software,

evaluate and plot2 Thermal

the surface
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given other)
to be steady
and one-dimensional.
conductivity is given to
heat
flux
as
a
function
of
wire
diameter
as
the
diameter
varies
at r = r2 is subjected to
be constant. 3 There is no heat generation in the medium. 4 The outer surface
0.02surface
to 0.20atin.r =Discuss
the results.
to convection.
uniform heat flux andfrom
the inner
r1 is subjected
216
a nuclear
heat
in the
Analysis The heat flux
at the In
outer
surface
of the -pipe
isis generated
CHE reactor,
312A
Assignment
no.uniformly
2
5-cm-diameter cylindrical uranium rods at a rate of 7 " 107
Qs
Qs 3
300 W
734.6isW
m 2determine the rate of
qs
W/m
. If the length of the rods
1 /m,
2 (0.065incm)(1
m)
As 2heat
r2 L generation
Answer: 137.4 kW
each rod.
Noting In
thata there
thermal
symmetry
about
the
center lineofof
and
there
is uniform
heatmodeled
flux at theasouter
Q.1
solarispond
the the
absorption
solar
energy
canbebe
heat
217(fig.
In
abelow),
solar pond,
absorption
solar
energy
can
surface, the differential
equation
and
the
boundary
conditions
for
this
heat
conduction
problem
can
be

modeled
as heat generation
and can
-bx be approximated by g !
generation
approximated
by g=g
0e , where g0 is the rate of heat absorption
expressed as and cang be
#bx
e , where g is the rate of heat absorption at the top surface

0
r

r + r

0
0
at the top surface
unitvolume
volume
is a constant.
perdT
unit
andand
b is abconstant.
Obtain aObtain
relation aforrelation
the to- for the total rate
d per
r
0
of heat generation
layer of surface
thickness
L at the top ofFIGURE
the P222
of heat generation
in a waterarea
layerAofand
surface
area A and
dr talinrate
dra water
Chapter
2
Heat
Conduction
Equation
pond.
thickness L at the top of the pond.

dT (r1 )
Q223
= 300 Starting
W
with an energy
h[T (ri ) T ]
dr generation per unit volume in the uranium rods is given. volume
2-16 The rate of heat
The total
rate ofderive
heat the on
element,
Radiation Solar
dT
(
r
)
generation in eachk rod is2 to be
2
r
conduction equation for a spher
r2
q s determined.
734.6 W/m
beam being energy
h 1
dr
3 generation.
ductivity
heat
absorbed
Assumptions Heat is generated0 uniformly
in the uranium rods.
g = 7 and
107 no
W/m
T
k

Analysis The total rate of heat generation in the rod is

determined by multiplying theL rate of heat generation per unit
Solar
volume by the volume of the rod
x
pond

