4.

2 Momentary Short-Circuit Calculation

The Momentary short-circuit calculation also called Half
(1/2) cycle calculation will be used to evaluate the protective device
duties at cycle after the fault. For medium-voltage circuit
breakers, the calculated peak value of the asymmetrical momentary
short-circuit current is used to check the closing and latching
capability also called making current. For Low-voltage ACBs, MCCBs
and Fuses,

the

calculated

peak

asymmetrical and the

RMS

asymmetrical value of the momentary short-circuit currents will be

used to evaluate the interrupting capacity, also known as breaking
capacity, of the protective devices summarized in Table 4.2.
Momentary calculation will be performed on fault points F1 up to
F24.
4.2.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults
A three-phase fault occurs when all the three ungrounded
conductors come in contact with each other and make a current
path to ground or equipment ground as illustrated in Figure 4.1. The
magnitude of the fault current IFAULT (in per-unit) is calculated as:

IFAULT

VPREFAULT
ZTH

Equation (4.1)

Where:
VPRE-FAULT is the pre-fault per-unit voltage. It will be assumed
that pre-fault voltage is 1.0 per-unit
ZTH is the Thevenins Equivalent per-unit Impedance at Fault
point

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 183

The value of per-unit fault current IFAULT is then converted

to actual value using the equation below.
IFAULT ACTUAL=IFAULT PER-UNIT x IBASE
Where: IBASE is the base current at the fault point

Ph-A
Ph-B
Ph-C
IFAULT

ZFAULT=0
(bolted Fault)

Source

Equipment Grounding
Figure 4.1 Three-phase bolted fault
The resulting IFAULT

ACTUAL

is the momentary symmetrical

RMS value of the three-phase fault current at fault point or

IMOM,SYM,RMS. The asymmetrical root-mean-square and the peak
asymmetrical value of the short-circuit current will be calculated
using IEEE Violet book approximation [4] as shown below.

IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e

-2
X/R

-2

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x 2 1 e X/R

0.49

X / R
3
0.1e

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Equation (4.2)

Equation (4.3)

Equation (4.4)

Page 184

4.2.1.1 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults for Main

Buses
For Bus 1 (Fault Point F1)
Using the impedance model from Chapter 2, the positive
sequence impedance network with fault on F1 is shown below in
Figure 4.2.
BUS1

F1

0.000639

0.000048
ZTL1

+
j0.019257

j0.000137

0.000869086

Reference

ZTRM1
j0.030756955
BUS2

0.035107

0.001451

ZEQA

0.001613
ZTL3

ZTL2
j0.001007

+j0.269004

j0.001119

1pu
Reference

ZTRL3A

0.036692711

0.036692711
ZTRL3B

0.j230430227
BUS3

0.j230430227
BUS4
1.486806

2.189525
ZEQC

ZEQB
+j4.056443

+j2.906046

1pu

1pu

Reference

Reference

Figure 4.2 Momentary positive sequence impedance with

fault at Bus 1
Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 185

BUS1

F1

0.000639
0.000917086
+
j0.019257

Reference

ZEQA

ZTRM1 + ZTL1

+j0.030893

0.035107

2.2276687

1.525111

+0.269004i

+4.287880

+3.137595

1pu

1pu

1pu

Reference

Reference

Reference

BUS1
0.000639
+ j0.019257

F1

0.000917086
+j0.03089395
0.0404044

Reference

+j0.237222
1pu
Reference

F1

BUS1
0.000639

0.0413215

+
j0.019257

+j0.268116
1pu
Reference

Reference

Figure 4.3 Momentary positive sequence

equivalent impedance calculation diagram

Thevenins

1
ZTH,F1,MOM ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZEQA 1
ZTRM1 ZTL1 ZCON

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 186

0.0007394

+j0.0179826
1pu
Reference
Figure 4.4 Momentary positive
Equivalent Circuit at fault point F1

