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Prashant P. Bagga
Dhruv Dakoria

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

reproduced, transmitted or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without
prior written permission of the publisher.

Copyright 2016 Two Technocrats

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Product Description
The ebook provides an insight about two technologies that
are remarkably going to change the way we live and imagine
our world to be. In the recent time, we have seen great leaps
in digital technology. Smartphones, cloud computing, multitouch tablets, these are all innovations that revolutionized the
way we live and work. However, believe it or not, we are just
getting started. Technology will get even better. In the future,
we could live like how people in science fiction movies did.
May be Floating farms, brain wave passwords, and coffeepowered cars are awaiting as incredible inventions and
innovations that will shape our future.
Here we are going to discuss about the two most
controversial future technologies:
Nanotechnology (the latest branch of technology that deals
with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers,
especially the manipulation of individual atoms and
molecules)
Artificial Intelligence (the theory and development of
computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require
human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech
recognition, decision-making, and translation between
languages)
There have been many concerns raised by different field
experts regarding the destruction these technologies can

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cause to humanity if used negatively. On the other hand, the

technologies if used positively can take humanity to a very
different level, where basically things previously perceived
unimaginable could possibly turn into a reality to be
cherished. This book is an effort to gather some very
important and latest cutting-edge discoveries in the field of
two technologies. Our literature is inspired by a lot of
research papers and experts in the field, as mentioned in
the references. We acknowledge the indirect help as well
as motivation by all of them, to get our book to our
audiences.

Thank you..!

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Table of Contents

Cover Page
Product Description
Title Page
Introduction to Nanotechnology
The Term Nanotechnology
Changes in Perception
Research Interest in Nanotechnology
Insight
Graphene
Quantum Mechanics
Nano-Applications
o Nano-Ink Tattoo
o Nanosilver Particle
o Nanowire Battery
o Fuel for Next-Gen Green Cars
o Nanofibre coating for Prosthetics
o Nanowire Solar Cells
o Nanorods Water Harvesting
o Nanomedicine
Trends in Nanotechnology
o Higher Strength Composites
o Scalability of Production
o More Commercialization
o Sustainability

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Final Thoughts
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence(AI) meaning
Artificial Intelligence(AI) Categories
o Weak AI
o Strong AI
o Singularity
Applications
o Deep mind
o Artificial Neural Network (ANS)
o Vision Systems
o Speech Recognition
o Handwriting Recognition
o Intelligent Robots
o Search Techniques
o Purchase Prediction
o Fraud Detection
o Online Customer Support
o News Generation
o Security Surveillance
Timeline: 15 Key moments in the story of AI
o 1943: World War 2 triggers fresh thinking
o 1950: A Science fiction directs the conversation
o 1956: A top-down approach
o 1968: 2001: A Space Odyssey - imagining where
AI could lead
o 1969: Tough problems to crack
o 1973: The AI winter

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o 1981: A solution for big business

o 1990: Back to nature for bottom-up inspiration
o 1997: Man vs Machine: Fight of the 20th
Century
o 2002: The first robot for the home
o 2005: War machines
o 2008: Starting to crack the big problems
o 2010: Dance bots
o 2011: Man vs Machine: Fight of the 21st
Century
o 2014: Are machines intelligent now?
o 2016: The Rise of Artificial Intelligence
Things you need to know
o AI can trace its roots far back
o Alan Turing was a huge influence on AI
o Formal AI research started in the 1950s
o Natural language processing is key to AI
o Autonomous vehicles need AI
o Investors are funding new AI companies
o Big tech companies are betting on AI
o AI-powered robots can think together
o Some robots can socialize
o AI is polarizing
Final thoughts
References

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10-9
The Power of Negative Nine...

