Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Early life
took accommodation at India House. Organized by ex- 3 Arrest in London and Marseille
patriate social and political activist Pandit Shyamji, India
House was a thriving centre for student political activities.
In India, Ganesh Savarkar had organised an armed reSavarkar soon founded the Free India Society to help orvolt against the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 . The
ganize fellow Indian students with the goal of ghting for
British police implicated Savarkar in the investigation for
complete independence through a revolution, declaring,
allegedly plotting the crime . Hoping to evade arrest,
Savarkar moved to Madame Camas home in Paris . He
We must stop complaining about this
was nevertheless arrested by police on 13 March 1910.
British ocer or that ocer, this law or that
In the nal days of freedom, Savarkar wrote letters to a
law. There would be no end to that. Our moveclose friend planning his escape. Knowing that he would
ment must not be limited to being against any
most likely be shipped to India, Savarkar asked his friend
particular law, but it must be for acquiring the
to keep track of which ship and route he would be taken
authority to make laws itself. In other words,
through . When the ship SS Morea reached the port of
we want absolute independence[6]
Marseille on 8 July 1910, Savarkar escaped from his cell
through a porthole and dived into the water, swimming to
Savarkar envisioned a guerrilla war for independence the shore in the hope that his friend would be there to realong the lines of the famous war for Indian independence ceive him in a car . But his friend was late in arriving, and
of 1857. Studying the history of the revolt, from English the alarm having been raised, Savarkar was re-arrested.
5.2
Mercy Petitions
3
ping wood, and working at the oil mill under regimental strictness, with talking amidst prisoners strictly prohibited during mealtime. Prisoners were subject to frequent mistreatment and torture. Contact with the outside
world and home was restricted to the writing and mailing
of one letter a year. In these years, Savarkar withdrew
within himself and performed his routine tasks mechanically. Obtaining permission to start a rudimentary jail
library, Savarkar would also teach some fellow convicts
to read and write.
Savarkars arrest at Marseilles caused the French government to protest to the British, arguing that the British
could not recover Savarkar unless they took appropriate
legal proceedings for his rendition. The dispute came before the Permanent Court of International Arbitration in
1910, and it gave its decision in 1911. The case excited
much controversy as was reported by the New York Times,
and it considered it involved an interesting international
question of the right of asylum.
5.2 Mercy Petitions
The Court held, rstly, that since there was a pattern
of collaboration between the two countries regarding the Main article: Mercy Petitions of Vinayak Damodar
possibility of Savarkars escape in Marseilles and there Savarkar
was neither force nor fraud in inducing the French authorities to return Savarkar to them, the British authorities did Starting in 1911 from the time of his conviction, Savarkar
not have to hand him back to the French in order for the wrote numerous mercy petitions till his release from jail.
latter to hold rendition proceedings. On the other hand,
the tribunal also observed that there had been an irregu- Savarkar applied to the Bombay Government for certain
larity in Savarkars arrest and delivery over to the Indian concessions in connection with his sentences. However,
by Government letter No. 2022, dated 4th April 1911,
Army Military Police guard.[15][16]
his Application was rejected and he was informed that
the question of remitting the second sentence of transportation for life would be considered in due course on the
5 Trial and Sentence
expiry of the rst sentence of transportation for life.[17]
Arriving in Bombay, Savarkar was taken to the Yervada
Central Jail in Pune. Following a trial, Savarkar was sentenced to 50 years imprisonment and transported on 4
July 1911 to the infamous Cellular Jail in the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands.
5.1
Merely a month after arriving in the Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Savarkar submitted his rst
mercy petition on 30 August, 1911. This petition was
rejected on 3 September, 1911 [18]
Savarkar submitted his next mercy petition on November 14, 1913, and presented it personally to the Home
Member of the Governor Generals council, Sir Reginald
Craddock.[19] In his letter, asking for forgiveness, he described himself as a "prodigal son" longing to return to
the "parental doors of the government". He wrote that his
release from the jail will recast the faith of many Indians
in the British rule. Also he said "Moreover, my conversion
to the constitutional line would bring back all those misled
young men in India and abroad who were once looking up
to me as their guide. I am ready to serve the government
in any capacity they like, for as my conversion is conscientious so I hope my future conduct would be. By keeping
me in jail, nothing can be got in comparison to what would
be otherwise." [20]
6 HINDUTVA
5.3
Hindutva
7.2
7.1
5
Let me now refer to the situation that
may be created in the province as a result
of any widespread movement launched by the
Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans
to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any
Government that may function for the time being [40][41]
Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led
Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu
Mahasabha would make every possible eort to defeat the
Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made
a concrete proposal as regards this:
The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on
in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail
to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers,
to be able to tell the public that the freedom
for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of
the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust
the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for
any advantage that the British might gain, but
for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor,
will function as the constitutional head of the
province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[41]
8 WORKS
with the League itself in running coalition
government[42][43][44]
During the Partition of India, he and his party were enraged at the support given by Gandhi to Pakistan such
as Gandhis protests and fast against the economic sancIn March 1943, Sindh Government became the rst tions imposed on Pakistan by Jawaharlal Nehru (refusProvincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an o- ing to pass on its[51]share of central-bank funds from before
cial resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan.[45] In independence).