D = 5 cm
L=1m

2-49 A spherical metal ball2 that is heated in

an oven to a temperature of T throughout is dropped into a
G gVrod g ( D / 4) L (7 107 W / m3 )[ (0.05 m) 2 / 4](1 m)i 1.374 105 W = 137.4 kW
large body of water
at T where it is cooled by convection. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and
transient one-dimensional heat transfer, the mathematical formulation (the differential equation and the
0
P217
boundary and initial conditions) FIGURE
of this heat
conduction problem is to be obtained.
2-17 The variation of the absorption of solar energy in a solar pond with depth is given. A relation for the
Sol.
Assumptions
Heat
transfer isingiven
to belayer
transient
2 Thermal
conductivity is given
total rate of 1heat
generation
a water
at theand
topone-dimensional.
of the pond is to
be determined.
218
a largein 3-cm-thick
steelsurface
plate atinr = r0 is subjected to
is noConsider
heat generation
the medium.stainless
4 The outer
to be constant. 3 There
Assumptions Absorption
of solar
radiationuniformly
by water isatmodeled
heat
W/m3.
which heat
is generated
a rate of as
5"
106generation.
convection.
Assuming
the
plate
is losing
heat the
from
both
sides,
determine
Analysis The
total
rate
of heat
generation
in a water
layer
of
surface
A and thickness
L surface,
at the top of the
Analysis
Noting
that
there
is thermal
symmetry
about
midpoint
and area
convection
at the outer
the
heat
flux
on
the
surface
of
the
plate
during
steady
opera-can be expressed as FIGURE P223
the
differential
equationbyand
the boundary
pond
is determined
integration
to beconditions for this heat conduction problem
Answer: 75,000 W/m2
tion.
L
1
1 T
2L T
Ag 0 (1 e bL )
r
e bx
224 Consider a medium in wh
bx
2
G
rg 0 e ( Adx
t ) Ag 0
rgdVr
tion is given in its simplest form
0
V
x
b
b
Heat Conduction Equation
T
0
T (0, t )
k
r2
h
0
$2 T 1
219 Write down the one-dimensional transient heat conduc!
r
equation
plane wall
constantinthermal
conductivQ.2 A sphericaltion
metal
ballfor
ofa radius
r0 with
is heated
an Toven
to a temperature of Ti
$x2 %
i
T (r0 , t )
T (r0 )of Tthe
] oven and allowed to cool in ambient air at T by
throughout and iskthenr takenh[out
2-18 The rate of heat generation per unit volume in a stainless steel plate is given. The heat flux on the
convectionand
radiation.
T (be
r ,0)The
Ti emissivity of the outer surface of the cylinder is , and the
surface of the plate
is to
determined.

temperature of the surrounding surfaces is Tsurr. The average convection heat transfer
Assumptions Heat is generated uniformly in steel plate.
coefficient
is estimated
to beheated
h. Assuming
variable thermal
conductivity
and transient
g in
2-50
A spherical
metal balla that
inarea
an oven
Ti throughout
Analysis
We consider
unitissurface
of 1toma2temperature
. The total ofrate
of heat is allowed to cool
one-dimensional
heat
transfer,
express
the
differential
equation
and
the
boundary
and
ambient
air
at
T
by
convection
and
radiation.
Assuming
constant
thermal
conductivity
and
transient
onegeneration in this section of the plate is
dimensional
heat
transfer,
the
mathematical
formulation
(the
differential
equation
and
the
boundary
and
initial conditions of this heat conduction
problem.
Do not solve.
L
6
3
2
5
initial
conditions)
to be obtained.
10 W /problem
m )(1 mis )(0.03
m) 1.5 10 W
G gV
g (ofA thisL)heat(5conduction
plate
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be transient and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given
that this
heat will
dissipated
from
both
sides of4 the
the heatat r = r is subjected to
3 There
is nobeheat
generation
in the
medium.
The plate,
outer surface
toNoting
be variable.
0
flux on either
surface of the plate becomes
convection
and radiation.

G
Aplate

1.5 10 5 W
2 1m

75,000 W/m 2

2-16

Heat Conduction Equation

2-19 The one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation for a plane wall with constant thermal
2T
g 1 T
conductivity and heat generation is
. Here T is the temperature, x is the space variable, g
2
x
k
t
is the heat generation per unit volume, k is the thermal conductivity, is the thermal diffusivity, and t is the

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

Analysis Noting that there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint and convection and radiation at the
outer surface and expressing all temperatures in Rankine, the differential equation and the boundary
conditions for this heat conduction problem can be expressed as
1
T
kr 2
2
r
r r