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Theres Plenty of Room at the Bottom

Avowed Atheist as this man called himself back in his teen
age, who later, went on to be ranked as one of the ten greatest
physicists of all time, by the British Journal Physics World.
In his famous speech, in 1959, he talked about the problem of
manipulating and controlling things at a small scale. Not only
he spell-bounded the masses with his idea, but also left them
in a state of perplexity with this one weird question, Why
cannot we write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopedia
Britannica on the head of a pin?

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Thus, Richard Feynman fanned the flames of nanotechnology

first, without naming it as such. Maybe he just wanted to
introduce the concept, provoke his people rather than
emanating the exact number he wishes to work on.

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The Term Nanotechnology

Beginning with the most basic and pre-known fact, the term
nano in Greek denotes dwarf. The prefix nano in scientific
notation means a factor of one billionth (10-9) and is denoted
as nanometer (nm). Now coming to realistic terms, I want
you to know how small we are talking about. For instance, I
think everyone cut their fingernails once in around 10 days. I
assume; its perfectly ok if you are waiting for the next
Halloween. So after 10 days, your fingernails grow maximum
up to 1 cm, if you are not a superhuman. Now, heres the
catch. A nanometer is simply the growth of your fingernails
in one second. Hm so take a minute and ponder upon what
you just read. Now we are talking!

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Often seen together with the term Nanotechnology is

Nanoscience. Nanoscience is the study of phenomena and
manipulation of material at the nanoscale. Then there is
Nanotechnology, which is the design, characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems
by controlling shape and size at the nanoscale.

What we know as nanotechnology today is not an industry,

nor it is a single technology with a monopoly to rule out
others. It is a blend of fields such as physics, biology, or
chemistry, and combination of them that work together for
the controlled manufacture of nanostructures. The
conventional device physics will go obsolete with the arising
new approaches of molecular self-assemblers, of which I will
be talking on later.

In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the ability to

construct items from the bottom up (bottom to top designing),
using techniques and tools being developed today to make
high performance products. Top to bottom is what we use in
the present technologies. It refers to simply shaping, shearing
cutting, trimming, fragmenting and so on of our resources to
build our consumer products such as electronics, furniture,
etc.

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By convention, nanotechnology is taken in the scale range of

1 to 100 nm, as per the definition used by the National
Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) of the US. The lower limit
is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has the smallest atoms,
which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since
nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and
molecules. The upper limit is more or less arbitrary, but is
around the size below which, phenomena not observed in
larger structures starts to become apparent. This is the range
of the working of our nano device, which is pretty small.

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Changes in Perception
Biologically speaking, we all know that nanoscale assemblies
have been around us since the onset of life. Now what I mean
with assemblies is the viruses, to the quaternary structures of
protein to lipid membranes and many more. I know what you
are thinking, why I didnt say bacteria, which obviously,
everyone has heard from their primary school. So, the reason
is because it is a MICRO-ORGANISM and nanotechnology
is not at all what you already know. Its the undiscovered
existence of the unseen.

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We all know that our ancestors are always smarter, in a way

that, we always try to say that they have been using this or
producing this even in ancient times. Yes, the ancient art and
culture signifies the production of colloidal gold and silver
nanoparticles. For example, the Lycurgus Cup, which is a
4th-century Roman glass cage cup made of a dichroic glass
and is a masterpiece made using nanotechnology.

This magnificent glass shows a different colour depending on

whether or not light is passing through it. When it is lit from
behind, the colour of the glass turns red, and green, when lit
from in the front. It is the only complete Roman glass object
made from this type of glass, and the one exhibiting the most
impressive change in colour. It is thus described as the most
spectacular glass of the Roman period. When physics came
into picture, the word quantum blew up all minds.

A quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity

involved in an interaction. For example, a single photon
(packet of energy) is a quantum of visible light as well as a
quantum of all other forms of electromagnetic radiation, and
can be referred to as a "light quantum". We say the energy is
quantized, or energy can take up only certain discrete values,
because each of this single quantum gives out their energy

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during any interaction. Thus, the total energy dissipated

during any interaction of these entities, is divisible by the
total number of these entities. Working on this, physicists
came up with the theory of Quantum Mechanics, which we
will explain later on briefly.