spite of the Hindu Mahasabhas avowed public opposition
to any political division of India, the Mahasabha Minis7.5 Opposition to the partition of India
ters of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they
simply contented themselves with a protest[41]
The Muslim League adopted the Lahore Resolution in
In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha 1940, calling for a separate Muslim state based on the
members joined hands with Sardar Aurangzeb Khan of Two-Nation Theory, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar sumthe Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The maries Savarkars position, in his Pakistan or The ParMahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister tition of India as follows,
Mehar Chand Khanna.[43][46]
In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja
Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in
December, 1941.[47] Savarkar appreciated the successful
functioning of the coalition government.[43][48]
7.3
7
Rajdhani Granthnagar, 1970; 1st ed., 1908.
Hindu Rashtra Darshan: A Collection of Presidential Speeches Delivered from the Hindu Mahasabha
Platform. Bombay: Khare, 1949.
Six Glorious Epochs of Indian History. Trans. and
ed. S. T. Godbole. Bombay: Veer Savarkar
Prakashan, 1985.
My Transportation for Life. Trans. V. N. Naik.
Bombay: Veer Savarkar Prakashan, 1984; 1st ed.,
1949.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi pays tributes to Veer Savarkar at
Parliament of India.
Moplyanche Banda
Maazi Janmathep (translation: My life imprisonment)
Kale Pani
Shatruchya Shibirat
Londonchi batamipatre (translation:
Newsletters)
London
Andamanchya Andheritun
Hindurashtra Darshan
Hindutvache Panchapran
Kamala
Savarkaranchya Kavita (translation:
Savarkar)
Poems by
Sanyasta Khadg
Suicide and Self Sacrice (translation)
Jatyochhedak Nibandha
A group photo of people accused in the Mahatma Gandhis murder case. Standing: Shankar Kistaiya, Gopal Godse, Madanlal
Pahwa, Digambar Badge. Sitting: Narayan Apte, Vinayak D.
Savarkar, Nathuram Godse, Vishnu Karkare
9.1
Approvers testimony
Godse claimed full responsibility for planning and carrying out the assassination. However, according to
the Approver Badge, on 17 January 1948, Nathuram
Godse went to have a last darshan (audience / interview) with Savarkar in Bombay before the assassination. While Badge and Shankar waited outside, Nathuram and Apte went in. On coming out Apte told Badge
that Savarkar blessed them "Yashasvi houn ya" ("
", be successful and return). Apte also said
that Savarkar predicted that Gandhis 100 years were over
and there was no doubt that the task would be successfully nished.[58][59] However Badges testimony was not
accepted as the approvers evidence lacked independent
corroboration and hence Savarkar was acquitted.
On 12 November 1964, at a religious programme organised in Pune to celebrate the release of Gopal Godse,
Madanlal Pahwa and Vishnu Karkare from jail after the
expiry of their sentences, Dr. G. V. Ketkar, grandson of
Bal Gangadhar Tilak,[60] former editor of Kesari and then
editor of "Tarun Bharat", who presided over the function, gave information of a conspiracy to kill Gandhi,
about which he professed knowledge six months before
the act. Ketkar was arrested. A public furore ensued both
outside and inside the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
and both houses of the Indian parliament. Under pressure of 29 members of parliament and public opinion the
then Union home minister Gulzarilal Nanda appointed
Gopal Swarup Pathak, M. P. and a senior advocate of
the Supreme Court of India as a Commission of Inquiry
to re-investigate the conspiracy to murder Gandhi. The
central government intended on conducting a thorough
inquiry with the help of old records in consultation with
the government of Maharashtra. Pathak was given three
months to conduct his inquiry, subsequently Jevanlal Kapur a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India was
appointed chairman of the Commission.[61]
The Kapur Commission was provided with evidence not
produced in the court; especially the testimony of two of
Savarkars close aides - Appa Ramachandra Kasar, his
bodyguard, and Gajanan Vishnu Damle, his secretary,[62]
Kasar told the Kapur Commission that Godse and Apte
visited Savarkar on or about 23 or 24 January, which was
when they returned from Delhi after the bomb incident.
Damle deposed that Godse and Apte saw Savarkar in the
middle of January and sat with him (Savarkar) in his garden.
Justice Kapur concluded: All these facts taken together
were destructive of any theory other than the conspiracy
to murder by Savarkar and his group.[63][64][65]
9
ean, there was public antipathy between Savarkar and the
Congress for most of his political career, yet after independence Patel and Deshmukh unsuccessfully sought
partnership with the Hindu Mahasabha and Savarkar. It
was forbidden for Congress party members to participate in public functions honouring Savarkar. Nehru refused to share the stage during the centenary celebrations
of the Indias First War of Independence held in Delhi.
After the death of Nehru, the Congress government, under Prime Minister Shastri, started to pay him a monthly
pension.[66]
On 8 November 1963 Savarkars wife Yamuna died. On 1
February 1966 Savarkar renounced medicines, food and
water which he termed as atmaarpan (fast until death).