T (0, t )
0
r
T (r0 , t )
k
h[T (r0 ) T ]
r
T (r ,0) Ti

T
t

Tsurr

k
[T (r0 ) 4

r2

T
h

Ti

4
Tsurr
]

2-51 The outer surface of the North wall of a house exchanges heat with both convection and radiation.,
while the
interior
surface
is subjected
to convection
only. Assuming
the heatoftransfer
the walland
to be
Q.3
Water
flows
through
a pipe
at an average
temperature
60C.through
The inner
steadyradii
and one-dimensional,
differential equation
and the
boundary
and
outer
of the pipe arether1mathematical
= 8 cm andformulation
r = 9 cm,(the
respectively.
The outer
surface
ofthe
initial conditions) of this heat conduction
problem2 is to be obtained.
pipe is wrapped with a thin electric heater that consumes 400W per m length of the pipe.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given to
The
exposed3surface
is heavily
insulated4 so
thesurface
entireatheat
in to
There isofnothe
heatheater
generation
in the medium.
Thethat
outer
x = Equation
Lgenerated
is subjected
be constant.
Chapter
2 Heat
Conduction
the
heater is
to the
pipe.surface
Heat at
is transferred
fromto the
inner surface
of the pipe
convection
andtransferred
radiation while
the inner
x = 0 is subjected
convection
only.
2 consumes
2-48
flows
through
a
pipe
whose
outer
surface
is
wrapped
with
a
thin
electric
heater
that
toAnalysis
the Water
water
by
convection
with
a
heat
transfer
coefficient
of
h
=
65
W/m
C.
Assuming
Expressing all the temperatures in Kelvin, the differential equation and
300
W
per
m
length
of
the
pipe.
The
exposed
surface
of
the
heater
is
heavily
insulated
so
that
the
entire
constant
thermal conductivity
one-dimensional
transfer,
express the differential
the
heatand
conduction
can heat
be expressed
heatboundary
generated conditions
in the heaterfor
is this
transferred
to the pipe.problem
Heat is transferred
from theas
inner surface of the pipe
equation
thed 2boundary
conditions of the heat conduction in the pipe during steady
to the waterand
by convection.
T Assuming constant thermal conductivity and one-dimensional heat transfer, the
0
operation.
not solve.
mathematicalDo
formulation
2 (the differential equation and the boundary conditions) of the heat conduction in
dx for steady operation.
the pipe is to be obtained
dT (0)
Assumptions
k 1 Heat transfer
h [T is given
T (0)]to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given to Tsky
There is1 no 1heat generation in the medium. 4 The outer surface at r = r2 is subjected to
be constant. 3 dx
uniform heat flux and the inner surface at r = r1 is subjected to convection.
dT ( L)
4
T 1
T 2
k heat flux hat1[the
T( L
) Tsurface
T (pipe
L) 4 is Tsky
Analysis The
outer
of
2]
2 the

dx

qs

Qs
As

Qs
2 r2 L

h1

400 W
300
734.6 W / m 2
707.4
2 (00.09
.065 cm)(1 m)

h2

Noting that there is thermal symmetry about the center line and there is uniform heat flux at the outer
surface, the differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be
expressed as

d
dT
r
dr
dr

dT (r1 )
dr
dT (r2 )
k
dr
k

Q = 400
300 W

h[T (ri ) T ]
q s 707.4
734.6 W/m 2

h
T

r1

r2

2-49 A spherical metal ball that is heated in an oven to a temperature of Ti throughout is dropped into a
large body of water at T where it is cooled by convection. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and
transient one-dimensional heat transfer, the mathematical formulation (the differential equation and the
boundary and initial conditions) of this heat conduction problem is to be obtained.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be transient and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is given
Q.4
Consider
a long
barin of
x-direction
b intothe
3 There
is norectangular
heat generation
the length
medium.a4 in
Thethe
outer
surface at r and
= r0 iswidth
subjected
to be constant.
convection.
Analysis Noting that there is thermal symmetry about the midpoint and convection at the outer surface,
the differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be expressed as
1
T
r2
r
r2 r

1 T
t

y-

direction that is initially at a uniform temperature of Ti. The surfaces of the bar at x=0 and
y=0 are insulated, while heat is lost from the other two surfaces by convection to the
Chapter
2 Heat Conduction
Equation
surrounding medium at temperature T with a heat transfer
coefficient
of h. Assuming
constant
thermal
conductivity
andat transient
two-dimensional
transfer
with
2-121 A long
rectangular
bar is initially
a uniform temperature
of Ti. The heat
surfaces
of the bar
at xno
= 0heat
and
generation,
write
the
differential
equation
and
the
boundary
and
initial
conditions
of
this
y = 0 are insulated while heat is lost from the other two surfaces by convection. The mathematical
formulation
of this problem.
heat conduction
problem
is to be expressed for transient two-dimensional heat transfer
heat
conduction
Do not
solve.
with no heat generation.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is transient and two-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There
is no heat generation.
Analysis The differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be
expressed as
2

