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Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ( pronunciation ) (28


May 1883 26 February 1966) was an Indian proindependence activist,[1][2] politician as well as a poet,
writer and playwright. He advocated dismantling the
system of caste in Hindu culture, and reconversion of
the converted Hindus back to Hindu religion. Savarkar
coined the term Hindutva (Hinduness) to create a collective Hindu identity as an imagined nation. His
political philosophy had the elements of utilitarianism,
rationalism and positivism, humanism and universalism,
pragmatism and realism.[3] Some later commentators
state that Savarkars philosophy, despite its stated position of furthering unity, was divisive in nature as it tried
to shape Indian nationalism as uniquely Hindu, to the exclusion of other religions.[4] Savarkar was also an atheist and a staunch rationalist who disapproved of orthodox
Hindu belief, dismissing cow worship as superstitious.[5]

by the Historic Building and Monuments Commission for


England reads Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 1883-1966
Indian patriot and philosopher lived here.[10] In the recent past, the Shiv Sena party has demanded that the Indian Government posthumously confer upon him Indias
highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna .[11]

1 Early life

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar was born in the Marathi


Chitpavan Brahmin family[12] of Damodar and Radhabai
Savarkar in the village of Bhagur, near the city of Nashik,
Maharashtra. He had three other siblings namely Ganesh,
Narayan, and a sister named Maina. When he was 12, he
led fellow students in an attack on his village mosque following
Hindu-Muslim riots, stating: we vandalised the
Savarkars revolutionary activities began while studying
mosque
to our hearts content.[5][13]
in India and England, where he was associated with
the India House and founded student societies includ- After the death of his parents, the eldest sibling Ganesh,
ing Abhinav Bharat Society and the Free India Society, known as Babarao, took responsibility of the famas well as publications espousing the cause of complete ily. Babarao played a supportive and inuential role
Indian independence by revolutionary means[6] Savarkar in Vinayaks teenage life. During this period, Vinayak
published The Indian War of Independence about the organised a youth group called Mitra Mela (Band of
Indian rebellion of 1857 that was banned by British au- Friends) and encouraged revolutionary and nationalist
thorities. He was arrested in 1910 for his connections views of passion using this group. In 1901, Vinayak
with the revolutionary group India House. Following a Savarkar married Yamunabai, daughter of Ramchandra
failed attempt to escape while being transported from Triambak Chiplunkar, who supported his university edMarseilles, Savarkar was sentenced to two life terms of ucation. Subsequently in 1902, he enrolled in Fergusson
imprisonment totaling fty years and was moved to the College, in Pune . As a young man, he was inspired by
Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but re- the new generation of radical political leaders namely Bal
leased in 1921.
Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai
While in jail, Savarkar wrote the work describing Hin- along with the political struggle against the partition of
dutva, espousing Hindu nationalism. In 1921, under re- Bengal and the rising Swadeshi campaign. He was instrictions after signing a plea for clemency, he was re- volved in various nationalist activities at various levels. In
leased on the condition that he renounce revolutionary 1905, during Dussehra festivities Vinayak organised setactivities. Traveling widely, Savarkar became a forceful ting up of a bonre of foreign goods and clothes. Along
orator and writer, advocating Hindu political and social with his fellow students and friends he formed a politiunity. Serving as the president of the Hindu Mahasabha, cal outt called Abhinav Bharat. Vinayak was soon exSavarkar endorsed the ideal of India as a Hindu Rash- pelled from college due to his activities but was still pertra and opposed the Quit India struggle in 1942, calling mitted to take his Bachelor of Arts degree examinations.
it a Quit India but keep your army movement. He be- After completing his degree, nationalist activist Shyamji
came a erce critic of the Indian National Congress and Krishna Varma helped Vinayak to go to England to study
its acceptance of Indias partition. He was accused in law, on a scholarship. It was during this period that the
the assassination of Indian leader Mohandas Karamchand Garam Dal, literally Army of the angry, was formed under the leadership of Tilak as a result of a split between
Gandhi but acquitted by the court.[7][8]
the moderate, constitutionalist wing on the one part,
The airport at Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar's capital, and of Tilaks extremist or radical wing in the Indian Nahas been named Veer Savarkar International Airport.[9] tional Congress. The members of the Garam Dal, did not
The commemorative blue plaque on India House xed acknowledge the agenda of the majority moderate Indian
1

3 ARREST IN LONDON AND MARSEILLE

National Congress leadership which advocated dialogue


with the British rulers and incremental steps towards Independence by gaining condence of the British. Tilak
was soon imprisoned for his support of revolutionary activities.

as well as Indian sources, Savarkar wrote the book, The


History of the War of Indian Independence. He analysed
the circumstances of 1857 uprising and assailed British
rule in India as unjust and oppressive. It was via this book
that Savarkar became one of the rst writers to allude the
uprising as Indias First War for Independence.[14]

The book was banned throughout the British Empire.


Madame Bhikaji Cama, an expatriate Indian revolutionary obtained its publication in the Netherlands, France
and Germany. Widely smuggled and circulated, the book
Main article: India House
After joining Grays Inn law college in London Vinayak attained great popularity and inuenced rising young Indians. Savarkar was studying revolutionary methods and
he came into contact with a veteran of the Russian Revolution of 1905 who imparted him the knowledge of
bomb-making. Savarkar had printed and circulated a
manual amongst his friends on bomb-making and other
methods of guerrilla warfare.

