TENSILE TESTING OF AN ASTM STANDARD

MILD STEEL COATED WITH M-SEAL

(REINFORCED CONCRETE)

*PROJECT REPORT*
Submitted for the Course: Material Science and Technology (MEE1005)
Done by:
T MUGHILAN
AJAY KARDILE
SIDDHANTH SRIVASTAVA
HARSH SHAH
RAVI RANJAN
ARUN RAJ

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15BME0042
15BME0503
15BME0684
15BEM0061
15BPI0053
15BME0580

SLOT: B1

Faculty: Prof. N.Nandhini Devi

School of Mechanical Engineering (SMEC)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank VIT University for giving us
the opportunity to perform the experiment and use
the facilities and laboratory for the same.
We would like to show my gratitude towards our
faculty Prof. N.Nandhini Devi for her continuous
support and guidance.
We would also like to thank the Lab in charge for
Material Laboratory Mr. Ramesh for helping us in
performing the experiment successfully.

INDEX

1. ABSTRACT
2. LITERATURE
3. RESEARCH PAPER
4. THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
5. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
6. RESULTS
7. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
8. REFERENCES

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- 5
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- 8
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- 19
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ABSTRACT
The properties that make reinforced concrete the most sought
after choice for construction has been investigated.
Different types of steel used in construction have been
highlighted.
A tensile test conducted with the use of m-seal (to represent
reinforced concrete) has been carried out using the Universal
Testing Machine in the MET lab.
The difference in the material properties are highlighted between
the specimen with and without m-seal coating.

LITERATURE
Mild Steel:
It is a type of iron-carbon alloy containing less than 0.25 percent of carbon which
makes it more ductile and less hard and is readily available. [5]
Reinforced Concrete:
It is a material in which concretes low tensile strength and ductility is
counteracted by the inclusion of reinforced steel rods having higher tensile strength
and ductility. [6]
It has the following properties:
1. High relative strength
2. High toleration of tensile strain
3. Good bond to concrete irrespective of pH, moisture etc.
4. Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to
changing temperatures
Reinforced Concrete is considered the best for the construction of huge structures
because of the following reasons[7]:
Reinforced concrete has a high compressive strength compared to other
building materials.
Fire and weather resistance of reinforced concrete is fair.
The reinforced concrete building system is more durable than any other
building system.
The maintenance cost of reinforced concrete is very low.
Due to the provided reinforcement, reinforced concrete can also withstand a
good amount tensile stress.
It acts like a rigid member with minimum deflection.

Mild steel is mostly used in reinforced concrete because of the following reasons
[8]
:

It is highly ductile
The Youngs Modulus of mild steel is equal in both Tension and Compression.
(2.0 2.1 x10^5 N/mm2)
The coefficient of Thermal expansion of concrete and mild steel are almost equal,
(1210^-6 per deg C). This is the major reason why MS is proffered over Copper
(16x 10^-6 per deg C) and Aluminium (23x 10^-6 per deg C). Equal thermal
coefficient will ensure the bond strength during thermal expansion, thus preventing
bond failure.
Moreover Mild Steel can be recycled easily.
It can be easily welded.
It is widely and cheaply available compared to other ductile metals.
For Mild Steel the yield stress is nearly equal to elastic stress and elastic limit
curve is linear straight. Hence it is linear elastic material.

Nowadays deformed steel bars are replacing mild steel bars because it has the
following properties.
It has more tensile stress than mild steel bars
Strength of bonds formed is 40-80% higher than of plain round bars of same
nominal size
Fiber Reinforced Concrete is one more innovation in the field of construction
which revolutionized the building industry. In this, short steel fibers are
embedded in the concrete block to1. Reduce cracking
2. Reduce permeability of concrete
3. Improve its structural strength
4. Improve its ductility

RESEARCH PAPER
Evaluation of Properties of Steel Reinforcing Bars for
Seismic Design [1]
In the research paper, the strengths of different blocks of Reinforced
concrete are studied when subjected to four point bend test. 10 different
specimens of reinforced concrete were made which contained different
composition of concrete and different types of steel rods which were
subjected to cold-working (CTD) and hot treatment (TMT) processes. In
the result, most of the concrete slabs obtained the desired result i.e.,
most of them withstood the force applied by the machine. However, the
reinforced concrete made of steel bars subjected to CTD failed in
producing the desired results.
This was because the design shear capacity was exceeded before the
flexural strength is reached. This poor performance has serious
implications for seismic applications as higher strength of rebar may
induce undesirable shear mode of failure and reduced deformation
capacity of beam which limits the energy dissipation potential.

