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Research activities in the scope of Danube Bioenergy Nexus

Conference Paper February 2015

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18

6 authors, including:
Jean Francois Dallemand

Fabio Monforti

European Commission

European Commission

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Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

EMHIRES: European Meteorological-derived HIgh resolution RES dataset View project

Available from: Hrvoje Medarac

Retrieved on: 13 November 2016

Research activities in the scope of

Danube Bioenergy Nexus
Medarac Hrvoje, Dallemand Jean Franois, Monforti- Ferrario Fabio,
Scarlat Nicolae, Motola Vincenzo, Bdis Katalin

www.jrc.ec.europa.eu

5th Workshop on
Energy Planning and
Modelling of Energy Systems
(EP&MES):
Regional Biomass Market
Belgrade, February 19th-20th 2015

JRC- Who we are?

Joint Research Centre
- part of the European Commission,
- provides customer driven
scientific and technical support for
the conception, development,
implementation and monitoring of
European Union policies.
Institute for Energy and Transport
- 1 of 7 scientific institutes of the
JRC.

7 April 2015

Legal framework for RES in EU

The usage of renewable energy sources in European Union is
regulated by Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use
of energy from renewable sources
Targets:
20% for the overall share of energy from renewable sources
10% for energy from renewable sources in transport

Member States prepare

National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAP)
biannual Progress Reports
Both NREAPs and Progress Reports are assessed by JRC
7 April 2015

EU Energy Targets for 2030

European Council Conclusions on 2030 Climate and Energy Policy
Framework:

a binding EU target of an at least 40% domestic reduction in

greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990;
an indicative target at the EU level of at least 27% is set for
improving energy efficiency in 2030 compared to projections of
future energy consumption based on the current criteria;
An EU target of at least 27% is set for the share of renewable
energy consumed in the EU in 2030. This target will be binding at
EU level.
7 April 2015

Overall RES share in the European Union

According to Progress Reports RES in EU are on good track of
reaching the overall RES target for 2020
RES contribution
25

Growth to
2020 target,
3,523 PJ

20

2012 RES total

6,732 PJ

15
10

Installed RES capacity

Growth to
2020 target,
164 GW

0
2005 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
NREAP trajectory

Current trajectory

RES min trajectory

2012 RES total

312 GW

Reaching targets for 2012 in different sectors

RES Heating/Cooling
target 13.7%
reached (15.8%)

35
30

RES Electricity
target 22.2%
reached (23.4%)

25

20

RES Transport
target 6.1%
reached (6.0%)

Overall RES
target 12.9%
reached (14.1%)

7 April 2015

15
10
5
0
2005

2011p

RES H/C

2011a

2012p

RES E

2012a
RES T

2015

2020
RES

RES heating/ cooling by 2012 in EU

Most of RES heating/cooling
comes from biomass
5

Almost 75% of biomass

energy for heating comes
from solid biomass

EJ

0
2005

2011p

Geothermal

2011a
Solar

2012p
Biomass

2012a
Heat pumps

2015

2020
RES H/C

Source: Jaeger-Waldau, A., Monforti Ferrario, F., Banja, M.,

Lacal Arantegui, R.: Renewable Energy Snapshots 2013

7 April 2015

RES transport by 2012 in EU

Most of RES in transport
comes from biofuels
(5.4% of energy
consumed in transport)

1.50
1.25
1.00
0.75
EJ

Biodiesel has the highest

share with 372 PJ

0.50

Bioethanol follows with 92PJ

Electric vehicles are expected
to increase in following
years according to
NREAPs
7 April 2015

0.25
0.00
2005
Bioethanol

2011p

2011a

Biodiesel

2012p
Electricity

2012a
Other

2015

2020

RES T

RES electricity by 2012 in EU

Wind and Biomass are

increasing significantly

1200
1000
800

TWh

Hydro energy
- still plays major role
with the share of more
than 45% of all RES E
- expected to stay on
similar level

600
400
200
0
2005
Hydropower

7 April 2015

2011p
geothermal

2011a

2012p

2012a

2015

Solar

Marine

Wind

Biomass

2020
RES E

Bioenergy in electricity sector is increasing

Total installed capacity of electricity power plants possible to be fed
with raw material of renewable origin (including municipal solid
waste) reached 31.3 GW in 2011 and is still increasing.

6 GW installed capacitiy
from plants which use
Municipal solid waste
as fuel

Source: Jaeger-Waldau, A., Monforti Ferrario, F., Banja, M., Lacal Arantegui, R.:
Renewable Energy Snapshots 2013

7 April 2015

10

Waste incineration capacities in EU

Some older MS like FR, DE, IT,
SE, UK, DK, BE, NL, or AT
have larger incineration
capacities.