1 T
t
b

T ( x ,0, t )
x
T (0, y , t )
x

h, T

T (a , y , t )
x
T ( x , b, t )
k
x

T ( x , y ,0)

h, T

h[T (a , y , t ) T ]
h[T ( x , b, t ) T ]

a
Insulated

Ti

Q.5

Consider a large plane wall of thickness L=0.3m, thermal conductivity k=2.5 W/mC,
and surface area A=12m2. The left side of the wall is maintained at a constant temperature of
Heat is generated at a constant rate in a short cylinder. Heat is lost from the cylindrical surface at r =
T2-122
1=80C while the right side loses heat by convection to the surrounding air at T =25C with a
r0 by convection to the surrounding medium
at temperature T with a heat transfer coefficient of h. The
heat transfer coefficient of h=30W/m2C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no heat
bottom surface of the cylinder at r = 0 is insulated, the top surface at z = H is subjected to uniform heat flux
generation
in the wall, (a) write the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady
qh , and the cylindrical surface at r = r0 is subjected to convection. The mathematical formulation of this
one-dimensional heat conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of
problem is to be
two-dimensional
heatequation,
transfer. and (c) evaluate the rate of heat
temperature
in expressed
the wall for
by steady
solving
the differential
Assumptions
1 Heat
transfer
through
thetransfer
wall. is given to be steady and two-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant.
3 Heat is generated uniformly.
Analysis The differential equation and the boundary conditions for this heat conduction problem can be
expressed as
2

T
1
r
r r
r
T (r ,0)
z
T ( r , h)
k
z
T (0, z )
r
T (r0 , z )
k
r

T
z2

g
k

qH

0
qH

go

h
T

z
0
h[T (r0 , z ) T ]

ro

2-56 A large plane wall is subjected to specified temperature on the left surface and convection on the right
surface. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature, and the rate of heat transfer are to be
determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3
There is no heat generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 2.3 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Taking the direction normal to the surface of the wall to be the x direction with x = 0 at the left
surface, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
d 2T
dx 2

T (0)

T1

and

80 C

dT ( L)
h[T ( L) T ]
dx
(b) Integrating the differential equation twice with respect to x yields
dT
C1
dx
k

T ( x)

T1=80C
2
A=20
12 m
0.3 m
L=0.4

T =15C
30 W/m2.C
h=24

C1x C2

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
x = 0:

T (0)

x = L:

kC1

C1 0 C2

C2

h[(C1 L C2 ) T ]

T1
C1

h(C2 T )
k hL

C1

h(T1 T )
k hL

Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
T ( x)

h(T1 T )
x T1
k hL
30 W / m 2 C)(80 215) C
(24
x 80 C
2.5
(2.3 W / m C) (24
30 W / m 2 C)(0.43 m)
143.47x
.x
80 1311

(c) The rate of heat conduction through the wall is

Q wall

kA

dT
dx

kAC1

kA

(2.35W/m C)(20 m 2 )

h(T1 T )
k hL
(30
24 W/m 2

C)(80 215) C

30W/m 2
(2.35W/m C) (24

C)(0.4 m)

6030 W
22297.3W

Note that under steady conditions the rate of heat conduction through a plain wall is constant.

Q.6

Consider a homogeneous spherical piece of radioactive material of radius r0 =5cm that is

generating heat at a constant rate of g=5x107 W/m3. The heat generated is dissipated to the environment
steadily. The outer surface of the sphere is maintained at a uniform temperature of 70C and thermal
conductivity of the sphere is k=15 W/mC. Assuming steady one-dimensional heat transfer, (a) write
the differential equation and the boundary conditions for heat conduction through the sphere, (b) obtain
a relation for the variation of temperature in the sphere by solving the differential equation, and (c)
determine the temperature at the center of the sphere.
2-19

2-89 Heat is generated uniformly in a spherical radioactive material with specified surface temperature. The
mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the sphere, and the center temperature are to be
determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any changes with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 3 Thermal conductivity is
constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the
mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
1 d
dT
r2
2 dr
dr
r

and

T (r0 )