The Experimental Analysis

Aim
The main aim of this experiment is to find and compare the amount of load the
normal and m-seal coated tensile testing specimen withstands.

Materials required
2 Tensile testing specimens(mild steel) according to ASTM standards of
dimensions : 75mmx45mmx7mm(i.e. ASTM E8)
M-seal, Ruler
UTM(Universal Testing Machine)

Theory
What is UTM?
A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, materials
testing machine, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength of
materials. The "universal" part of the name reflects that it can perform many
standard tensile and compression tests on materials, components, and structures (in
other words, that it is versatile). [9]

What is Tensometer?
A tensometer is a device used to evaluate the tensile properties of materials such as
their Young's modulus (i.e. the degree to which they stretch under stress) and
tensile strength. It is usually a universal testing machine loaded with a sample
between two grips that are either adjusted manually or automatically to apply force
to the specimen. The machine works either by driving a screw or by hydraulic ram.
The latter have the great advantage of being able to create much more complex

loading patterns, such as the cyclical loads needed for measurement of fatigue
strength.[10]

Why Tensile test ?

You can learn a lot about a substance from tensile testing. As you continue to pull
on the material until it breaks, you will obtain a good, complete tensile profile. A
curve will result showing how it reacted to the forces being applied. The point of
failure is of much interest and is typically called its Ultimate Strength. [11]

What is Ultimate Tensile Strength ?

This is the maximum load the specimen sustains during the test. The UTS may or
may not equate to the strength at break. This all depends on what type of material
you are testing brittle, ductile or a substance that even exhibits both properties. [12]

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A thin layer of M-Seal is made by mixing the M-Seal with the
hardening substance.
Without any delay the M-Seal is coated (i.e., Stuck around the
tensile testing specimen) around the ASTM standard mild steel.
The M-Seal is allowed to dry until it becomes hard.
The other mild steel sample in the dog bone shape is fixed in the
tensometer.
In the dog bone shape the bulging edges of the shapes are clamped
to the cup shaped holder in the tensometer
Middle thin section is the place where the mild steel will undergo
stress and elongation takes place when respective loads are
applied.
When the specimen attains the yield point the plastic deformation
takes place where the elongation of the specimen is observed.
This elongation will take place until it reaches the
Ultimate tensile strength
Then by applying the continuous constant load the specimen
breaks down into two halves and the load at which the specimen
breaks is called the break point load.

10

Specimen (ASTM-E8)
M-seal coating
on the specimen

Electronic Tensometer

Specimen getting elongate

under tensile stress

11

M-seal after drying

on the specimen

The Broken Sample

RESULTS

Electronic Tensometer is a computerized device which automatically

applies the load to the attached specimen and the graphs
Engineering stress vs. Engineering strain ,
True Stress vs. True Strain ,
Load vs. Displacement.
Graphs are obtained through which the comparison of the specimen
coated with M-seal and without M-seal can be easily compared.