Source: Medarac H., Scarlat N., MonfortiFerrario F., Bdis K.: Report on the
impact of R1 climate correction
factor on the Waste-to-Energy
(WtE) plants based on data
provided by Member States

New MS and some older MS are

still at the beginning of the
usage of energy from waste
having either incineration
capacities less than 100 kg/year
per capita like CZ, HU, LT, SI or
SK either not having capacities
at all like BG, CY, EL, HR, LV, MT,
PL or RO.
Present energy use:
Colder climate: Heat and cogeneration plants for district
heating systems and industry
Warmer climate: Electricity plants
7 April 2015

11
*The

designation of borders is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with

UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence

Electricity from bioenergy is becoming

more competitive
Conventional
technologies

LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY (LCOE) IN $/MWh AT GLOBAL LEVEL

LCOE 52-140 $/MWh

Incineration technologies
Biomass

LCOE 55-217 $/MWh

Central scenario 120 $/MWh

LCOE 48-128 $/MWh

Central scenario 112 $/MWh

Waste

Biogas technologies
Biogas

LCOE 27-210 $/MWh

Central scenario 140 $/MWh

LCOE 35-105 $/MWh

Central scenario 70 $/MWh

Landfill gas

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance: H1 2014 Clean Energy Policy & Market Briefing

7 April 2015

12

JRC Scientific support to Danube region

strategy
Four thematic clusters:
Danube Water Nexus (DWN)
Danube Land and Soil Nexus (DLSN)
Danube Air Nexus (DAN)
Danube Bio-energy Nexus (DBN)
Three horizontal activities:
Danube Reference Data and Service Infrastructure (DRDSI)
Smart Specialisation
Danube Innovation Partnership (DIP)
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/research/crosscutting-activities/danube-strategy
7 April 2015

13

Danube Bioenergy Nexus

Initiative aims at bringing together experts in Bioenergy from the whole area

specific attention will be paid to associating

National institutions (including research institutions)

International partners (including the International Energy Agency
Bioenergy Task 43 on Biomass feedstock for energy markets)
EU Initiatives such as the JRC Enlargement/Integration/ Neighbourhood Programme or Horizon
2020

Annual forum for EU strategy on Danube region, Vienna 2014

http://www.danubeforumvienna.eu/page.php
JRC-SECB-UABIO Expert Consultation held in Kiev, Ukraine 2014

Use of Agricultural Residues for Bioenergy

http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/remea/events/use-agricultural-residues-bioenergyworkshop
One bioenergy workshop in preparation in Germany, Baden Wrttemberg, October
2015
7 April 2015

14

Danube Bioenergy Nexussome network partners

Germany (Bavaria):

Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture

and Forestry

Austria:

Natural Forest Centre;

Hungary:

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade- Danube

region strategy- Energy

Croatia:

University of Zagreb (Faculty of Mechanical

Engineering and Naval Architecture) and
Energy Institute Hrvoje Poar (EIHP);

Serbia:

University of Natural Resources and Life

Sciences (BOKU)

Slovakia:

Forest Research and Management Institute;

Ukraine:

Scientific Engineering Centre Biomass (SECB)

and Bioenergy Association of Ukraine
(UABIO);

Italy:

Central European Initiative

Albania:

Agricultural University of Tirana (Faculty of

Agriculture and Environment);

The former Yugoslav Republic of

Macedonia:

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje

(Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food);

Moldova:

University of Novi Sad (Faculty of Technical

Sciences) and University of Belgrade (Faculty
of Agriculture);

7 April 2015

Romania:

Institute of Power Engineering of the Academy

of Sciences of Moldova;

Others

15

Bioenergy deployment in Danube Region

9 EU Member States

AT, BG, HR, CZ, DE, HU, RO, SK

and SI

7 non-EU countries

UA, MD, RS, BA, AL, ME and MK*

Sectors

- Heating/Cooling
- Electricity
- Transport

Biomass supply
- Forest
- Agriculture
- Waste

7 April 2015

*'MK'

is a provisional code which does not prejudge in any

way the definitive nomenclature for this country, which will
be agreed following the conclusion of negotiations currently
taking place on this subject at the United Nations.

16

Bioenergy use in Danube countries

Total Bioenergy [PJ] 2010

Total Bioenergy [PJ] 2020

2010

2010
0 - 20

0 - 20

20 - 40

20 - 40

40 - 100

40 - 100

100 - 150

100 - 150

150 - 200

150 - 200

200 - 900

200 - 900

Authors: Banja, M., Motola, V.,

Scarlat, N.

Total use of bioenergy in Danube

countries is expected to increase
from 2010 to 2020
In 2020 bioenergy is expected to
cover 57.8% of total RES in EU
Danube Countries
7 April 2015

17

Some published papers on bioenergy

Sectorial analysis of bioenergy development

RES and bioenergy targets and perspectives
Assessing biomass demand vs. potential
Addressing sustainability

7 April 2015

18

Research activitiesenergy potential of straw

Authors: Scarlat, N., Bdis, K. Monforti-Ferrario, F., European Commission, DG JRC, IET,
REMEA. Presented at Annual forum for EU strategy on Danube region, Vienna 2014

Spatial data on crops production

(wheat, barley, oat, rye, maize,
rapeseed, rice and sunflower)1km resolution

Calculation of available straw

(1km resolution)

