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Dr. S. Hariharan
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
Department of Communication Engineering
School of Electronics Engineering
VIT University
Vellore
Outline
Satellite subsystems
Communication subsystem
Satellite transponders
Examples
Satellite launch
Two categories of satellite launches
o Launch vehicle is used to place satellite in one of the transfer LEO orbits
o Satellite is maneuvered from a transfer orbit into the final orbit
Due to Earth rotation the launch is easiest from equator
o Velocity boost from Earth rotation ~ 0.47km/sec
o LEO orbits require velocities ~ 7.5km/sec
o Launching from equator ~ 6% fuel savings
Launches from sites that are not on the equator place satellites in inclined orbits
o If the satellite is to be placed in GEO stationary orbit, the correction of the orbit inclination needs to be performed
Dr. S. Hariharan, SENSE, VIT.
Launch Vehicles
Reusable launch vehicles (RLV) are designed to be recovered intact and used again for
subsequent launches.
Expendable launch vehicles (ELV) are designed to be used Space Shuttle (NASA) - Reusable
only once and their components are not recovered after
launch.
Launch capacity
Heavy lift launch vehicles (HLLV) - GTO = 10T, LEO=5T
Large launch vehicles (LLV) GTO=5T, LEO 2-5T
Medium launch vehicles (MLV) - GTO= 2-5T, LEO= 1 - 2T
Small launch vehicles (SLV)- GTO= 2T, LEO = 1 T
Common expendable launch vehicles
o Ariane (Europe)
o Atlas (USA)
o Delta (USA)
o GSLV (India)
o PSLV (India)
o Long March (China)
o Proton (Russia)
Dr. S. Hariharan, SENSE, VIT.
Case 1
Case 2
Case 1: Launch vehicle puts the satellite into an elliptical transfer orbit
o The orbit has high eccentricity with apogee at the geostationary (or geosynchronous) orbit
o When the satellite passes through apogee, additional velocity is given to the satellite by Apogee Kick Motor (AKM) and
the satellite changes orbits
o If the orbit is not GEO stationary, additional adjustments are required to correct for the orbit inclination
Case 2: Lunch vehicle put the satellite into circular LEO orbit
Launch Sequence
35,786 km
V = 3.0727 km/s
GEO
Vp
LEO
Requirement
= 10.169 /
= 1.606 /
2. Circularize orbit
Requirement
V = 3.0727 km/s for GEO
Change = 3.0727 1.606 =
1.4667 /
3. Burn at to increase to 3.0727 / for
circular orbit at GEO
Launch Sequence
Launch Vehicles
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Incremental velocity
Velocity at parking orbit
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Incremental velocity
Velocity at apogee of GTO
Velocity at GSO
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Satellite Subsystem
Satellite Bus is the platform that supports payload operation reliably throughout
mission life
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Propulsion system
To provide proper thrust to satellite to maintain its attitude and orbit
Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TTC) system
To provide status and health of subsystems to ground monitoring station,
To accept command from ground control and to execute them in order to meet the
performance requirement of the subsystems.
To support ground stations to track the satellite.
Power system
To Provide primary and secondary DC power to subsystem electronics
Thermal system
To maintain temperature of different systems in Bus and Payload within their operating
range
Structure system
To provide mechanical and structural support to the satellite during orbit raising and
normal operational period
Dr. S. Hariharan, SENSE, VIT.
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