Source: ICCAIA, moteur PW8000

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ACTRAN/TM Key features

Handle the effect of


Models both near field and far field
backgound flow
(important for certification)

Includes an accurate
model of the fan source

Optimized for large models


(high frequency)
Accounts for all liners
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Including the very


complex exhaust flow

Tonal Source Modeling Duct Modes

The source is represented by series of duct modes (Tyler&Sofrin theory)

In practice: set of rotating modes with a given radial and azimuthal order

Well established rules help choosing the modes amplitudes and phase at BPFH and at any other
frequency

The reflected modes are let free (non reflecting boundary condition)

All types of duct section are handled by ACTRAN

Radial order = 1

Radial order = 1

Radial order = 2

Radial order = 3

Azimuthal order =0

Azimuthal order = 4

Azimuthal order =4

Azimuthal order =4

Axisymmetric Nacelle & Splitter in a Bypass

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Far Field: Acoustic Infinite Elements


Two roles:

Muffler

Act as a non reflective boundary


condition (Free field modeling)
Give access to results outside
the computational domain

Directivity Diagram
Nacelle radiation, flow, no liner - 500Hz, mode (3,0)
90
4
120

60

150

30

180

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Liners: Admittance Boundary Conditions


ACTRAN TM models with accuracy the liners including the effect of the

grazing flow (as per the Myers-Eversman formulation)


Admittance Influence

With Liner
and flow

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Without Liner,
with flow

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Output
ACTRAN can output maps in the near and far fields

Directivity diagrams can also be output thanks to virtual microphones


Energy indicators allow performing the energy balance of the system
All of these output allow performing accurate design study

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Experimental Validation
ICSV 2005 Fan Noise Radiation from Intake: Comparisons Between FEM

Prediction and Fan Rig Test Measurements with Flare S.Lidoine & B.Caruelle

See also validation on JT15D : Development and validation of a parallel out-ofcore propagation and radiation code with validation on a turbofan application,
P.Ploumhans et al, ICA 2004-702
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Actran

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CPU ex.: 2 way, 2 core
ex.: 32GB
MPI (Message Passing Interface)

BLAS (Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms)


Extra-node, Switch (Myrinet, InfiniBand, etc.)

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(thread)

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ACTRAN TM Performance on a real intake


AIAA2006-2588: New advances in the use of

ACTRAN TM for nacelle simulations and optimization


of IBM clusters for ACTRAN parallel computations,
A.Mosson, S. Caro, T.Knapen, M.Gontier, L.Enault,
S.Drouilhet-Peyre
Performance tests have been performed with Airbus to
optimize the parallel scalability
Running in parallel lowers the RAM needs (and the
computational time)
axis symetric run - RAM consumption

axis symetric run - parallel version efficiency


8

225kdofs
6

871kdofs
1250kdofs

5
4
3
2

parallel/sequential RAM

59kdofs

7
sequential/parallel time

linear behaviour

linear behaviour
59kdofs

225kdofs

871kdofs
1250kdofs

5
4
3
2
1

1
1

CPU number

CPU num ber

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CPU30
70GB

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