Ts

g
k

with g

constant

k
g

Ts=80C

80 C (specified surface temperature)

r
0
ro
dT (0)
0 (thermal symmetry about the mid point)
dr
(b) Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by r2 and rearranging gives
g 2
d
dT
r2
r
dr
dr
k
Integrating with respect to r gives
dT
g r3
r2
C1
(a)
dr
k 3
Applying the boundary condition at the mid point,
dT (0)
g
0
0 C1
C1 0
B.C. at r = 0:
dr
3k
Dividing both sides of Eq. (a) by r2 to bring it to a readily integrable form and integrating,
dT
g
r
dr
3k
g 2
T (r )
r C2
(b)
and
6k
Applying the other boundary condition at r r0 ,
g 2
g 2
Ts
r0 C2
C2 Ts
r0
B. C. at r r0 :
6k
6k
Substituting this C2 relation into Eq. (b) and rearranging give
g 2
T (r ) Ts
(r0 r 2 )
6k
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of r.
(c) The temperature at the center of the sphere (r = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to
be
gr02
g 2
(4
5 10 7 W/m 3 )(0.045m ) 2
T (0 ) T s
(r0 0 2 ) Ts
80 C +
791
C
70
1458.9
C
6k
6k
6 (15 W/ m. C)
Thus the temperature at center will be about
711C
1388.9
C above the temperature of the outer surface of the
sphere.

Q.7

In a food processing facility, a spherical container of inner radius r1 =40 cm, outer radius r2
=42cm, and thermal conductivity k =1.2W/m C is used to store hot water and to keep it at 100C at all
times. To accomplish this, the outer surface of the container is wrapped with a 600W electric strip heater
and then insulated. The temperature of the inner surface of the container is observed to be nearly 100C at
all times. Assuming 10 percent of the heat generated in the heater is lost through the insulation, (a) write
the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-dimensional heat conduction through
the container, (b) obtain a relation for the variation
2-49 of temperature in the container material by solving the
differential equation, and (c) evaluate the outer surface temperature of the container. Also determine how
much water at 100C this tank can supply steadily if the cold water enters at 20C.

Chapter 2 Heat Conduction Equation

Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since there is no change with time and
there is thermal symmetry about the mid point. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant. 3 There is no heat
generation in the container.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 1.5 W/m C. The specific heat of water at the
average temperature of (100+20)/2 = 60 C is 4.185 kJ/kg C (Table A-9).
Analysis (a) Noting that the 90% of the 600
500 W generated by the strip heater is transferred to the container,
the heat flux through the outer surface is determined to be
Qs
A2

qs

Qs

0.90 600
500 W
2m) 2
4 (0.41

r22

243.6
213.0 W/m 2

Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction and heat flux is in the negative r
direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be expressed as
d
dT
r2
dr
dr

and

T (r1 )

T1

Insulation

100 C

dT (r2 )
k
dr

T1

Heater

r1

qs

r2

(b) Integrating the differential equation once with respect to r gives

r2

dT
dr

C1

Dividing both sides of the equation above by r2 and then integrating,

C1

dT
dr

r2

C1
r

T (r )

C2

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
C1

r = r2:

r = r1:

T (r1 )

qs

r22

T1

q s r22
k

C1

C1
r1

C2

C2

T1

C1
r1

T1

q s r22
kr1

Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

T (r )

C1
r
100 C

C2

C1
r

1
0.40 m

T1

C1
r1

T1

1
r1

1
C1
r

243.6W/m
W/m 2 )(0.412m) 2
1 (213
r
1.5 W/m C

T1

1
r1

2
1 q s r2
r
k

100+28.65
100 23.87 2.5

1
r

(c) The outer surface temperature is determined by direct substitution to be

100 23.87 2.5
Outer surface (r = r2): T (r2 ) 100+28.65

1
r2

100+28.65
100 23.87 2.5

1
0.412

103.4C C
101.5

600 W = 540
Noting that the maximum rate of heat supply to the water is 0.9 500
450 W, water can be heated
from 20 to 100 C at a rate of

mC p T

Q
Cp T

0.540
0.450 kJ / s
0.0016
0.00134 kg / s =5.81
4.84 kg / h
(4.185 kJ / kg C)(100 20) C

