Pgraph Approach To Bioenergy Planning

A P-graph Approach to Bioenergy
System Planning Under

Environmental Footprint
Constraints
Kathleen B. Aviso, Ph.D.

Chemical Engineering Department, De La Salle University Manila
Exceeding the Limits

Atmospheric CO2 levels now
exceed 400 ppm
(Rockstrom et al., 2009)
Global GHG emissions continue

to grow, fuelled by economic and
demographic trends
Climate change has complex
links with other issues e.g.,
biodiversity loss, water stress,
land use
The transport sector contributes
to 13% of the global GHG
emissions in 2004 (IPCC, 2007)
54th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society
Novotel Manila, Araneta Center
November 8, 2016
Biofuels
Biofuels are being considered as
alternative fuel to reduce the generation of
GHGs
Biofuel feedstocks are typically
agricultural products which require more
land and water than their traditional
counterparts
Reliance on biofuels may strongly be
influenced by the impacts of climate
change
The environmental impact of biofuel
systems should be evaluated throughout
the supply chain
November 8, 2016
Biofuel Scenario in the Philippines

Demand for diesel is 8B liters per year in 2014
Demand for gasoline is 5B liters per year
Enactment of the Biofuels Act in 2006 aims to
reduce the countrys dependence on imported
fossil fuels and to reduce GHGs
National Biofuels Program mandates a 2%
biodiesel blend for diesel and 10% ethanol blend
for gasoline
Coconut is the main feedstock for biodiesel
production in the country
In 2013, insect damage (coco lisap) affected 50
70% of coconut farms in Batangas
November 8, 2016
Related Work

November 8, 2016
Input-Output Analysis:
Historical Perspective
Wassily Leontief received the Sveriges
Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in
Memory of Alfred Nobel 1973
"for the development of the input-output
method and for its application to important
economic problems"

November 8, 2016
S-1
Final Outputs
Resource Inputs
A Three-Sector Input-Output
System Wastes and Pollutants
S-2
S-3
System Boundary
Supply chains may be modelled similar to IO systems

November 8, 2016
P-graph Methodology
Process graph or p-graph is a graph theoretic method developed for

process network synthesis (Friedler et al., 1992, 1993)
P-graph utilizes 3 algorithms to identify the optimal network
structure
MSG maximal structure generation
SSG solution structure generation
RM1
ABB advanced branch and bound
OPERATING UNIT
RM2
P-graph is a graphical representation of

matrix calculations such as MILP
Provides near optimal solutions
November 8, 2016
8
P1
Recent applications of P-graph

Application
Authors
Vehicle maintenance scheduling
Adonyi et al. (2013)
Industrial symbiosis networks
Aviso et al., (2015a)
Allocation of in economic systems during crises
Aviso et al., (2015b)
Planning of CO2 capture and storage systems
Chong et al. (2014)
Planning of building evacuation during emergencies
Garcia-Ojeda et al. (2012)
Planning of supply chains in the Energy-Water-Food

Nexus
Heckl et al. (2015b)
Open-structure biomass networks

Renewable energy systems for cities
Lam et al. (2013)

Maier and Narodoslawsky (2014)
Biomass supply chains with consideration of

occupational safety
Operation of polygeneration plants under abnormal
conditions
th Annual Meeting
Inoperability risk
in urbanof
infrastrcuture
54allocation
the Philippine Economic Society
November 8, 2016
Ng et al. (2015)
Tan et al. (2014)
Tan et al. (2015)
Case Study
10
The case study considers the production of biodiesel and

bioethanol
Corn and sugarcane are considered as feedstock for
bioethanol production while coconut is used for
biodiesel production
Agricultural feedstock require land and water resources
Environmental impacts considered include CO2 emission,
water use and land use
There is a desired productivity level for the biofuels
There are desired limits to the environmental impact
November 8, 2016
Case Study
11
(adapted from Tan et al., 2009)

Parameters
Lower Limit
Upper Limit
Biodiesel Prodn
(in million kg)
140
700
Based on2% and 10%

projected 2008 diesel
demands
Ethanol Prodn
(in million kg)
250
500
Based on 5% and 10%

gasoline demand
Land use
(in hectares)
1,000,000
Based on 10% of total

Phil. agricultural land
area
Water footprint
(in million tons)
10,000
Carbon footprint
0
800
(in thousand
tons)
November 8, 2016
Remarks
Based on land use

footprint and annual
rainfall of 1000 mm
Based on 80% reduction
relative to emissions
avoided for 10% fuel
displacement
Case Study
(Adapted from Tan et al., 2009)
The A matrix represents the

technology matrix
Annual Meeting
of the Philippine
The B54matrix
contains
the Economic Society
environmental
interventions
November 8, 2016
th
12
Case Study
Phases in the production process