Activities at India House

In 1909, Madan Lal Dhingra, a keen follower and friend


of Savarkar, assassinated British MP Sir Curzon Wylie in
a public meeting. Dhingras action provoked controversy
across Britain and India, evoking enthusiastic admiration
as well as condemnation. Savarkar published an article
in which he all but endorsed the murder and worked to
organize support, both political and for Dhingras legal
defence.
At a meeting of Indians called for a condemnation of
Dhingras deed, Savarkar protested the intention to condemn and was drawn into a hot debate and angry scue
with other participants. A secretive and restricted trial
and a sentence awarding the death penalty to Dhingra
provoked an outcry and protest across the Indian student
and political community. Strongly protesting the verdict,
Savarkar struggled with British authorities in laying claim
to Dhingras remains following his execution. Savarkar
hailed Dhingra as a hero and martyr, and began encouraging revolution with greater intensity.
Madan Lal Dhingra was a protege of Savarkar.

took accommodation at India House. Organized by ex- 3 Arrest in London and Marseille
patriate social and political activist Pandit Shyamji, India
House was a thriving centre for student political activities.
In India, Ganesh Savarkar had organised an armed reSavarkar soon founded the Free India Society to help orvolt against the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 . The
ganize fellow Indian students with the goal of ghting for
British police implicated Savarkar in the investigation for
complete independence through a revolution, declaring,
allegedly plotting the crime . Hoping to evade arrest,
Savarkar moved to Madame Camas home in Paris . He
We must stop complaining about this
was nevertheless arrested by police on 13 March 1910.
British ocer or that ocer, this law or that
In the nal days of freedom, Savarkar wrote letters to a
law. There would be no end to that. Our moveclose friend planning his escape. Knowing that he would
ment must not be limited to being against any
most likely be shipped to India, Savarkar asked his friend
particular law, but it must be for acquiring the
to keep track of which ship and route he would be taken
authority to make laws itself. In other words,
through . When the ship SS Morea reached the port of
we want absolute independence[6]
Marseille on 8 July 1910, Savarkar escaped from his cell
through a porthole and dived into the water, swimming to
Savarkar envisioned a guerrilla war for independence the shore in the hope that his friend would be there to realong the lines of the famous war for Indian independence ceive him in a car . But his friend was late in arriving, and
of 1857. Studying the history of the revolt, from English the alarm having been raised, Savarkar was re-arrested.

5.2

Mercy Petitions

Case before the Permanent Court


of Arbitration

3
ping wood, and working at the oil mill under regimental strictness, with talking amidst prisoners strictly prohibited during mealtime. Prisoners were subject to frequent mistreatment and torture. Contact with the outside
world and home was restricted to the writing and mailing
of one letter a year. In these years, Savarkar withdrew
within himself and performed his routine tasks mechanically. Obtaining permission to start a rudimentary jail
library, Savarkar would also teach some fellow convicts
to read and write.

Savarkars arrest at Marseilles caused the French government to protest to the British, arguing that the British
could not recover Savarkar unless they took appropriate
legal proceedings for his rendition. The dispute came before the Permanent Court of International Arbitration in
1910, and it gave its decision in 1911. The case excited
much controversy as was reported by the New York Times,
and it considered it involved an interesting international
question of the right of asylum.
5.2 Mercy Petitions
The Court held, rstly, that since there was a pattern
of collaboration between the two countries regarding the Main article: Mercy Petitions of Vinayak Damodar
possibility of Savarkars escape in Marseilles and there Savarkar
was neither force nor fraud in inducing the French authorities to return Savarkar to them, the British authorities did Starting in 1911 from the time of his conviction, Savarkar
not have to hand him back to the French in order for the wrote numerous mercy petitions till his release from jail.
latter to hold rendition proceedings. On the other hand,
the tribunal also observed that there had been an irregu- Savarkar applied to the Bombay Government for certain
larity in Savarkars arrest and delivery over to the Indian concessions in connection with his sentences. However,
by Government letter No. 2022, dated 4th April 1911,
Army Military Police guard.[15][16]
his Application was rejected and he was informed that
the question of remitting the second sentence of transportation for life would be considered in due course on the
5 Trial and Sentence
expiry of the rst sentence of transportation for life.[17]
Arriving in Bombay, Savarkar was taken to the Yervada
Central Jail in Pune. Following a trial, Savarkar was sentenced to 50 years imprisonment and transported on 4
July 1911 to the infamous Cellular Jail in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands.

5.1

Prisoner in Cellular Jail in Andaman

Merely a month after arriving in the Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Savarkar submitted his rst
mercy petition on 30 August, 1911. This petition was
rejected on 3 September, 1911 [18]
Savarkar submitted his next mercy petition on November 14, 1913, and presented it personally to the Home
Member of the Governor Generals council, Sir Reginald
Craddock.[19] In his letter, asking for forgiveness, he described himself as a "prodigal son" longing to return to
the "parental doors of the government". He wrote that his
release from the jail will recast the faith of many Indians
in the British rule. Also he said "Moreover, my conversion
to the constitutional line would bring back all those misled
young men in India and abroad who were once looking up
to me as their guide. I am ready to serve the government
in any capacity they like, for as my conversion is conscientious so I hope my future conduct would be. By keeping
me in jail, nothing can be got in comparison to what would
be otherwise." [20]

A statue of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar at Cellular Jail.

In 1917, Savarkar submitted another mercy petition,


this time for a general amnesty of all political prisoners. Savarkar was informed on February 1, 1918 that
the mercy petition was placed before the British Indian
Government[21]

His fellow captives included many political prisoners,


who were forced to perform hard labour for many years.
Reunited with his brother Ganesh, the Savarkars nevertheless struggled in the harsh environment: Forced to
arise at 5 am, tasks including cutting trees and chop-

On 30 March, 1920, Savarkar submitted his fourth mercy


petition to the British Government, [22] in which he stated
that So far from believing in the militant school of the
Bukanin type, I do not contribute even to the peaceful and
philosophical anarchism of a Kuropatkin [sic.] or a Tolstoy. And as to my revolutionary tendencies in the past:-