sequence

Thevenins

ZTH,F1,MOM 0.0007394 j0.0179826 pu

Calculating for the separate R and X
For R
BUS1

F1

0.000639

0.000048
ZTL1

Reference
REQA

BUS2

0.034015

Reference

0.000869086

RTL2

0.001451

RTRL3A 0.036692711
BUS3
REQB

RTL3

RTRL3B

0.001613
0.036692711

BUS4
1.750735

Reference

REQC

1.185925

Reference

Figure 4.5 Momentary positive sequence resistance with

fault at Bus 1

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 187

BUS1

F1

0.000639
Reference

Reference

0.0006274
Reference
Figure 4.6 Momentary positive sequence
equivalent resistance with fault at bus 1

Thevenins

1
R R TL2 R TRL3A REQB 1 R TL3 R TRL3B REQC 1 REQA 1
R TRM1 R TL1 RCON

R=0.0006274 pu
For X

BUS1

F1
j0.000137
ZTL1

j0.019257
Reference

j0.030756955

BUS2

XEQA

XTL2

j0.001007

XTL3

j0.001119

j0.269004
Reference

XTRL3A

j0.230430227

BUS3
XEQB

XTRL3B

j0.230430227

BUS4
j4.056443

Reference

XEQC

j2.906046

Reference

Figure 4.7 Momentary positive sequence reactance with fault

at Bus 1

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 188

BUS1

F1
j0.265121

j0.019257

Reference

Reference

j0.017952

Reference
Figure 4.8 Momentary positive sequence
equivalent reactance with fault at Bus 1

Thevenins

1
X XTL2 XTRL3A XEQB 1 XTL3 XTRL3B XEQC 1 XEQA 1
XTRM1 XTL1 XCON

X=j0.017952 pu

Calculating for the Momentary three-phase Fault at F1

Momentary symmetrical rms fault current IMOM,SYM,RMS :

IMOM,SYM,RMS

VPREFAULT
ZTH,F1,MOM

VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS

1.0
0.0007394 j0.0179826

IMOM,SYM,RMS 2.282737 - j55.515243 pu

IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 pu

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 189

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x IBASE 13.8kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=55.56215/-87.6450 x 418.369 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 23,245.483 A
Calculating the Motor and System Contribution to fault

IMotor

1x836.739
3477.16A
0.04040443 j0.2372222

ISystem

1x836.739
16,676.4A
0.00155608 j0.0501509

Momentary asymmetrical rms fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :

IMOM, ASYM,RMS IMOM,SYM,RMS x 1 2e

-2
X/R

From the calculation results of momentary symmetrical rms values,

Using separated X and R reduction, X/R ratio is calculated as

X /R

0.017952
28.612
0.000627

IMOM,ASYM,RMS 23,245.483 x 1

-2
2e28.612

IMOM,ASYM,RMS 37,523.193 A

Momentary asymmetrical peak fault current IMOM,ASYM,RMS :

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK IMOM,SYM,RMS x

0.49

-2

2 1 e X/R

X / R
3
0.1e

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 190

 0.49 0.1e

28.612

3 0.4899

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 23245.483 x

-2x0.4899x

28.612
2 1 e

IMOM,ASYM,PEAK 62,394.567 A
The same calculation procedure is repeated for the rest of
the major buses (F2, F3, F4 , F5, F6 and F7) using Microsoft Excel
sheet developed by the Author and results are summarized in
Tables 4.3 and 4.4. The results also include the fault current
contributions from both System and load as summarized in Table
4.4. The positive sequence impedance will be used in later
calculations of momentary single line-to-ground, line-to-line and
double line-to-ground faults.
Table 4.3 Summary of Momentary Fault Point Impedances
and X/R for Main Buses
Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

Fault Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary terminals
of TRM1
6.9kV switchgear
(bus)
Primary terminals
TRL3A
Primary terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