Richard Feynman, Norio Taniguchi and Eric Drexler are

referred to as the Fathers of Modern Nanotechnology.
Richard Feynman came up with the idea of successive
miniaturization to achieve atomic level precision as well as
the bottom to top design. Norio Taniguchi proposed the idea
of ultrafine machining in material processing and Eric
Drexler explained the concept of molecular assemblers on
which our modern assemblers are based. We will be talking
about each of them to know how this technology improvised
with each following decade.

I think I am providing with some knowledge which was

never known before. The reason I am saying this is because, a
few days back I happened to read this survey. According to
this survey undertaken, despite the increasing usage of
nanotechnology in the present world, there is no real growth
in public awareness. In 2012, around 83-84% of the US
population had little to no knowledge of nanotechnology and
its applications. Ever since its introduction, nanotechnology
shot up in media only in the year 2000 but is still very low. I

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hope by the end of this book you are decreasing this number
by a significant factor.

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Research Interest in Nanotechnology

The NNI (National Nanotechnology Initiative) is a U.S.
Government research and development (R&D) initiative
involving 20 departments and independent agencies. This
team is working together towards the shared vision of "a
future in which the ability to understand and control matter at
the nanoscale leads to a revolution in technology and industry
that benefits society." The NNI brings together the expertise
needed to advance this broad and complex field. The budget
of NNI grows from around 0.5 billion USD in 2001 to 1.45
billion USD in 2017. So there lies immense potential of
research, development and growth in this field.

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Insight
With the rigorous research going on in this field, the interest
for commercialising these Nano-enabled products is
increasing with leaps and bounds since last two decades.
Today, we have nanomaterials such as nanoparticles,
nanotubes, fullerenes, quantum dots; then we have Nanointermediates such as coatings, fabrics, memory and logic
chips, superconducting materials; and lastly we have Nanoenabled products such as cars, clothing, electronic devices,
pharmaceutical devices, processed food and so on. This is
called the Value Chain.

Nanotechnology scientists work at the atomic scale to modify

the properties of the material as a whole. For instance, how to
allow tennis balls to last longer in air, golf balls to fly
straighter, and even bowling balls to become more durable
and have a harder surface. Nanofabric made clothing can
make you feel cooler in summer and warmer in winter.
Bandages and other first aid creams are infused with silver
nanoparticles to heal cuts rapidly. Silver nanoparticles were
discovered to have antibacterial properties and hence find
application in the pharmaceutical industry. Cars are being
manufactured with nanomaterials such as CNT (Carbon
NanoTube) composites because of their high tensile strength

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and elastic modulus. Diesel engines are being developed with

cleaner exhaust fumes with the use of Platinum as catalyst.

Creating nanoparticles that dont merge easily remains the

foremost aim of the people working on it. Let us first
understand why is this necessary. Consider a catalyst
(chemical substance that alters the rate of chemical reaction)
used in a chemical reaction. The effectiveness of this
particular catalyst is directly proportional to the rate at which
it interacts with the reactants. Now, we know smaller the size
more is the interaction. Working on nanoparticles, gives us
the maximum surface area, so every time surface is
optimised, material is saved. You require less than before, and
you get more than you ever thought. Lastly, what we actually
care for, reduction in the cost. In the following section, we
will talk about a material that can change the way we will
live in future.

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Graphene
This nanomaterial is a single layered sheet of carbon. A twodimensional layer of carbon atoms is something we see daily.
Can you measure the thickness of the graphite you used while
using a pencil? If you would have thought this in your
primary school while using this spectacular tool, you might
have won a Nobel Prize. Sometimes Nobel Prize winning
science requires the worlds most powerful particle
accelerator, fastest supercomputer or strongest telescope. In
2010, all the winners needed was an office supply store
stocked with adhesive tape and pencils. Using these simple
tools, they were able to isolate graphene for the first time, a
super-material that could be used to make ultra strong and
light materials, revolutionize electronics and build better
solar cells.