6 HINDUTVA

it is not only now for the object of sharing the clemency


but years before this have I informed of and written to the
Government in my petitions (1918, 1914) about my rm
intention to abide by the constitution and stand by it as
soon as a beginning was made to frame it by Mr. Montagu. Since that the Reforms and then the Proclamation
have only conrmed me in my views and recently I have
publicly avowed my faith in and readiness to stand by the
side of orderly and constitutional development. [23]
In 1920, the Indian National Congress and leaders such
as Mahatma Gandhi, Vithalbhai Patel and Bal Gangadhar Tilak demanded his unconditional release. Savarkar
signed a statement endorsing his trial, verdict and British
law, and renouncing violence, a bargain for freedom.
Jaywant Joglekar, who authored a book euologising
Savarkar as 'Father of Hindu Nationalism',[24] considers Savarkars appeal for clemency a tactical ploy, like
Shivaji's letter to Aurangzeb, during his arrest at Agra
etc.[25]

5.3

Restricted Freedom in Ratnagiri

On 2 May 1921, the Savarkar brothers were moved to a


jail in Ratnagiri, and later to the Yerwada Central Jail. He
was nally released on 6 January 1924 under stringent restrictions he was not to leave Ratnagiri District and was
to refrain from political activities for the next ve years.
However, police restrictions on his activities would not be
dropped until provincial autonomy was granted in 1937.

Hindutva

See also: Hindutva


During his incarceration, Savarkars views began turning increasingly towards Hindu cultural and political nationalism, and the next phase of his life remained dedicated to this cause.[26] In the brief period he spent at the
Ratnagiri jail, Savarkar wrote his ideological treatise
Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?. Smuggled out of the prison,
it was published by Savarkars supporters under his alias
Maharatta. In this work, Savarkar promotes a radical
new vision of Hindu social and political consciousness.
Savarkar began describing a Hindu as a patriotic inhabitant of Bharatavarsha,[27] venturing beyond a religious
identity.[26][28] While emphasising the need for patriotic
and social unity of all Hindu communities, he described
Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism and Buddhism as one and the
same. He outlined his vision of a "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu
Nation) as "Akhand Bharat" (United India), purportedly
stretching across the entire Indian subcontinent. He dened Hindus as being neither Aryan nor Dravidian but as
People who live as children of a common motherland,
adoring a common holyland.[29]

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

described atheist,[30] Savarkar regards being Hindu as a


cultural and political identity. While often stressing social and community unity between Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains, Savarkars notions of loyalty to the
fatherland are seen as an implicit criticism of minorities e.g., Muslims, Christians, etc. who regard Mecca,
Medina, Jerusalem, etc. as their holiest places. Savarkar
openly assailed what he saw as Muslim political separatism, arguing that the loyalty of many Muslims was conicted.
After his release from jail on 6 January 1924.[31] Savarkar
helped found the Ratnagiri Hindu Sabha, aiming to work
for the social and cultural preservation of Hindu heritage
and civilisation.[32] Becoming a frequent and forceful orator, Sarvakar agitated for the use of Hindi as a common national language and against caste discrimination
and untouchability.
Another activity he started was to reconvert to Hinduism
those who had converted to other faiths. This included
the eight members of a Brahmin family named Dhakras
who had converted to Christianity. Savarkar re-converted
the family at a public function and also bore the marriage
expenses of the two daughters in the family.[33]

Focusing his energies on writing, Savarkar authored the


Hindu Pad-pada-shahi[14] a book documenting the
Maratha empire and My Transportation for Life an
account of his early revolutionary days, arrest, trial and
incarceration.[34] He also wrote and published a collection of poems, plays and novels. He also wrote a book
Scholars, historians and Indian politicians have been di- named Majhi Janmathep (My Life-term) about his exvided in their interpretation of Savarkars ideas. A self- perience in Andaman prison.[35]

7.2

Alliance with Muslim League and others

Leader of the Hindu Mahasabha

In the wake of the rising popularity of the Muslim League


led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Savarkar and his party
began gaining attraction in the national political environment. Savarkar moved to Mumbai and was elected
president of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1937, and would
serve until 1943. The Congress swept the polls in 1937
but conicts between the Congress and Jinnah would exacerbate Hindu-Muslim political divisions. Jinnah derided Congress rule as a Hindu Raj, and hailed 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" for Muslims
when the Congress resigned en masse in protest when
the British India Governor-General declared Indias inclusion into World War II for the United Kingdom and
its allies against Germany and its allies. Savarkars message of Hindu unity and empowerment gained increasing
popularity amidst the worsening communal climate.
Savarkar as president of the Hindu Mahasabha, during
the Second World War, advanced the slogan Hinduize
all Politics and Militarize Hindudom, he decided to support the British war eort in India seeking military training for the Hindus.[36] When the Congress launched the
Quit India movement in 1942, Savarkar criticised it and
asked Hindus to stay active in the war eort and not
disobey the government,[14] he urged the Hindus to enlist in the armed forces to learn the arts of war.[37]
Hindu Mahasabha activists protested Gandhis initiative
to hold talks with Jinnah in 1944, which Savarkar denounced as "appeasement. He assailed the British proposals for transfer of power, attacking both the Congress
and the British for making concessions to Muslim separatists. Soon after Independence, Dr Shyama Prasad
Mookerjee resigned as Vice-President of the Hindu Mahasabha dissociating himself from its Akhand Hindustan
plank, which implied undoing partition.[38]

7.1

Opposition to Quit India Movement

Under Savarkar, the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed


the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it
ocially.[39] Savarkar even went to the extent of writing
a letter titled "Stick to your Posts",in which he instructed
Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in
the army...to stick to their posts across the country, and
not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.[39]

5
Let me now refer to the situation that
may be created in the province as a result
of any widespread movement launched by the
Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans
to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any
Government that may function for the time being [40][41]
Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led
Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu
Mahasabha would make every possible eort to defeat the
Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made
a concrete proposal as regards this:
The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on
in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail
to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers,
to be able to tell the public that the freedom
for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of
the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust
the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for
any advantage that the British might gain, but
for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor,
will function as the constitutional head of the
province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[41]

7.2 Alliance with Muslim League and others


The Indian National Congress won a massive victory
in the Indian provincial elections, 1937, decimating the
Muslim League and the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in
1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against
Viceroy Lord Linlithgows action of declaring India to be
a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting
the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha, under Savarkars presidency, joining hands with the Muslim
League and other parties to form governments, in certain
provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in
Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.