2-35

Q.8

Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.05 m. The wall surface at x = 0 is insulated, while
the surface at x = L is maintained at a temperature of 25C. The thermal conductivity of the wall is k = 20
W/m C, and heat is generated in the wall at a rate of g= g e-0.5x/L W/m3 where g = 8x106 W/m3.
0

Assuming steady one-dimensional heat transfer, (a) write the

differential
andEquation
the boundary
Chapter
2 Heatequation
Conduction
conditions for heat conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in
the
wall
byissolving
theindifferential
equation,
andone
(c)side
determine
the temperature
of side
the insulated
surface of
2-92
Heat
generated
a large plane
wall whose
is insulated
while the other
is maintained
at awall.
specified temperature. The mathematical formulation, the variation of temperature in the wall, and the
the
temperature of the insulated surface are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with time. 2 Heat transfer
is one-dimensional since the wall is large relative to its thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the
center plane. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation varies with location in the x direction.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 20
30 W/m C.
Analysis (a) Noting that heat transfer is steady and one-dimensional in
x direction, the mathematical formulation of this problem can be
expressed as
d 2T

g( x)
k

dx 2

where

g0 e

and

dT (0)
dx
T ( L)

0.5 x / L

k
g
25
T2 =30C

Insulated
and g0 = 8 106 W/m3

0 (insulated surface at x = 0)
L

T2 25
30 C (specified surface temperature)

(b) Rearranging the differential equation and integrating,

g 0 0.5 x / L
g0 e 0.5 x / L
d 2T
dT
dT 2 g 0 L 0.5 x / L
e
C1
e
C1
2
k
dx
k 0.5 / L
dx
k
dx
Integrating one more time,
2 g0 L e 0.5 x / L
4 g0 L2 0.5 x / L
T ( x)
e
C1 x C2 (1)
C1 x C2
T ( x)
0.5 / L
k
k
Applying the boundary conditions:
2 g0 L
2 g0 L
dT (0) 2 g0 L 0.5 0 / L
e
C1
0
C1
C1
B.C. at x = 0:
dx
k
k
k
4 g0 L2 0.5 L / L
4 g0 L2 0.5 2 g0 L2
T ( L) T2
e
C1 L C2
C2 T2
e
B. C. at x = L:
k
k
k
Substituting the C1 and C2 relations into Eq. (1) and rearranging give
g 0 L2
[4(e 0.5 e 0.5 x / L ) (2 x / L )]
k
which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wall as a function of x.
(c) The temperature at the insulate surface (x = 0) is determined by substituting the known quantities to be
T ( x ) T2

g 0 L2
[4(e 0.5 e 0 ) (2 0 / L )]
k
(8 10 6 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
25
30 C
[ 4 (e
(30
20 W/m C)

T (0 ) T 2

0.5

1) (2 0)] 451.1
314.1 C

Therefore, there is a temperature difference of almost 426

300C between the two sides of the plate.
Q.9

Consider a water pipe of length L=15m, inner radius r1=15 cm, outer radius r2=20 cm, and
thermal conductivity k=15W/mC. Heat is generated in the pipe material uniformly by a 30kW electric
resistance heater. The inner and outer surfaces of the pipe are at T1=50C and T2=80C, respectively.
Obtain the relation for temperature distribution in the pipe at steady state and determine the temperature at
the center plane of the pipe.