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Graphene is the basic structure element of all the carbon

allotropes we know, such as graphite and charcoal. It had
long been theorized that it should be possible to create sheets
of carbon atoms only one atom thick, and that they would
have some pretty amazing properties. Some scientists were
starting to think that such sheets were too thin and delicate to
exist at all. Then in 2004, two Russian physicists in the
United Kingdom became the first to isolate this elusive
material using only adhesive tape and the lead of pencils. Six
years later, they won Nobel Prizes for their work.

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Carbon is an amazing element. It does everything from heat

your house to bind together the building blocks of life. Pure
carbon can take on many different forms depending on its
molecular structure. Coal is one kind of pure carbon, so is a
diamond, and so is our graphene. What separates a gem of
diamond and a chunk of coal. The difference arises in how
the atoms are organized in the molecules of each material. In
coal, the atoms are kind of spread out all over the place, not
really forming any kind of ordered structure. Atoms in a
diamond on the other hand are very ordered, forming intricate
lattice at the molecular level. Graphite is like millions of one
atom thick sheets piled on top of each other. One single

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millimeter of graphite is made up of about three million of

these layers. These layers arent strongly bound to one
another, and its easy to get them to flake off. This is what
happens when a pencil writes on a piece of paper, layers of
graphite flake off and stick to the paper.

How can it be important to us? Graphenes unique molecular

structure makes it stronger than steel but still flexible. It can
be made as transparent as glass and as conductive as copper.
If even a small amount is combined with plastic, the plastic
could start to conduct electricity. If infused into construction
materials, graphene could increase the physical strength of an
object without adding any extra weight. Researchers are
looking for ways to turn it into the next generation of solar
cells because graphene is clear and can conduct electricity.
Technicians now are working to industrialize its production
on a much wider scale.

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Quantum Mechanics
Physics is, not all the stuff you came across in high school. A
lot of you might be knowing that, everything you mugged up,
from electrostatics to current electricity, from ray optics to
wave optics, from magnetic effect of current to
electromagnetic induction and so on, belongs to the class of
physics called Classical Physics. As per dictionary, the word
classical is regarded as traditional and long-established in
form or style; which should bring you to the question that,
What type of Physics do we use at present in our emerging
industries, Are the definitions and proofs written in our grade
12 class notes used, for improvising the present
technologies?.

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When we solve problems regarding the speed of a car or

momentum of a ball, we use the easiest and simplified rules
of classical physics, but when it comes to particles with
dimensions of nanometres, our world goes upside down. Our
conventional methods, no longer end up to get a precise
explanation of the phenomena. Here, we take help of
Quantum Physics, which was developing and establishing
itself for past 100 years and is still the work is in progress.

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We will go with the timeline, starting from early 1900s. No

matter how excellent a theory is, it always misses out some
points or other. Even our most precious ideas about the
universe, are not able to explain everything; there's always a
blind spot or say the black hole which remains in ignorance.
The idea of atoms has been around since the fifth century BC
when a jolly philosopher named Democritus opposed the
popular idea of the four elements (fire, earth, water, air) and
argued that everything is made up from elements that can not
be divided any further. He called these elements athomos,
which means indivisible. It took humanity two and a half
millennia to develop the technology needed to pierce through,
to the level of those smallest indivisible things. When
experiments verified the existence of those structures we now
call them atoms and everybody thought they had found
Democritus' indivisible. At the end of eighteenth century,
scientists started to become very keen about studying the very
small, such as electrons, and its behaviour. It wasn't until
1900 that people began to understand that there was
something very weird about the world of the small.
Something that required a complete revision of
understanding.

The Quantum Mechanical era commenced when Max Planck

postulated that everything is made up of little bits; he called
them quanta. Albert Einstein took matter further, when he
successfully described how light interacts with electrons, but

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it wasn't until the 1920's that things began to fall apart and
some fundamental rules about the world of the small were
wrought almost by pure thought. The men who mined these
rules were the arch beginners of the modern era.