Following the Hindu Mahasabhas ocial decision


to boycott the Quit India movement, Syama Prasad In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined Ghulam
Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Ben- Hussain Hidayatullah's Muslim League government. In
gal,(which was then a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal Savarkars own words,
led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter
to the British Government as to how they should respond,
Witness the fact that only recently in
if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit
Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation
India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942 he wrote:
had taken the responsibility of joining hands

8 WORKS
with the League itself in running coalition
government[42][43][44]

During the Partition of India, he and his party were enraged at the support given by Gandhi to Pakistan such
as Gandhis protests and fast against the economic sancIn March 1943, Sindh Government became the rst tions imposed on Pakistan by Jawaharlal Nehru (refusProvincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an o- ing to pass on its[51]share of central-bank funds from before
cial resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.[45] In independence).
spite of the Hindu Mahasabhas avowed public opposition
to any political division of India, the Mahasabha Minis7.5 Opposition to the partition of India
ters of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they
simply contented themselves with a protest[41]
The Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution in
In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha 1940, calling for a separate Muslim state based on the
members joined hands with Sardar Aurangzeb Khan of Two-Nation Theory, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar sumthe Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The maries Savarkars position, in his Pakistan or The ParMahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister tition of India as follows,
Mehar Chand Khanna.[43][46]
In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja
Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in
December, 1941.[47] Savarkar appreciated the successful
functioning of the coalition government.[43][48]

7.3

Civil resistance movement

Mr. Savarkar... insists that, although there


are two nations in India, India shall not be divided into two parts, one for Muslims and the
other for the Hindus; that the two nations shall
dwell in one country and shall live under the
mantle of one single constitution;.... In the
struggle for political power between the two nations the rule of the game which Mr. Savarkar
prescribes is to be one man one vote, be the
man Hindu or Muslim. In his scheme a Muslim is to have no advantage which a Hindu does
not have. Minority is to be no justication for
privilege and majority is to be no ground for
penalty. The State will guarantee the Muslims
any dened measure of political power in the
form of Muslim religion and Muslim culture.
But the State will not guarantee secured seats
in the Legislature or in the Administration and,
if such guarantee is insisted upon by the Muslims, such guaranteed quota is not to exceed
their proportion to the general population.[52]

Hindu Mahasabha under the leadership of Savarkar


started a civil resistance movement in March 1939. The
objective of the Satyagraha was to secure religious and
cultural liberty for the Hindus who at that time constituted 86% of total population of Hyderabad State. Many
notable people like Senapati Bapat, V. G. Deshpande,
Prabhakar Balwant Dani, Madhavrao Mule, took part
in it. The Arya Samaj also sent around 10000 civil resisters. At last, on July 19, 1939, the Nizam government
announced some political reforms. In the new dispensation, 50% seats were left for non-Muslims.[49] Although
Hindus were the majority in the state and Muslims were
in minority, Hindu Mahasabha accepted this proposal.
They withdrew the movement despite the fact that these
reforms for partial reforms. Indian National Congress did
not support this movement and called it 'communal' and 7.6 Support for Jewish state in Palestine
'anti-national'.[50]
Savarkar in a statement issued on 19 December 1947, expressed joy at the recognition of the claim of Jewish people to establish an independent Jewish state, and likened
7.4 Views on Mahatma Gandhi
the event to the glorious day on which Moses led them
Savarkar was an outspoken critic of Mahatma Gandhi. out of Egyptian bondage. He considered that justice deHe considered him a sissy, who was willing to coop- manded restoration of entire Palestine to the Jews, their
erate with the British for Gandhis support on death sen- historical holy land and Fatherland. He regretted Indias
tence to Bhagat Singh. He criticized Gandhi for being a vote at the United Nations Organisation against the crehypocrite as he supported use of violence by the British ation of the Jewish state terming the vote a policy of
[53]
against Germany during World War II. He also criti- appeasement of Muslims.
cized his appeasement of Muslims at the time of Khilafat
Movement.
In articles from the 1920s to the 1940s Savarkar con- 8 Works
sidered Gandhi as a naive leader who happens to
babble...[about] compassion, forgiveness, yet notwith- Veer Savarkar wrote more than 10,000 pages in the
standing his sublime and broad heart, the Mahatma has a Marathi language. His literary works in Marathi include
"Kamala", "Mazi Janmathep" (My Life Sentence), and
very narrow and immature head.

7
Rajdhani Granthnagar, 1970; 1st ed., 1908.
Hindu Rashtra Darshan: A Collection of Presidential Speeches Delivered from the Hindu Mahasabha
Platform. Bombay: Khare, 1949.
Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History. Trans. and
ed. S. T. Godbole. Bombay: Veer Savarkar
Prakashan, 1985.
My Transportation for Life. Trans. V. N. Naik.
Bombay: Veer Savarkar Prakashan, 1984; 1st ed.,
1949.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi pays tributes to Veer Savarkar at
Parliament of India.