Before his death he had written an article titled Atmahatya Nahi Atmaarpan in which he argued that when
ones life mission is over and ability to serve the society is
left no more, it is better to end the life at will rather than
waiting for death. He died on 26 February 1966 at the age
of 83. He was mourned by large crowds that attended his
cremation. He left behind a son Vishwas and a daughter
Prabha Chiplunkar. His rst son, Prabhakar, had died in
infancy. His home, possessions and other personal relics
have been preserved for public display.
After his death, since Savarkar was championing militarisation, some thought that it would be tting if his mortal remains were to be carried on a gun-carriage. A request to that eect was made to the then Defence Minister, Y.B. Chavan, who later on became Deputy Prime
Minister of India. But Chavan turned down the proposal
and not a single minister from the Maharashtra Cabinet
showed up to the cremation ground to pay homage to
Savarkar. In New Delhi, the Speaker of the Parliament
turned down a request that it pay homage to Savarkar. In
fact, after the independence of India, Jawaharlal Nehru
had put forward a proposal to demolish the Cellular Jail
in the Andaman and build a hospital in its place. When
Y.B. Chavan, as the Home Minister of India, went to the
Andaman Islands, he was asked whether he would like to
visit Savarkars jail but he was not interested. Also when
Morarji Desai went as Prime Minister to the Andaman
islands, he too refused to visit Savarkars cell.[67]
11
Religious views
13 Notes
[1] Chandra, Bipan (1989). Indias Struggle for Independence. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. p. 145. ISBN
978-0-14-010781-4.
[2] Keer, Dhananjay (1966). Veer Savarkar. Bombay:
Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-86132-182-7. OCLC
3639757.
[3] Wolf, Siegfreid (January 2010). Vinayak Damodar
Savarkars strategic agnostism: A compilation of his
socio-political philosophy and world view. (PDF). Heidelberg papers in South Asian and comparative politics.
(Heidelberg: South Asia Institute, Department of Political Science, Heidelberg University). Working paper no
51. ISSN 1617-5069. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
[4] Misra, Amalendu (1999). SAVARKAR AND THE DISCOURSE ON ISLAM IN PRE-INDEPENDENT INDIA. Journal of Asian History 33 (2): 142184. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
[5] Savarkar, Modis mentor: The man who thought Gandhi
a sissy. The Economist. 20 December 2014. Retrieved
22 December 2014.
[6] V., Sundaram (10 May 2008). remembering all the revolutionaries of 1857. News Today. Retrieved 13 June
2010.
[7] How Savarkar escaped the gallows thehindu.com. Retrieved 3 February 2013
[8] Savarkar and Gandhis Murder frontlineonnet.com. Retrieved 22 May 2014
[9] Press Trust of India (9 June 2009). Port Blair airport
gets Rs 450 cr quake-proof makeover. Business Standard. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
[10] Search Blue Plaques. Historic Building and Monuments
Commission for England. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
Although Savarkar is regarded as a Hindu Nationalist, he [11] Shiv Sena Demands Bharat Ratna for Veer Savarkar.
also professed atheism, because for him Hindutva (not
news.biharprabha.com. ANI. 15 September 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
religious Hinduism) was not a religion but a way of life.[68]
He was an outspoken opponent of the caste system.[5]
12
Film
10
13 NOTES
[16] Hindu case at Hague: Question between France and England over extradition of student. The New York Times.
15 February 1911. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
[17] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 467
[18] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 478
[21] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 480
[22] Palande, Prof M.R, ed. (1958), Source Material for a History of the Freedom Movement of India (PDF) 2, Maharashtra: Government of Maharashtra, p. 471-476
[40] Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
[23] Noorani, A.G (April 8, 2005). Savarkars Mercy Petition. Frontline (The Hindu).
[24] http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Veer_Savarkar_
Father_of_Hindu_Nationalis.html?id=1J3uk3x_k6sC&
redir_esc=y
11
[69] http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0303187
[70] Cut to Cut. redi.com. 6 September 2001. Retrieved
8 March 2012.
14 Further reading
Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savarkar. Bombay: Popular
Prakashan, 1966.
Kumar, Megha (NovDec 2006). History and
Gender in Savarkars Nationalist Writings. Social
Scientist 34 (11/12): 3350. JSTOR 27644182.
(subscription required (help)).
Harindra Srivastava, Five stormy years : Savarkar in
London, June 1906-June 1911 : a centenary salute
to Swatantrayaveer Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, b.
28 May 1883-d. 26 February 1966, ISBN 978-08364-1470-7, OCLC 234299389
Sharma, Jyotirmaya (2011). Vinayak Damodar
Savarkar. Hindutva: Exploring the Idea of Hindu
Nationalism (Third ed.). Penguin Books India. pp.
127175. ISBN 9780143418184.
15 External links
Ocial Website of Savarkar National Memorial
Savarkars literary work
Savarkars Hindu Pad-pada-shahi
Life of Shri Vinayak Damodar Savarkar- Film produced by Indian Ministry of Information & Broadcasting in 1983
12
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