Names like Pauli, Heisenberg, Schrdinger, Born, Rutherford

and Bohr still put butterflies in the bellies of those of us who
know, what incredible work these boys, as most of them were
in their twenties, achieved.
Just like water is wet and fire is hot, quantum particles
display behavior that are inherent to them alone, and can't be
compared with any other object we observe with the naked
eye.
The year was 1927 when a brilliant 26-year-old German
named, Werner Karl Heisenberg postulated a principle that
would go down in history as the Uncertainty Principle of
Heisenberg. It goes like this:
A large object that moves along a trajectory has, at any point
of time, a certain speed (also referred to is its momentum)
and a certain position. Both speed and position for any point
along the track, can be accurately calculated or measured.
But, considering a quantum particle that zips through space,
its speed and position cannot be known or calculated
simultaneously. Either the position of the particle is known or
the speed. Now, thats not because we are not smart enough,

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or our instruments are not accurate enough. It simply does not

exist!

Max Born once said that, Physics as we know it, will be

over in the next six months." You can imagine the situation of
scientists for the entire last century when you look at the
Quantum Theory timeline. Rigorous researches in all corners
of the world, where masterminds work isolated to discover
new particles, propose new theories and overview work of
their peers, was the scenario in those days.

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A very precise summary of the twentieth century is presented

for you:

Louis de Broglie proposes that matter has wave properties.

Erwin Schrodinger develops wave mechanics, which
describes the behavior of quantum systems for bosons. Max
Born gives a probability interpretation of quantum
mechanics. G.N. Lewis proposes the name "photon" for a

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light quantum. Paul Dirac combines quantum mechanics and

special relativity to describe the electron. Murray GellMann and George Zweig tentatively put forth the idea of
quarks. They suggested that mesons and baryons are
composites of three quarks or antiquarks, called up, down, or
strange (u, d, s) and electric charges 2/3, -1/3, -1/3,
respectively (it turns out that this theory is not completely
accurate). Since the charges had never been observed, the
introduction of quarks was treated more as a mathematical
explanation rather than a postulate of actual physical object.

Later theoretical and experimental developments allow us to

now regard the quarks as real physical objects, even though
they cannot be isolated. The quark model is accepted rather
slowly because quarks hadn't been observed. A quantum field
theory of strong interaction is formulated. This theory of
quarks and gluons (now part of the Standard Model) is
similar in structure to quantum electrodynamics (QED), also
called quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Quarks are
determined to be real particles, carrying a charge. Gluons are
massless quanta of the strong-interaction field. This strong
interaction theory was first suggested by Harald Fritzsch
and Murray Gell-Mann. Almost half a century after Peter
Higgs predicted a Higgs boson as part of a mechanism
(invented by several theorists) by which fundamental
particles gain mass, the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the
CERN lab discover the Higgs boson.

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Now talking about 2016, Quantum world today is an entirely

different branch of Physics applied to superconducting
magnets, light-emitting diodes, the laser, the transistor and
semiconductors such as the microprocessor, medical and
research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and
electron microscopy, and used to explain many biological and
physical phenomena. So far so good!

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Nano-Applications
Nanotechnology has found some interesting applications, so
not making this a Physics textbook, we will dig out the most
mind-blowing and latest entries into this field. For many,
nanotechnology is viewed as merely a way to make stronger
and lighter tennis rackets, baseball bats, hockey sticks, racing
bikes, and other athletic equipment. But nanotechnology
promises to do much more. A more realistic view is that it
will leave virtually no aspect of life untouched and is
expected to be in widespread use by 2020. Mass applications
are likely to have great impact particularly in medicine, new
computing systems, and sustainability.

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Here are some underlying trends to look for, many

interconnected, and all expected to continue to accelerate.