most famously 1857 - The First War of Independence, in


which Savarkar popularised the term "First War of Independence" for what the British referred to as the Sepoy Mutiny. Another book was Kale Pani (Black Water
which means life sentence on the island prison on the
Andaman islands), which reected the treatment of Indian Independence activists by the British. To counter
the then accepted view that Indias history was a saga
of continuous defeat, he wrote an inspirational historical
work, Saha Soneri Pane (Six Golden Pages), recounting
some of the Golden periods of Indian history. At the
same time, religious divisions in India were beginning to
be exacerbated. He described what he saw as the atrocities of British and Muslims on Hindu residents in Kerala
in the book, Mopalyanche Band (Muslims Strike) and
also Gandhi Gondhal (Gandhis Confusion), a political
critique of Gandhis politics. Savarkar, by now, had become a committed and persuasive critic of the Gandhian
vision of Indias future.
He is also the author of the poems Sagara pran talmalala (O Great Sea, My Heart Aches for the Motherland), and Jayostute (written in praise of freedom). When
in the Cellular jail, Savarkar was denied pen and paper.
He composed and wrote his poems on the prison walls
with thorns and pebbles, memorised thousands lines of
his poetry for years till other prisoners returning home
brought them to mainland India. Savarkar is credited
with several neologisms in Marathi and Hindi, including Hutatma (Martyr), Mahapaur ( Mayor), Digdarshak (leader or director, one who points in the right direction), Shatkar (a score of six runs in cricket), Saptahik (weekly), Sansad (Parliament), doordhwani (telephone), tanklekhan (typewriting) among others.
He chaired Marathi Sahitya Sammelan in 1938.

Saha Soneri Paane (translation: Six Glorious


Epochs of Indian History [54] )

Joseph Mazzini (on Giuseppe Mazzini)


1857 che Svatantrya Samar
Hindupadpaatshahi

Moplyanche Banda
Maazi Janmathep (translation: My life imprisonment)
Kale Pani
Shatruchya Shibirat
Londonchi batamipatre (translation:
Newsletters)

London

Andamanchya Andheritun

Vidnyan Nishtha Nibandha

Hindurashtra Darshan
Hindutvache Panchapran
Kamala
Savarkaranchya Kavita (translation:
Savarkar)

Poems by

Sanyasta Khadg
Suicide and Self Sacrice (translation)

9 Arrest and acquittal in Gandhis


assassination

Savarkar Samagra: Complete Works of Vinayak


Damodar Savarkar in 10 volumes,ISBN 81-7315- See also:
Gandhi
331-0
Essentials of Hindutva Nagpur, 1928.

Jatyochhedak Nibandha

Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand

Following the assassination of Gandhi on 30 January


The Indian War of Independence, 1857. New Delhi: 1948, police arrested the assassin Nathuram Godse and

10 LATER LIFE AND DEATH

9.2 Kapur commission


See also: Kapur Commission

A group photo of people accused in the Mahatma Gandhis murder case. Standing: Shankar Kistaiya, Gopal Godse, Madanlal
Pahwa, Digambar Badge. Sitting: Narayan Apte, Vinayak D.
Savarkar, Nathuram Godse, Vishnu Karkare

his alleged accomplices and conspirators. He was a


member of the Hindu Mahasabha and of the Rashtriya
Swayamsevak Sangh. Godse was the editor of Agrani Hindu Rashtra, a Marathi daily from Pune which was run
by the company The Hindu Rashtra Prakashan Ltd (The
Hindu Nation Publications). This company had contributions from such eminent persons as Gulabchand Hirachand, Bhalji Pendharkar and Jugalkishore Birla. Savarkar
had invested 15000 in the company. Savarkar, a former president of the Hindu Mahasabha, was arrested on
5 February 1948, from his house in Shivaji Park, and kept
under detention in the Arthur Road Prison, Mumbai. He
was charged with murder, conspiracy to murder and abetment to murder. A day before his arrest, Savarkar in a
public written statement, as reported in The Times of India, Mumbai dated 7 February 1948, termed Gandhis
assassination a fratricidal crime, endangering Indias existence as a nascent nation.[55][56][57]

9.1

Approvers testimony

Godse claimed full responsibility for planning and carrying out the assassination. However, according to
the Approver Badge, on 17 January 1948, Nathuram
Godse went to have a last darshan (audience / interview) with Savarkar in Bombay before the assassination. While Badge and Shankar waited outside, Nathuram and Apte went in. On coming out Apte told Badge
that Savarkar blessed them "Yashasvi houn ya" ("
", be successful and return). Apte also said
that Savarkar predicted that Gandhis 100 years were over
and there was no doubt that the task would be successfully nished.[58][59] However Badges testimony was not
accepted as the approvers evidence lacked independent
corroboration and hence Savarkar was acquitted.

On 12 November 1964, at a religious programme organised in Pune to celebrate the release of Gopal Godse,
Madanlal Pahwa and Vishnu Karkare from jail after the
expiry of their sentences, Dr. G. V. Ketkar, grandson of
Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[60] former editor of Kesari and then
editor of "Tarun Bharat", who presided over the function, gave information of a conspiracy to kill Gandhi,
about which he professed knowledge six months before
the act. Ketkar was arrested. A public furore ensued both
outside and inside the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
and both houses of the Indian parliament. Under pressure of 29 members of parliament and public opinion the
then Union home minister Gulzarilal Nanda appointed
Gopal Swarup Pathak, M. P. and a senior advocate of
the Supreme Court of India as a Commission of Inquiry
to re-investigate the conspiracy to murder Gandhi. The
central government intended on conducting a thorough
inquiry with the help of old records in consultation with
the government of Maharashtra. Pathak was given three
months to conduct his inquiry, subsequently Jevanlal Kapur a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India was
appointed chairman of the Commission.[61]
The Kapur Commission was provided with evidence not
produced in the court; especially the testimony of two of
Savarkars close aides - Appa Ramachandra Kasar, his
bodyguard, and Gajanan Vishnu Damle, his secretary,[62]
Kasar told the Kapur Commission that Godse and Apte
visited Savarkar on or about 23 or 24 January, which was
when they returned from Delhi after the bomb incident.
Damle deposed that Godse and Apte saw Savarkar in the
middle of January and sat with him (Savarkar) in his garden.
Justice Kapur concluded: All these facts taken together
were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy
to murder by Savarkar and his group.[63][64][65]

