Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Chapter 14
Nonlinear Materials
14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
14.2
Step-by-Step: Belleville Washer
14.3
Step-by-Step: Planar Seal
14.4
Review

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1
Basics of Nonlinear Materials
Key Concepts

Elasticity
Linear Elasticity
Hyperelasticity

Plasticity

Plasticity

Linear versus Nonlinear Materials

Yield Criteria
Hardening Rules
Plasticity Models

Hyperelasticity

Required Test Data

Strain Energy Functions
Hyperelasticity Models

Linear/Nonlinear Materials

When the stress-stain relation of a

material is linear, it is called a linear

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Stress (Force/Area)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

material, otherwise the material is

called a nonlinear material.

For a linear material, the stress-strain

relation is expressed by Hooke's law,
in which two independent material
parameters are needed to
completely define the material.

Orthotropic elasticity is also available

in <Workbench>.

Strain (Dimensionless)

Elastic/Plastic Materials

If the strain is totally recovered after

release of the stress, the behavior is

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Stress (Force/Area)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

called elasticity.

Strain (Dimensionless)

On the other hand, if the strain is not

totally recoverable (i.e., there is no
residual strain after release of the
stress), the behavior is called plasticity
and the residual strain is called the

Stress (Force/Area)

[1] Elastic
material.

[2] Plastic
material.

plastic strain.
Strain (Dimensionless)
[3] Plastic strain.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

The term hysteresis is used for the energy

Stress

Hysteresis

loss in a material during stressing and

unstressing.
Most of materials have more-or-less hysteresis

Strain

behavior. However, as long as it is small

enough, we may neglect the hysteresis
behavior.
Stress

Strain

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Hyperelasticity
Nonlinear non-hysteresis elasticity are characterized
by that the stressing curve and the unstressing curve
are coincident: the energy is conserved in the cycles.

Challenge of implementing nonlinear elastic material

models comes from that the strain may be as large
as 100% or even 200%, such as rubber under
stretching or compression.

Additional consideration is that, under such large

strains, the stretching and compression behaviors
may not be described by the same parameters.

This kind of super-large deformation elasticity is

given a special name: hyperelasticity.

Hyperelastic
material.
Stress (Force/Area)

Strain (Dimensionless)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

PLASTICITY

Plasticity behavior typically occurs in ductile

metals subject to large deformation. Plastic strain
results from slips between planes of atoms due to

[1] Idealized
stress-strain
curve.

Stress (Force/Area)

Idealized Stress-Strain Curve

[2] Initial yield

point (or
elastic limit).

shear stresses. This dislocation deformation is a

rearrangement of atoms in the crystal structure.

Strain (Dimensionless)

A stress-strain curve is not sufficient to fully

define a plasticity behavior. There are two
additional characteristics that must be described: a
yield criterion and a hardening rule.

[3] The stressstrain relation is

assumed linear
before Yield
point, and the
initial slope is the
Young's modulus.

[4] When the

stress is released,
the strain
decreases with a
slope equal to the
Young's modulus.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Yield Criteria

<Workbench> uses von Mises criterion as the yield criterion, that is, a stress
state reaches yield state when the von Mises stress e is equal to the current
uniaxial yield strength y , or

) (

) (

2
2
2
1
1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 = y

The yielding initially occurs when y = y , and the "current" uniaxial yield
strength y may change subsequently.

If the stress state is inside the cylinder, no yielding occurs. If the stress state is on
the surface, yielding occurs. No stress state can exist outside the yield surface.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

This is a von Mises yield surface, which

is a cylindrical surface aligned with the
axis 1 = 2 = 3 and with a radius of
2 y , where y is the current yield
strength.

1 = 2 = 3

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Hardening Rules

If the stress state is on the yield surface and the stress state continues to "push" the
yield surface outward, the size (radius) or the location of the yield surface will
change. The rule that describes how the yield surface changes its size or location is
called a hardening rule.

Kinematic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface outward, the yield surface will change its location, according to the "push
direction," but preserve the size of the yield surface.

