(b) Calculate Buckling load(Pcr ) and plot Mode shapes

of Beam with both ends simple-supported, and c/s edge

variation,h(x) = 10*(0.01+ 4*x(1-x)) mm.
Geometric and Material Properties:
Beam length(L) : 1m
Square c/s edge variation (h(x)) = 10*(0.01+ 4*x(1-x)) mm
Modulus of Elasticity(E) : 70 GPa
Poisson ratio(neu) : 0.3

Weak form derivation

The second order differential equation for Euler buckling derived in class by considering equilibrium of
deflected state is
d2 v(x)
+ P v(x) = 0
(1)
EIzz
dx2
Differentiating eqn (1) twice for the general boundary condition we get,


d2
d2 v(x)
EIzz
+ P v(x) = 0
(2)
dx2
dx2
Weak form of eqn (2) reduces the order of integrand and it satisfies the Neumann(Natural) boundary condition. Thus multiplying by variational v and integrating we have,

Z L  2 
d
d2 v(x)
v
EIzz
+ P v(x) dx = 0
dx2
dx2
0
Z

=
0

d2
dx2



Z L
d2 v(x)
d2
EIzz
dx
+
v
(P v(x)) dx = 0
dx2
dx2
0

Integrating the first term twice using integration by parts and the second term once,
Z

EIzz
0



L

L
L
Z L
dv v
d2 v d2 v
dv
d
d2 v
d(P v)
d2 v
P
dx
EI
+
v
(EIzz
)
dx+
v
=0
zz
dx2 dx2
dx
dx2 x=0
dx
dx2 x=0
dx x=0
0 dx dx

The boundary terms vanish because essential boundary condition known at the boundary (x=0,L) and thus
variations are zero. This gives us our final weak form,
Z

EIzz
0

2
2.1

d2 v d2 v
dx = P
dx2 dx2

Z
0

dv v
dx
dx dx

(3)

Solution Procedure
Eigenvalue Problem derivation

The solution is approximated using summation and basis function i (x) chosen to satisfy the essential
boundary condition. The boundary conditions are homogeneous in this case. The basis function used here
is sin ix
L as it satisfies the essential boundary condition and also simplifies the mode shape vectors.

v(x) =

i i (x)

i=0

ix
L
Since L= 1,

X
v(x) =
i sin(ix)
i = sin

i=0

v3 (x) = 1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)

EIzz
0

d2 v3 d2 v3
dx = P
dx2 dx2

Z
0

dv3 dv3
dx
dx dx

(4)

Substituting expressions for v3 and v3 in eqn (4),

Z

EIzz
0

d2 (1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)) d2 (1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x))

dx
dx2
dx2
Z 1
d(1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)) d(1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x))
dx
=P
dx
dx
0

Taking 1 6= 0 and 2 = 0 we have,

Z

EIzz
0

d2 (1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)) d2 (1 sin(x))

dx
dx2
dx2
Z 1
d(1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)) d(1 sin(x))
dx
=P
dx
dx
0

Differentiating the terms we have,

Z


hR
i
1
EIzz ( sin (x))dx +2 0 EIzz (4 4 sin(2x) sin(x))dx
2

1
0

 Z
= P 1


h R
i
1
cos (x)dx +P 2 0 2 2 cos(2x) cos(x)dx
2

(5)

Taking 1 = 0 and 2 6= 0 we have,

Z

EIzz
0

d2 (1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)) d2 (2 sin(2x))

dx
dx2
dx2
Z 1
d(1 sin(x) + 2 sin(2x)) d(2 sin(2x))
dx
=P
dx
dx
0

Differentiating the terms we have,

Z
1
0


hR
i
1
EIzz (4 sin(2x) sin(x))dx +2 0 EIzz (16 4 sin2 (2x))dx
4

 Z
= P 1
0


h R
i
1
2 cos(x) cos(2x)dx +P 2 0 4 2 cos2 (2x)dx
2

(6)

Equation (5) and (6) can be written in matrix form as:

"
# 
R1
R1

2
4
4
I
(
sin
(x))dx
I
(4
sin(2x)
sin(x))dx
1
zz
zz
0
0
R1
E R1

2
I (4 4 sin(2x) sin(x))dx
I 16 4 sin2 (2x))dx
0 zz
0 zz
"

R1

R1

0
2

2 cos2 (x)dx
= P R1
2 cos(2x) cos(x)dx
0
Simpliflying the above equation we have,
"
R1
I (sin2 (x))dx
R 1 0 zz
I (4 sin(2x) sin(x))dx
0 zz
"

R1

R1

cos2 (x)dx
= R1 0
2 cos(2x) cos(x)dx
0

# 

2 2 cos(2x) cos(x)dx
1
R1 2

2
4 cos2 (2x)dx
0

# 

Izz (4 sin(2x) sin(x))dx
1
R1

2
I 16 sin2 (2x))dx
0 zz
R1
0

# 

1
2 cos(2x) cos(x)dx
R1

2
4 cos2 (2x)dx
0

Where =

P
E 2

This is an eigenvalue problem of the form

[K] = [K g ]


[K] [K g ] = 0

(7)

Solving this equation gives two values 2 > 1 . Thus, Critical load Pcr corresponds to 1 .

Pcr = E 2

2.2

MATLAB code to solve Eigenvalue problem discussed above

The code in the next page solves for eqn (7) and obtain two matrices [V ] and [D].
Where, [V ] is Eigenvector matrix and has eigenvectors as columns and [D] is Eigenvalue matrix with diagonals
as eigenvalues 1 and 2 .
After obtaining [V ] and [D], Pcr is found and Mode shapes are plotted.

3
3.1

Result
Mode Shape

Fig1: Buckling mode shapes of pin-pin beam from MATLAB