10 Later life and death


After Gandhis assassination Savarkars home in Dadar,
Mumbai was stoned by angry mobs.[14] After he was
acquitted of the allegations related to Gandhis assassination and released from jail, Savarkar was arrested by
the government, for making militant Hindu nationalist
speeches, he was released after agreeing to give up political activities. He continued addressing social and cultural elements of Hindutva. He resumed political activism after the ban on it was lifted, it was however limited
until his death in 1966 because of ill health. His followers
bestowed upon him honours and nancial awards when
he was alive. Two thousand RSS workers gave his funeral procession a guard of honour. According to McK-

9
ean, there was public antipathy between Savarkar and the
Congress for most of his political career, yet after independence Patel and Deshmukh unsuccessfully sought
partnership with the Hindu Mahasabha and Savarkar. It
was forbidden for Congress party members to participate in public functions honouring Savarkar. Nehru refused to share the stage during the centenary celebrations
of the Indias First War of Independence held in Delhi.
After the death of Nehru, the Congress government, under Prime Minister Shastri, started to pay him a monthly
pension.[66]
On 8 November 1963 Savarkars wife Yamuna died. On 1
February 1966 Savarkar renounced medicines, food and
water which he termed as atmaarpan (fast until death).
Before his death he had written an article titled Atmahatya Nahi Atmaarpan in which he argued that when
ones life mission is over and ability to serve the society is
left no more, it is better to end the life at will rather than
waiting for death. He died on 26 February 1966 at the age
of 83. He was mourned by large crowds that attended his
cremation. He left behind a son Vishwas and a daughter
Prabha Chiplunkar. His rst son, Prabhakar, had died in
infancy. His home, possessions and other personal relics
have been preserved for public display.
After his death, since Savarkar was championing militarisation, some thought that it would be tting if his mortal remains were to be carried on a gun-carriage. A request to that eect was made to the then Defence Minister, Y.B. Chavan, who later on became Deputy Prime
Minister of India. But Chavan turned down the proposal
and not a single minister from the Maharashtra Cabinet
showed up to the cremation ground to pay homage to
Savarkar. In New Delhi, the Speaker of the Parliament
turned down a request that it pay homage to Savarkar. In
fact, after the independence of India, Jawaharlal Nehru
had put forward a proposal to demolish the Cellular Jail
in the Andaman and build a hospital in its place. When
Y.B. Chavan, as the Home Minister of India, went to the
Andaman Islands, he was asked whether he would like to
visit Savarkars jail but he was not interested. Also when
Morarji Desai went as Prime Minister to the Andaman
islands, he too refused to visit Savarkars cell.[67]

11

Religious views

role of Veer Savarkar.


The Marathi and Hindi music director and Savarkar follower, Sudhir Phadke, and Ved Rahi made the biopic lm
Veer Savarkar, which was released in 2001 after many
years in production. Savarkar is portrayed by Shailendra
Gaur.[69][70]

13 Notes
[1] Chandra, Bipan (1989). Indias Struggle for Independence. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 145. ISBN
978-0-14-010781-4.
[2] Keer, Dhananjay (1966). Veer Savarkar. Bombay:
Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-86132-182-7. OCLC
3639757.
[3] Wolf, Siegfreid (January 2010). Vinayak Damodar
Savarkars strategic agnostism: A compilation of his
socio-political philosophy and world view. (PDF). Heidelberg papers in South Asian and comparative politics.
(Heidelberg: South Asia Institute, Department of Political Science, Heidelberg University). Working paper no
51. ISSN 1617-5069. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
[4] Misra, Amalendu (1999). SAVARKAR AND THE DISCOURSE ON ISLAM IN PRE-INDEPENDENT INDIA. Journal of Asian History 33 (2): 142184. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
[5] Savarkar, Modis mentor: The man who thought Gandhi
a sissy. The Economist. 20 December 2014. Retrieved
22 December 2014.
[6] V., Sundaram (10 May 2008). remembering all the revolutionaries of 1857. News Today. Retrieved 13 June
2010.
[7] How Savarkar escaped the gallows thehindu.com. Retrieved 3 February 2013
[8] Savarkar and Gandhis Murder frontlineonnet.com. Retrieved 22 May 2014
[9] Press Trust of India (9 June 2009). Port Blair airport
gets Rs 450 cr quake-proof makeover. Business Standard. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
[10] Search Blue Plaques. Historic Building and Monuments
Commission for England. Retrieved 13 June 2010.

Although Savarkar is regarded as a Hindu Nationalist, he [11] Shiv Sena Demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar.
also professed atheism, because for him Hindutva (not
news.biharprabha.com. ANI. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
religious Hinduism) was not a religion but a way of life.[68]
He was an outspoken opponent of the caste system.[5]

12

Film

In the 1996 Malayalam movie Kaala Pani directed by


Priyadarshan, the Hindi actor Annu Kapoor played the

[12] Bhave, Y. G (2009). Vinayak Damodar Savarkar: The


Much-maligned and Misunderstood Revolutionary and
Freedom Fighter. Northern Book Centre. pp. 1213.
ISBN 8172112661. Retrieved 5 July 2014.

[13] Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2011). Hindutva: Exploring the Idea


of Hindu Nationalism (Third ed.). Penguin Books India.
p. 128. ISBN 9780143418184.

10

13 NOTES

[14] Diwanji, Amberish (28 July 2006). Who was Veer


Savarkar? - Redi.com. Archived from the original
(PHP) on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2006.

[31] Dhananjay Keer (1990). Dr. Ambedkar: life and mission.


Popular Prakashan. pp. 54. ISBN 978-81-7154-237-6.
Retrieved 4 March 2012.

[15] GOLDIE, LOUIS (1972). LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE


REFUSAL OF ASYLUM BY U.S. COAST GUARD ON
23 NOVEMBER, 1970. LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY
JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. LITUANUS Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 19 April 2011.

[32] Jai Narain Sharma (1 January 2008). Encyclopaedia of


eminent thinkers. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 22.
ISBN 978-81-8069-492-9. Retrieved 4 March 2012.