0.000739 + j0.017982

Separately
Reduced
X/R
28.612

0.000783 + j0.0181

26.826

0.002274 + j0.041512

27.768

0.003709 + j0.042493

14.407

0.003861 + j0.042591

13.695

0.043135 + j0.257877
0.043743 + j0.252115

6.574
6.447

Positive Seq.
Impedance (pu)

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 191

Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary Three-Phase Fault

Fault
Point
F1
F2

F3

F4

F5
F6
F7

Fault Location
13.8kV Power
Plant Bus
Primary
terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV
switchgear
(bus)
Primary
terminals
TRL3A
Primary
terminals
TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

IMOM,SYM,RMS
(A)

IMOM,ASYM,
RMS (A)

IMOM,ASYM,
PEAK (A)

23,245.483

37,523.193

62,394.567

23,091.652

37,107.764

61,772.309

20,126.295

32,421.524

53,938.763

19,616.625

29,705.332

50,154.45

19,565.408

29,439.931

49,779.202

46,003.586
47,006.429

61,187.319
62,268.447

106,226.737
108,186.321

(Continuation) Table 4.4 Summary of Momentary ThreePhase Fault Contributions

Fault
Point
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

Fault Location
13.8kV Power Plant Bus
Primary terminals of
TRM1
6.9kV switchgear (bus)
Primary terminals TRL3A
Primary terminals TRL3B
MCC8 Bus
MCC9 Bus

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

I SYSTEM
Contribution
(A, sym
RMS)
21,713.60

I LOAD
Contribution
(A, sym
RMS)
1,542.19

21,558.56

1,543.01

16,676.38
19,456.65
19,341.16
43,542.54
43,501.20

3,477.16
173.22
239.97
2,609.34
3,684.74

Page 192

4.2.1.2 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at MV Loads

For momentary three-phase fault at KM5806
Calculating the individual momentary three-phase fault at motor
terminals for individual medium-voltage motors:

BUS1
0.000639

0.000048
ZTL1

+
j0.019257

j0.000137

0.000869086

Reference

ZTRM1
j0.030756955

Zth

Reference

2.2276687

1.525111

+4.287880

+3.137595

1pu

1pu

Reference

Reference

Figure 4.9 Simplification

terminals of KM5806 (F8)

of

Equivalent

Impedance

at

ZTH ZTL2 ZTRL3A ZEQB 1 ZTL3 ZTRL3B ZEQC 1 ZCON ZTRM1 ZTL1

ZTH = 0.0020197 + j0.049027 pu

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 193

0.5524

0.0406

0.8258

1.0195

+ j3.633829

+j0.321415

+j5.471353

+j6.732829

1pu

1pu

Reference
KM5806

YM7601

0.008415

+ j0.049027

1pu

1pu

Reference

0.0020197

1pu

Reference

Reference

Reference

KM8639

KM8601

Zth

0.0020197

0.0406

0.8258

1.0195

+j0.321415

+j5.471353

+j6.732829

+ j0.007008

F8

0.5440 3Ph
+j3.6268

1pu
Reference
KM5806

1pu
Reference
YM7601

+ j0.049027

1pu

1pu

1pu

Reference

Reference

Reference

KM8639

KM8601

Zth

Figure
4.10 Simplification
To Thevenins
Impedance at terminals of KM5806 (F8)

Equivalent

1
1
1
1
" 1
"
"
"
"
ZTH,F8,MOM ZTH
ZYM7601
ZKM8601
ZK8639 ZTLKM5860 ZKM5806

ZTH,F8,MOM=0.010480+j0.049115 pu

Momentary symmetrical rms fault current IMOM,SYM,RMS :

IMOM,SYM,RMS

VPREFAULT
Z TH,F8,MOM

VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS

1.0
0.010480 + j0.049115

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 194

IMOM,SYM,RMS 4.2837123 - j19.755751 pu

IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.765

pu

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x IBASE 6.9kV
IMOM,SYM,RMS=20.214/-77.7650 x 836.739 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 16,914.55 A
Calculating for the Motor and System Contribution to fault