Isotropic hardening assumes that, when a stress state continues to "push" a yield
surface, the yield surface will expand its size, but preserve the axis of the yield
surface.

10

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

[1] Kinematic hardening

assumes that the difference
between tensile yield
strength and the
compressive yield strength
remains a constant of 2 y .

11

[2] Isotropic hardening

assumes that the tensile
yield strength and the
compressive yield strength
remain equal in
magnitude.

2 y

Stress

Strain

Stress

Strain

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

Plasticity Models in Workbench

[2] To complete a
description of plasticity
model, you must include its
linear elastic properties.

[1] Currently,
<Workbench>
provides six
plasticity models.

12

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

HYPERELASTICITY
Test Data Needed for Hyperelasticity

In plasticity or linear elasticity, we use a stress-strain curve to describe its

behavior, and the stress-strain curve is usually obtained by a tensile test. Since only
tension behavior is investigated, other behaviors (compressive, shearing, and
volumetric) must be drawn from the tensile test data.

When the strain is large, all the moduli (tensile, compressive, shear, and bulk) can
not assume simple relations.

Therefore, to describe hyperelasticity behavior, we need following test data: (a) a

set of uniaxial tensile test data, (b) a set of uniaxial compressive test data, (c) a set
of shear test data, and (d) a set of volumetric test data if the material is
compressible.

13

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

It is possible that a set of test data is obtained by superposing two sets of other test
data. For example, the set of uniaxial compressive test data can be obtained by adding a
set of hydrostatic compressive test data to a set of equibiaxial tensile test data.

[1] Uniaxial
compressive test.

[2] Equibiaxial
tensile test.

[3] Hydrostatic
compressive test.

14

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

300
[2]
Equibiaxial test
data.

Stress (psi)

240

180

[3] Shear test

data.

120
[1] Uniaxial
test data.
60

0.2

0.5

Strain (Dimensionless)

0.7

15

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Hyperelasticity
Models in
Workbench

Section 14.1 Basics of Nonlinear Materials

16

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

Section 14.2
Belleville Washer
Stress-strain
curve of the
steel in this case.

Problem Description

Stress (MPa)

280

270

260

250

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

Plastic Strain (Dimensionless)

17

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

40 mm

We will compress the Belleville

spring by 1.0 mm and then
release it completely.

A force-displacement curve will

also be plotted.

We will examine the residual

stress after the spring is
completely released.

The Belleville washer is

made of steel, with
thickness of 1.0 mm.

22 mm

18

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

Force-versus-Displacement Curve
80

Compressive Force (N)

60
40
20
0
-20

[3] Let's explore the

residual stress at this
point when the external
force is completely
released.

-40
-60
-80

[1] The curve is

quite different
between loading
and unloading.

0.2

0.4

0.6

Displacement (mm)
[2] There is no practice use of this
section. It is the force required to pull
the spring back to its original position.

0.8

1.0

19

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.2 Belleville Washer

20

Residual Stress
[1] Residual
equivalent stress.

[2] Residual hoop stress. Note

that the top surface is
dominated by tension, while
the bottom surface is
dominated by compression.

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

21

Section 14.3
Planar Seal
Problem Description

200
[2] Biaxial
test.

The seal is used in the door of a

refrigerator. The seal is a long
strip, and we will model it as a
plane strain problem.

Stress (psi)

160
120

[3] Shear test.

80
[1] Uniaxial
test.

40
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Engineering Strain (Dimensionless)

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

[4] The upper

plate is displaced
0.85" downward.

1.100
.800

[2] Steel
plate.

R.200

.133

[1] Rubber
seal.

R.150
.867

R.150

R.050

.133

[3] Steel
plate.

Unit: in.
.333

.500

R.200

R.050

22

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Results

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

23

Chapter 14 Nonlinear Materials

Section 14.3 Planar Seal

A force-versusdisplacement curve. Note

that the force unit should
be read lbf/in instead of lbf.

24