54 Annual Meeting
the Philippine
Economic Society
are represented
as ofprocess
units
th

November 8, 2016
13
Case Study

are represented as process units
54 Annual
Meeting
of theproduct
Philippine Economic Society
Material,
energy
and
streams
are represented
as nodes
November
8, 2016
th
14
Case Study

are represented as process units
Material, energy and product
streams are represented as nodes
54 Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society
Novotel Manila, Araneta
Center
Environmental
footprints
are
November 8, 2016
also represented as nodes
th
15
P-graph representation of
supply chain

November 8, 2016
16
17
Feasible Networks
Structure 1
Structure 2
Structure 3
November 8, 2016
18
Feasible Networks
Structure 4
Structure 5
Structure 6
November 8, 2016
Optimization Model
s.t.
s.t.
A technology matrix
B environmental intervention matrix
x - capacity of processes
y - flow of economic goods
yL lower
ofMeeting
y, yU
upper
limitEconomic
of y Society
54thlimit
Annual
of the
Philippine
Z environmental
Novotel Manila,impact
Araneta Center
November
ZU upper
limit 8,of2016
environmental impact
19
Optimal Network: Minimized

Environmental Impact

November 8, 2016
20
21
Biodiesel Production
Ethanol production
utilizes both sugarcane
and corn as feedstock
material
The strategies differ in
relative capacity levels of
process units
Bioethanol
Production
54th Annual
Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society
Maximize Biofuel Production

November 8, 2016
Summary of Possible Strategies

Parameters
22
Limit
Min EI
Max BD
Max BE
Biodiesel
Prodn (in
million kg)
140 - 700
140
348.43
140
Ethanol Prodn
(in million kg)
250 500
250
255.46
295.06
0 1,000,000
451,548
606,906
531,589
0 10,000
2,634
3,903.69
3016.42
Land use
(in hectares)
Water footprint
(in million tons)
Carbon
0 - 800
168.14
342.73
footprint
(in 000 tons)November 8, 2016
178.51
Conclusions and Future Work

A P-graph model for bioenergy system planning was
developed
P-graph is able to identify various pathways for
implementing a strategy
It is possible to identify a strategy which maximizes
economic production and also recognizes
environmental impact constraints and targets
Future work may focus on developing multi-objective
optimization models in P-graph, considering more
detailed supply chains and additional feedstock
alternatives and environmental impacts
November 8, 2016
23
Thank you
for comments and questions you may email at
Kathleen.aviso@dlsu.edu.ph
Further Reading
25
Aviso, K.B. (2013) Design of robust water exchange networks for ecoindustrial symbiosis. Process Safety and Environmental Protection (in
press, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2012.12.001).
Aviso, K. B., Tan, R. R., Culaba, A. B, Foo, D. C. Y. and Hallale, N. (2011)
Fuzzy optimization of topologically constrained eco-industrial resource
conservation networks with incomplete information. Engineering
Optimization, 43: 257 279.
Aviso, K. B., Tan, R. R. and Culaba, A. B. (2010) Designing Eco-Industrial
Water Exchange Networks Using Fuzzy Mathematical Programming. Clean
Technologies and Environmental Policy, 12, 353 362.
Aviso, K. B., Tan, R. R., Culaba, A. B. and Cruz, J. B. (2010) Bi-Level
Fuzzy Optimization Approach for Water Exchange in Eco-Industrial Parks.
Process Safety and Environmental Protection 88: 31 40.
November 8, 2016

Pgraph Approach To Bioenergy Planning

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A P-graph Approach to Bioenergy

System Planning Under

Kathleen B. Aviso, Ph.D.

Exceeding the Limits

(Rockstrom et al., 2009)

Global GHG emissions continue

Biofuel Scenario in the Philippines

54th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society

54th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society

Supply chains may be modelled similar to IO systems

Process graph or p-graph is a graph theoretic method developed for

P-graph is a graphical representation of

Recent applications of P-graph

Vehicle maintenance scheduling

Adonyi et al. (2013)

Industrial symbiosis networks

Aviso et al., (2015a)

Allocation of in economic systems during crises

Aviso et al., (2015b)

Planning of CO2 capture and storage systems

Chong et al. (2014)

Planning of building evacuation during emergencies

Garcia-Ojeda et al. (2012)

Planning of supply chains in the Energy-Water-Food

Heckl et al. (2015b)

Open-structure biomass networks

Lam et al. (2013)

Biomass supply chains with consideration of

The case study considers the production of biodiesel and

(adapted from Tan et al., 2009)

Based on2% and 10%

Based on 5% and 10%

Based on 10% of total

Based on land use

(Adapted from Tan et al., 2009)

The A matrix represents the

(Adapted from Tan et al., 2009)

Phases in the production process

Novotel Manila, Araneta Center

(Adapted from Tan et al., 2009)

Phases in the production process

(Adapted from Tan et al., 2009)

Phases in the production process

54th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society

Optimal Network: Minimized

54th Annual Meeting of the Philippine Economic Society

Maximize Biofuel Production

Summary of Possible Strategies

Conclusions and Future Work

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