12

GRAPHS FOR MILD STEEL WITH M-SEAL Spec. : 75x45x7

Ref. : MILDSTEEL
Sample Len. : 45

CrossSec. : Id / Od

Area : 38.500 Sq mm

Test Date : 13/10/2016

Test Time : 05:23 PM

Sample No. : 19

Load Cell : 20040 N

Load Unit : N

Len. Unit : mm

Preset Val : - -

High Limit : 20040 N

Low Limit : 10 N

Test Mode : Break

Test Speed : 3 mm / min

Disp Incr. : 0.1 mm

Peak Drop % : - -

Proof Stress % : 0.1

Peak Load : 19594.4 N

Peak Disp. : 4.29 mm

Peak Disp. % : 9.53

Break Load : 15053.8 N

Break Disp. : 6.27 mm

Break Disp. % : 13.94

Eng UTS : 508.945

True UTS : 557.430

Proof Stress : - -

Strain : 0.140

Eng 'E' : - -

True 'E' : - -

Slope : - Work Done : - Unit of All Stresses and 'E' : N / sq mm

Status : Accepted
E' : Modulus of Elasticity

600

Test Remark : - -

True Stress In N / Sq mm

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.0000

0.0309

0.0581

0.0853

Strain

13

0.1124

0.1398

Ref. : MILDSTEEL
Sample Len. : 45

CrossSec. : Id / Od

Area : 38.500 Sq mm

Test Date : 13/10/2016

Test Time : 05:23 PM

Sample No. : 19

Load Cell : 20040 N

Load Unit : N

Len. Unit : mm

Preset Val : - -

High Limit : 20040 N

Low Limit : 10 N

Test Mode : Break

Test Speed : 3 mm / min

Disp Incr. : 0.1 mm

Peak Drop % : - -

Proof Stress % : 0.1

Peak Load : 19594.4 N

Peak Disp. : 4.29 mm

Peak Disp. % : 9.53

Break Load : 15053.8 N

Break Disp. : 6.27 mm

Break Disp. % : 13.94

Eng UTS : 508.945

True UTS : 557.430

Proof Stress : - -

Strain : 0.140
Eng 'E' : - Slope : - Work Done : - Unit of All Stresses and 'E' : N / sq mm