[16] Hindu case at Hague: Question between France and England over extradition of student. The New York Times.
15 February 1911. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
[17] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 467

[33] Joglekar, Jaywant (2006). Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu


Nationalism. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-84728-380-1. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
[34] Savarkar, Vinayak (1984). My Transportation for Life.
Mumbai (India): Swatantryaveer Savarkar Rashtriya
Smarak Trust.
[35] Savarkar, Vinayak (1927). Mazi Janmathep. Parchure
Prakashan Mandir. ISBN 9788186530122.

[18] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 478

[36] Gyanendra Pandey (2006). Routine violence: nations,


fragments, histories. Stanford University Press. pp. 127.
ISBN 978-0-8047-5264-0. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

[19] Majumdar, R.C (1975). Penal Settlements in Andamans.


New Delhi: Department of culture(Government of India).
p. 211-213.

[37] Stephen N Hay, William Theodore De Bary; William


Theodore De Bary (May 1988). Sources of Indian Tradition. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd). pp. 880.
ISBN 978-81-208-0467-8. Retrieved 3 March 2012.

[20] Savarkar had begged the British for mercy. Times of


India. Times of India. May 3, 2002. Retrieved May 29,
2015.

[38] Bhargava, G.S. Apotheosis of Jinnah?". The Tribune,


Chandigarh. Retrieved 23 February 2010.

[21] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 480

[39] Prabhu Bapu (2013). Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial


North India, 1915-1930: Constructing Nation and History.
Routledge. pp. 103. ISBN 978-0-415-67165-1.

[22] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 471-476

[40] Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.

[23] Noorani, A.G (April 8, 2005). Savarkars Mercy Petition. Frontline (The Hindu).

[41] Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000). The RSS


and the BJP: A Division of Labour. LeftWord Books. pp.
56. ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7.

[24] http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Veer_Savarkar_
Father_of_Hindu_Nationalis.html?id=1J3uk3x_k6sC&
redir_esc=y

[42] Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar (1963). Collected Works of


V.d. Savarkar. Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha. pp.
479480.

[25] Joglekar, J. D. VEER SAVARKAR VINDICATED: A


reply to a Marxist Calumny. Hindu Vivek Kendra Publications. Hindu Vivek Kendra. Retrieved 20 February
2010.
[26] Lal, Vinay (22 October 2006). Veer Savarkar - Ideologue
of Hindutva (PHP). Retrieved 22 October 2006.
[27] Origin of classical name for India - Bharata-Varsha or
Bharata-Khanda, used in Sanskrit literature. Dlshq.org.
Retrieved 28 September 2012.
[28] Feb 26-Atmasamarpan divas of Veer Savarkar. Haindavakeralam.com. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
[29] Savarkar, Vinayak D. (1923). Who is a Hindu.
Essentials of Hindutva (PDF). Ratnagiri.
[30] Kumar, Pramod (1992). Towards Understanding Communalism. Chandigarh: Centre for Research in Rural and
Industrial Development. p. 348. ISBN 978-81-8583517-4. OCLC 27810012.

[43] Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian


Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 213.
ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
[44] Mani Shankar Aiyar (1 January 2009). A Time of Transition: Rajiv Gandhi to the 21st Century. Penguin Books
India. pp. 75. ISBN 978-0-670-08275-9.
[45] Asian Societies in Comparative Perspective: Papers Presented at the 7th Annual Conference of the Nordic Association for Southeast Asian Studies, Mn, Denmark, 1990.
NIAS Press. 1991. pp. 800. ISBN 978-87-87062-14-5.
[46] Baxter, Craig (1969). The jan Sangh: A biography of an
Indian Political Party. University of Pennsylvania Press.
p. 20.
[47] Sumit Sarkar. Modern India 1886-1947. pp. 349. ISBN
978-93-325-4085-9.
[48] Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar (1963). Collected Works of
V.d. Savarkar. Maharashtra Prantik Hindusabha. pp.
479480.

11

[49] Joglekar, Jaywant (2006). Veer Savarkar: Father of Hindu


Nationalism. Internet: Lulu.com. p. 125. ISBN 9781847283801.

[68] Heredia, R C (2009). "... Gandhis Hinduism and


Savarkars Hindutva. Economic and Political Weekly 44
(29): 62. Retrieved 13 February 2015.

[50] Sharma, Jainayan (2008). Encyclopedia of Eminent


Thinkers: The Political Thought Of Veer Savarkar. New
Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 25.

[69] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303187
[70] Cut to Cut. redi.com. 6 September 2001. Retrieved
8 March 2012.

[51] The man who thought Gandhi a sissy. The Economist.


20 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
[52] Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji (1945). Pakistan or the Partition of India. Mumbai: Thackers.
[53] Savarkar, Vinayak. GLAD TO NOTE THAT INDEPENDENT JEWISH STATE IS ESTABLISHED. Historic statements - Veer Savarkar. www.docstoc.com. Retrieved 23 February 2010.
[54] Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History (PDF). Dropbox.
Retrieved 26 February 2013.
[55] Charges Framed against Savarkar and other accused.
www.savarkar.org. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
[56] Written Statement of Savarkar. www.savarkar.org. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
[57] Malgaokar, Manohar. AUTHORS NOTE TO THE
FIRST EDITION. www.indiaclub.com. Retrieved 2
September 2010.
[58] Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2002) Savarkar
and Hindutva: the Godse connection LeftWord Books,
ISBN 81-87496-28-2, ISBN 978-81-87496-28-1 p. 4 &
114
[59] Mahatma Gandhi--the last phase, Volume 2 Navajivan
Pub. House, 1958 p.752
[60] Interview: K. Ketkar. University of Cambridge, Centre
of South Asian Studies. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
[61] Jain, Jagdishchandra (1987). Gandhi the forgotten Mahatma. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099037-8.
[62] Noorani, A. G. (15 March 2003). Savarkar and Gandhi.
The Hindu. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
[63] A.G. NOORANI Savarkar and Gandhi Frontline Volume
20 - Issue 06, 1528 March 2003
[64] Rajesh Ramchandran The Mastermind? Outlook Magazine 6 September 2004
[65] Raina, Badri (29 August 2004). RSS and the Gandhi
murder.. Peoples democracy. (Communist Party of India (Marxist)). Retrieved 1 October 2009.
[66] Lise McKean (15 May 1996). Divine enterprise: Gurus and the Hindu Nationalist Movement. University of
Chicago Press. pp. 94. ISBN 978-0-226-56010-6. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
[67] J. Kuruvachira (2006) Hindu nationalists of modern India:
a critical study of the intellectual genealogy of Hindutva
Rawat Publications. ISBN 81-7033-995-2, ISBN 978-817033-995-3