IMotor

1x836.739
228.157 81.4690 A
0.544 j3.6268

ISystem (20.214 77.765)(836.739) (228.157 81.469)

ISystem 16,686.16A
The same calculation procedure is repeated for the rest of
the medium-voltage motors using Microsoft Excel sheet developed
by the Author and the results are summarized in Table 4.5. The
results also include the fault current contributions from both System
and load.
Table 4.5 Summary of calculation for momentary threephase fault current and fault point impedance at motor
terminals of each MV motors and Power Factor Capacitor
Motor Fault
at

IMotor
(A)

ISYSTEM
(A)

PE-KM5806

228

16,687

16,914.55

0.010482 + j 0.048345

PE-YM7601

2672

14,263

16,924.59

0.009012 + j 0.04861

PE-KM8639

151

17,650

17,800.91

0.008043 + j 0.046312

PE-KM8601

123

15,935

16,057.54

0.013011 + j 0.050458

19,783.26

0.00308+j0.042183

PC001

IMOM,SYM,RMS
(A) (Total)

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Momentary Positive
Sequence Impedance

Page 195

4.2.1.3 Calculation of Momentary Three-phase Faults at LV Loads

GM1412 F13
Using the circuit simplification from F6 and calculating the
equivalent motor-cable impedance other than GM1412 will result on
the following circuit:

5.56775+j1.438211
0.040286
+j0.273285

2.325952
+j4.283648

F12
3Ph
18.823231

+j44.8172173
GM1412

Reference

Reference

Reference

Figure
4.11
Simplification
To
Thevenins
Impedance at terminals of GM1412 (F12)

Equivalent

Fault point impedance

ZTH,F13,MOM= 5.036830 + j2.010275 p.u

IMOM,SYM,RMS

VPREFAULT
Z TH,F8,MOM

VPREFAULT 1.0 pu
IMOM,SYM,RMS

1.0
5.036830 + j2.010275

IMOM,SYM,RMS 0.171257 - j0.068351 pu

IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 p.u

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

Page 196

Actual Value
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x IBASE 480V
IMOM,SYM,RMS=0.184393 x 12028.13 A
IMOM,SYM,RMS= 2217.91 A
The same calculation procedure is repeated for the rest of
the

low-voltage

critical

motors

using

Microsoft

Excel

sheet

developed by the Author and the results are summarized in Table

4.6.
Table 4.6 Three-phase Fault Current for Critical 480V Loads
Fault Point
GM1412
(F13)
GM1413
(F14)
KM5814
(F15)
GM8103A
(F16)
GM8103S
(F17)
MNDB (F18)
EMBD (F19)
YM7607
(F20)
SM8645
(F21)
GM7612
(F22)
7601M1
(F23)
KM8607
(F24)

IMOM,

Fault Point
Impedance (p.u)

IMOM, SYM,RMS (p.u)

SYM,RMS

5.03683 + j 2.01027

0.17125 - j 0.06835

2052

5.03683 + j 2.01027

0.17125 - j 0.06835

2052

1.75164 + j 1.47179

0.33463 - j 0.28117

4195

4.31435 + j 2.09191

0.18766 - j 0.09099

2315

4.31435 + j 2.09191

0.18766 - j 0.09099

2315

0.20308 + j 0.39405
0.20308 + j 0.39405

1.03337 - j 2.00513
1.03337 - j 2.00513

27132
27132

0.343 + j 0.38154

1.30307 - j 1.44947

23444

0.79707 + j 0.94461

0.52177 - j 0.61835

8498

1.70714 + j 1.78667

0.27955 - j 0.29258

4375

4.11122 + j 2.13814

0.19145 - j 0.09956

2316

6.09 + j 1.83224

0.15057 - j 0.0453

1692

Chapter 4-Short-circuit Calculation

(A)

Page 197