Analysis of potentials
on country level
- Straw production, collection,
available for energy use and
Energy potential

7 April 2015

19
*The

designation of borders is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with

UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence

R&D activitiesallocation of biomass plants using straw

Straw production

Sustainability of
residues collection

Straw available for energy Suitability map for

power plants

Optimized allocation

Source: Monforti, F., Bdis, K., Scarlat, N., Dallemand, J.-F., 2013, The possible contribution of agricultural
crop residues to renewable energy targets in Europe: A spatially explicit study, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 19, pp. 666-677. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.060

Actual crop
production

Environmental
constraints like
organic matter
content
- sustainable
removal rates

Competitive use :
Straw available for
energy production

Suitable locations
for power plants

808 plants
100 kt/year
(81.7% straw
used)

7 April 2015

20
*The

designation of borders is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with

UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence

Research activities- Estimation of Above Ground

Biomass increment from MODIS NPP/GPP data

Input data from MODIS

(Net Primary Production/
Gross Primary Production):
above ground biomass increment

Elevation model and slope

gradient map, soil organic carbon
content, forest protected areas,
roads and forest management
mask

Forest biomass potential

for energy usage

7 April 2015

21
*The

designation of borders is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with

UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence

R&D activitiesBiogas Potential from Cattle Manure

Input data on spatial

distribution of cattle, pigs
and poultry (FAO)

7 April 2015

22
*The

designation of borders is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with

UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence

R&D activitiesLivestock data collection- Hungarian case

7 April 2015

Data source: VKKI, Hungary.

Map: European Commission, DG JRC, IET, REMEA, 2014

23

R&D activitiesLandfill gas potential- Croatian case

Authors: Medarac, H., Scarlat, N., MonfortiFerrario, F. Bdis, K., Krsti, A.

Data on accumulated waste for

all landfill sites
301 sites (136 active, 94 closed,
waste removed from the rest)
7 April 2015

Potential of Electricity generation:

Assumptions:
all landfill sites closed in 2018, 75%
recovery of CH4, annual operation
8000h, electricity generation efficiency
35%

88 plants identified
Total installed power 19,5 MW

24

R&D activitiesWaste incineration potentials- Croatian case

Authors: Medarac, H., Scarlat, N.,
Monforti- Ferrario, F.
Bdis, K., Krsti, A.

Average annual
disposal:
2.000.000 t
EU average plant:
200.000 t
7 April 2015

Best EU Waste management

mix - 50% to be incinerated
13 Waste management
centres, 3 cement industries
and 1 waste incinerator near
Zagreb

Share of alternative
fuels in cement
industries:
EU average: 29%
DE and AT: 50%
EU best 83%

Case 1: priority to
cement industry50% (364 kt)
CHP Zagreb 465 kt
EO Zadar 172 kt

Case 2: priority
to WtE plants- cement
industry <= 29% (209kt)
CHP Zagreb 405 kt,
CHP Osijek 153 kt,
CHP/EO Rijeka 177 kt,
EO Split 280 kt

25

Bioenergy Scientific /
Technical Networking
Use of agricultural residues for bioenergy
SECB, UABIO, Kiev, Ukraine, 2014
Cereals straw and agricultural residues for bioenergy in New
Member States and Candidate Countries, 2007, - Novi Sad.
Sustainable Bioenergy Cropping Systems for the
Mediterranean, Madrid 2006 - JRC, EEA, CENER, CIEMAT.
Cereal straw resources for bioenergy in the European Union,
2006, Pamplona, - CENER.
Extending RES sustainability criteria to solid and gaseous biomass
The Hague, Uppsala, Toronto, 2012 - JRC, IEA, INAS, NL Agency
The effects of increased demand for biofuel feedstocks on the
world agricultural markets and areas, Ispra, 2010.
Review and inter-comparison of modelling land use change
effects of bioenergy, OECD/EEA, Paris, 2009.
Direct and indirect impact of biofuel policies on tropical Biomass resource assessment for biofuels/bioenergy
deforestation in Malaysia, MPOC, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2008. and competition with other biomass uses, Eberswalde
University/EEA, Eberswalde, Germany, 2009.
Agro-environmental impact of biofuels and bioenergy
(EUROCLIMA), UNICAMP/CTBE Campinas, Brazil, 2011.
Greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels and bioenergy
(EUROCLIMA), INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2011.

SRF, SRC and Energy Grass in the European Union: Agroenvironmental component, present use and
perspectives, 2007, Harpenden -EEA, Rothamsted.
EU Forest-based biomass for energy: cost supply
relations and constraints, Metla/EFI, 2007, Joensuu

Dr Hrvoje Medarac
European Commission- Joint Research Centre
Institute for Energy and Transport (IET)
Renewables and Energy Efficiency Unit
Via Enrico Fermi 2749
I - 21027 Ispra (VA) Italia
Tel: +39 0332 78 6352
E-mail: hrvoje.medarac@ec.europa.eu
www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/remea/

Thank you on your

attention!
7 April 2015

27