14 Further reading
Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar. Bombay: Popular
Prakashan, 1966.
Kumar, Megha (NovDec 2006). History and
Gender in Savarkars Nationalist Writings. Social
Scientist 34 (11/12): 3350. JSTOR 27644182.
(subscription required (help)).
Harindra Srivastava, Five stormy years : Savarkar in
London, June 1906-June 1911 : a centenary salute
to Swatantrayaveer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, b.
28 May 1883-d. 26 February 1966, ISBN 978-08364-1470-7, OCLC 234299389
Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2011). Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar. Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu
Nationalism (Third ed.). Penguin Books India. pp.
127175. ISBN 9780143418184.

15 External links
Ocial Website of Savarkar National Memorial
Savarkars literary work
Savarkars Hindu Pad-pada-shahi
Life of Shri Vinayak Damodar Savarkar- Film produced by Indian Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in 1983

12

16

16
16.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


Text

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar?oldid=704532297 Contributors: Scipius, Rbrwr, Paul Barlow, Fred Bauder, Docu, Jpatokal, Wik, HarryHenryGebel, Goethean, Rholton, Rrjanbiah, Varlaam, Karnan, Sundar,
Ragib, Woggly, Utcursch, Anirvan, Rosarino, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Dsjoshi, Xezbeth, Dbachmann, Bender235, ESkog, Alren,
IndianCow, Cmdrjameson, Mjaganna, IMaple, Sumalsn, Sherurcij, Salilb, Subramanian, Knowledge Seeker, Anish7, Tabletop, Wces423,
Dangerous-Boy, Kbdank71, Dwaipayanc, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Tanul, Oblivious, Ligulem, DuKot, G Clark, Ground Zero, Vsion, Anurag
Garg, Hottentot, Gurch, TheDJ, Maumad, King1, Bgwhite, Digitalme, Saurabhb, Hornplease, Gaius Cornelius, Nicke L, Manxruler,
Emersoni, Supten, Gadget850, Despentes, Tachs, Rudrasharman, Closedmouth, Philomath~enwiki, NeilN, Samuel Blanning, Geetesh,
Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Classiclms, Kedar Borhade, Dyersgoodness, Yamaguchi , Aksi great, Gilliam, Anwar saadat, Chris the
speller, Traegorn, Bazonka, Willardo, Colonies Chris, Ramas Arrow, Scwlong, OrphanBot, Ww2censor, New World Man, Khoikhoi,
Fuhghettaboutit, Fullstop, Warren, Derek R Bullamore, Gujuguy, Salamurai, Ohconfucius, Nishkid64, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Pizzadeliveryboy, Sreekanthv, Green Giant, Yogesh Khandke, Deepak D'Souza, Anandks007, Ryulong, Iridescent, Joseph Solis in Australia,
Fdssdf, Saurabh Rahurkar, Randhirreddy, Bobfrombrockley, Jd knight, Anubhavklal, Neelix, Chicheley, Psohoni, Cydebot, AniMate, Subravenkat, Babub, Doug Weller, Srikondoji, Thijs!bot, Marek69, Anirudh777, Mahawiki, AntiVandalBot, Guy Macon, Spayan, SSBATC,
IndianGeneralist, Indian Chronicles, Trakesht, Ekabhishek, Bakasuprman, Inbetweener, KuwarOnline, Rueben lys, Khagolsan, AtticusX,
Ajinkya11, Gabe1972, Waacstats, Hekerui, Navatweb, Tuncrypt, Dharmadhyaksha, Journojp, Smartinfoteck1, Bondego, Niranjandeshmukh, Iamg, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Zack Holly Venturi, Midwh, Trusilver, Tkul, Jon Ascton, Rumpelstiltskin223, Madhava 1947,
Indus.spartacus, KylieTastic, Savarkarthegreat, Redtigerxyz, Savarkars, Al-minar, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Mahajangaurav.rss, India
Rising, Draglikepull, Buddhipriya, Falcon8765, AdhunikaSarvajna, AlleborgoBot, Pallavan, Humsafar9987, ChangeDetection, Dmandar21, Adkranz, DBose2, Jaideepvk, Jayant pant, Stateofart, Richjenkins, Ninadbhave, Karl2620, Sitush, Jobas, ImageRemovalBot, RegentsPark, Ratemonth, ClueBot, Drmies, Shishirsathe, Mild Bill Hiccup, Boing! said Zebedee, Niceguyedc, DragonBot, Relata refero,
Kiranhkale, Tripping Nambiar, PixelBot, Jayantanth, Rao Ravindra, TheRedPenOfDoom, Iohannes Animosus, Eastcote, Aman Zaidi,
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Addbot, Narayansg, Rakbhima, Queenmomcat, Jncraton, Moosehadley, Mandarvichar, Thegreatmughal, Chzz, InMyHumbleOpinion,
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Jim1138, Dewan357, LilHelpa, Xqbot, Manish.doc, S h i v a (Visnu), MohitSingh, Raafael, Mitesh.ganmukhi, Bpselvam, Shadowjams,
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