2-136 A hollow pipe is subjected to specified temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces. There is also
heat generation in the pipe. The variation of temperature in the pipe and the center surface temperature of
the pipe are to be determined for steady one-dimensional heat transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat conduction is steady and one-dimensional since the pipe is long relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the centerline. 2 Thermal conductivity is constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k = 15
20 W/m C.
Analysis The rate of heat generation is determined from
W
V

W
( D2

30000
25,000 W
2

D1 ) L / 4

(0.4 m)

(0.3 m) 2 (12
15 m) / 4

36379
37,894 W/m 3

Noting that heat transfer is one-dimensional in the radial r direction, the mathematical formulation of this
problem can be expressed as
g
k

1 d
dT
r
r dr
dr

and

T (r1 ) T1
T (r2 ) T2

50
60 C

T1

80 C

T2

Rearranging the differential equation

gr
k

d
dT
r
dr
dr

r1

r2
r

and then integrating once with respect to r,

gr 2
dT
C1
dr
2k
Rearranging the differential equation again
gr C1
dT
dr
2k
r
and finally integrating again with respect to r, we obtain
r

T (r )

gr 2
4k

C1 ln r C 2

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants. Applying the boundary conditions give
r = r1:

T (r1 )

r = r2:

T (r2 )

gr1 2
4k

C1 ln r1 C 2

gr2 2
4k

C1 ln r2

C2

Substituting the given values, these equations can be written as

50
60

(36379
37,894)(0.15) 2
4(15
20)

C1 ln(0.15) C 2

80

36379
(37
,894)(0.20) 2
4(15
20)

C1 ln(0.20) C 2

Solving for C1 and C2 simultaneously gives

C1 141.16
98.34

C2

331.41
257.2

Substituting C1 and C2 into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be
T (r )

Q.10

37,894r
36379
4(15
20)

2
141.16
98.34 ln r

331.41
606.32
257
.2 331.41
257.2 473
.68r 2

141.16
98.34 ln r

Consider a cylindrical shell of length L, inner radius r1, and outer radius r2 whose thermal
conductivity varies linearly in a specified temperature
range as k(T) = k0(1 +T) where k0 and are two
2-76
specified constants. The inner surface of the shell is maintained at a constant temperature of T1, while the
outer surface is maintained at T2. Assuming steady one- dimensional heat transfer, obtain a relation for (a)
the heat transfer rate through the wall and (b) the temperature distribution T(r) in the shell.

2-100 A cylindrical shell with variable conductivity is subjected to specified temperatures on both sides.
The variation of temperature and the rate of heat transfer through the shell are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is given to be steady and one-dimensional. 2 Thermal conductivity varies
linearly. 3 There is no heat generation.
Properties The thermal conductivity is given to be k (T )

T) .

k0 (1

Solution (a) The rate of heat transfer through the shell is

expressed as

k(T)

T T
2 k ave L 1 2
ln(r2 / r1 )

Qcylinder

T2

where L is the length of the cylinder, r1 is the inner radius, and

r2 is the outer radius, and
kave

k (Tave )

k0 1

T1

r1

r2
r

T2 T1
2

is the average thermal conductivity.

(b) To determine the temperature distribution in the shell, we begin with the Fouriers law of heat
conduction expressed as

k (T ) A

dT
dr

where the rate of conduction heat transfer Q is constant and the heat conduction area A = 2 rL is variable.
Separating the variables in the above equation and integrating from r = r1 where T (r1 ) T1 to any r where
T ( r ) T , we get
Q

r
r1

dr
r

2 L

Substituting k (T )

Q ln

r
r1

T
T1

k (T )dT

T ) and performing the integrations gives

k0 (1

2 Lk 0 [(T T1 )

(T 2

T12 ) / 2]

Substituting the Q expression from part (a) and rearranging give

T2

2 k ave ln(r / r1 )
(T1 T2 ) T12
k 0 ln(r2 / r1 )

T1

which is a quadratic equation in the unknown temperature T. Using the quadratic formula, the temperature
distribution T(r) in the cylindrical shell is determined to be
T (r )

1
2

2 k ave ln(r / r1 )
(T1 T2 ) T12
k 0 ln(r2 / r1 )

T1

Discussion The proper sign of the square root term (+ or -) is determined from the requirement that the
temperature at any point within the medium must remain between T1 and T2 .

Q.11 Obtain the heat conduction rate and the temperature variation in a solid truncated cone whose
curved surface are well insulated while the base and the top are maintained at constant temperatures. The
circular cross section of the cone has a diameter of D=ax where a=0.25. The small end is at x=50mm with
T1=400K while the large end is at x=100mm with T2=600K.

2-56