True 'E' : - Status : Accepted

E' : Modulus of Elasticity

Test Remark : - 600

Eng Stress In N / Sq mm

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.0000

0.0309

0.0581

0.0853

Strain

14

0.1124

0.1398

Spec. : 75x45x7
Ref. : MILDSTEEL
Sample Len. : 45

CrossSec. : Id / Od

Area : 38.500 Sq mm

Test Date : 13/10/2016

Test Time : 05:23 PM

Sample No. : 19

Load Cell : 20040 N

Load Unit : N

Len. Unit : mm

Preset Val : - -

High Limit : 20040 N

Low Limit : 10 N

Test Mode : Break

Test Speed : 3 mm / min

Disp Incr. : 0.1 mm

Peak Drop % : - -

Proof Stress % : 0.1

Peak Load : 19594.4 N

Peak Disp. : 4.29 mm

Peak Disp. % : 9.53

Break Load : 15053.8 N

Break Disp. : 6.27 mm

Break Disp. % : 13.94

Eng UTS : 508.945

True UTS : 557.430

Proof Stress : - -

Strain : 0.140

Eng 'E' : - -

True 'E' : - -

Slope : - Work Done : - Unit of All Stresses and 'E' : N / sq mm

Status : Accepted
E' : Modulus of Elasticity

Test Remark : - 25000

20000

Load In N

15000

10000

5000

0
0.00

1.39

2.61

3.84

Displacement In mm

15

5.06

6.29

GRAPHS FOR MILD STEEL WITHOUT M-SEAL Spec. : 75x45x7

Ref. : MILDSTEEL
Sample Len. : 45

CrossSec. : Id / Od

Area : 38.500 Sq mm

Test Date : 13/10/2016

Test Time : 05:31 PM

Sample No. : 20

Load Cell : 20040 N

Load Unit : N

Len. Unit : mm

Preset Val : - -

High Limit : 20040 N

Low Limit : 10 N

Test Mode : Break

Test Speed : 3 mm / min

Disp Incr. : 0.1 mm

Peak Drop % : - -

Proof Stress % : 0.1

Peak Load : 19025.6 N

Peak Disp. : 4.79 mm

Peak Disp. % : 10.64

Break Load : 13769.0 N

Break Disp. : 6.95 mm

Break Disp. % : 15.45

Eng UTS : 494.171

True UTS : 546.749

Proof Stress : - -

Strain : 0.154

Eng 'E' : - -

True 'E' : - -

Slope : - Work Done : - Unit of All Stresses and 'E' : N / sq mm

Status : Accepted
E' : Modulus of Elasticity

Test Remark : - 600

True Stress In N / Sq mm

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.0000

0.0357

0.0655

0.0953

Strain

16

0.1251

Spec. : 75x45x7
Ref. : MILDSTEEL
Sample Len. : 45

CrossSec. : Id / Od

Area : 38.500 Sq mm

Test Date : 13/10/2016

Test Time : 05:31 PM

Sample No. : 20

Load Cell : 20040 N

Load Unit : N

Len. Unit : mm

Preset Val : - -

High Limit : 20040 N

Low Limit : 10 N

Test Mode : Break

Test Speed : 3 mm / min

Disp Incr. : 0.1 mm

Peak Drop % : - -

Proof Stress % : 0.1

Peak Load : 19025.6 N

Peak Disp. : 4.79 mm

Peak Disp. % : 10.64

Break Load : 13769.0 N

Break Disp. : 6.95 mm

Break Disp. % : 15.45

Eng UTS : 494.171

True UTS : 546.749

Proof Stress : - -

Strain : 0.154

Eng 'E' : - -

True 'E' : - -

Slope : - Work Done : - Unit of All Stresses and 'E' : N / sq mm

Status : Accepted
E' : Modulus of Elasticity

Test Remark : - 600

Eng Stress In N / Sq mm

500

400

300

200

100

0
0.0000

0.0357

0.0655

0.0953

Strain

17

0.1251

Spec. : 75x45x7
Ref. : MILDSTEEL
Sample Len. : 45

CrossSec. : Id / Od

Area : 38.500 Sq mm

Test Date : 13/10/2016

Test Time : 05:31 PM

Sample No. : 20

Load Cell : 20040 N

Load Unit : N

Len. Unit : mm

Preset Val : - -

High Limit : 20040 N

Low Limit : 10 N

Test Mode : Break

Test Speed : 3 mm / min

Disp Incr. : 0.1 mm

Peak Drop % : - -

Proof Stress % : 0.1

Peak Load : 19025.6 N

Peak Disp. : 4.79 mm

Peak Disp. % : 10.64

Break Load : 13769.0 N

Break Disp. : 6.95 mm

Break Disp. % : 15.45

Eng UTS : 494.171

True UTS : 546.749

Proof Stress : - -

Strain : 0.154
Slope : - Unit of All Stresses and 'E' : N / sq mm

Eng 'E' : - Work Done : - -

True 'E' : - Status : Accepted

E' : Modulus of Elasticity

Test Remark : - 20000

18000

16000

14000

Load In N

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

18

0.00

1.60

2.95

4.29

Displacement In mm

5.63

CONCLUSION
Frgh
Thus, from the experiment, it can be observed that the coating of m-seal
significantly improved the materialistic properties of the steel.
Reinforced concrete similarly makes use of the combination of concrete
and mild steel bars to achieve very high strength and tensile property.

DISCUSSION
Due to inability to use concrete to perform the experiment, m-seal was
used to recreate the presence of concrete.
And due to the size of the sample and the inability of use of concrete
there was some difficulties in conducting three-point bend test.

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REFERENCES
1. "Evaluation of Properties of Steel Reinforcing Bars for Seismic Design."
(D.C. Rai et al.)

2. Park, Robert, and Thomas Paulay. Reinforced concrete

structures. John Wiley & Sons, 1975.
3. Kupfer, Helmut, Hubert K. Hilsdorf, and Hubert Rusch.
"Behavior of concrete under biaxial stresses." In Journal
Proceedings, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 656-666. 1969
4. Callister, William D. "Fundamentals of materials science and
engineering: an interactive e-text." (2001).
5. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mild-steel.html
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforced_concrete
7. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-disadvantagesreinforced-concrete-reza-din
8. http://civildigital.com/6-reasons-why-mild-steel-is-mostcommonly-used-metal-in-civil-engineering-for-reinforcedconcrete/
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_testing_machine
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensometer

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11. https://www.coursehero.com/file/12993181/Tensile-Testing/
12. http://www.instron.in/en-in/ourcompany/library/glossary/t/tension-test

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