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Nano-Ink Tattoo
People get tattoos for all kind of reasons, such as conveying
their appreciation for Japanese calligraphy or to let others at
the gym know their biceps are rugged like barbed wire. But a
team of MIT researchers have found a higher reasoning for
tattoo tech: using a nanoparticle ink to monitor blood glucose
level in the bloodstream. Yes, your read that correctly, an
artistic piece of work used for health purpose.

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One of the main problems a diabetic patient has, is the

continuous monitoring of the glucose levels. Usually, that
involves several tiny pricks of the finger throughout the day.
This gives the patient an idea of when their blood sugar is
right, but it's often during brief periods when the blood sugar
wanders outside of the normal range. While we have other
alternatives for the continuous monitoring, but they arent
approved to be used for extended periods.

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So, we have something more permanent, to create an "ink"

that can be injected beneath the skin that is glucose-sensitive
and is made using nanotubes. Shine a light on the Nano-tattoo
and it tells you how much glucose is in your blood. The
tattoos are fluorescent so you can only see them under the
special light. And thats probably okay, since you dont want
to broadcast to your friends (and strangers) whats going on
with your body. When the Nano-ink is exposed to glucose it
fluoresces in a way, that can be detected with near-infrared
light. A sensor worn on the body, something like a
wristwatch, can be used to provide the required frequency of
light and make sense of the fluorescing, giving the patient a
simple readout of his blood sugar in real time.

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Nano-silver Particle
Silver, one of the expensive materials known for use in
jewelry, has been used for the treatment of medical ailments
for over 100 years, due to its natural antibacterial and
antifungal properties. The Nano-silver particles typically
measure 25 nm. They have extremely large relatively surface
area, increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi, and
vastly improving its bactericidal and fungicidal effectiveness.

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The Nano-silver when in contact with bacteria and fungus

will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell
growth. The Nano-silver suppresses respiration, metabolism,
and transport of chemicals in the cell membrane and thus
suffocating the bacteria. The Nano-silver inhibits
multiplication and growth of those bacteria and fungi which
cause infection, odor, itchiness and sores. Nano Silver can be
applied to range of other healthcare products such as
dressings for burns.

It is a fact that wealthy Romans ate using knives, forks and

spoons made of silver. They understood that silver helped
keep spoiled food from making them sick. In fact, historians
think, that is how we came to call eating utensils as
"silverware." So, next time if you got your silverware, use
them because you get the feel of royalty as well as good
health at the same time.

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Nanowire Battery
Lithium-ion batteries have enabled a brave new world of
powerful wireless devices, but they're not without their
limitations. After being charged several times, they start to
lose their ability to hold that charge, requiring either a
replacement battery or a brand-new phone. Most batteries last
5,000 to 7,000 recharges, or cycles and maybe thats the we
like to change our devices every 2-3 years.

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Researchers Reginald Penner and Mya Le Thai of UC Irvine,

have created a solution to this dilemma, with a nanowire
battery that can be recharged hundreds of thousands of times.
The problem they have encountered, however, is that
nanowires are also extremely fragile and don't hold up well to
repeated discharging and recharging, known as "cycling."
Nanowires, which increase the surface area of the battery's
electrodes, start cracking and degrading after a period of use.
They discovered how to increase the tensile strength of
nanowires that could be used to make batteries last, virtually
forever.

By coating the nanowires in a shell of manganese dioxide and

an electrolyte gel, they were able to cycle that electrode over
200,000 times without detecting any loss of capacity or
power, and with no nanowire fractures or degradation. The
combination, they said, is reliable and resistant to failure.

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Fuel for Next-Gen Green Cars

Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel, when burned with
oxygen. Because pure hydrogen does not occur naturally on
Earth in large quantities, it takes a substantial amount of
energy in its industrial production. This is one of the reason
why we dont use it, and instead use the conventional fuel
that produces a good amount of emission. The problem of
using hydrogen fuel in cars arise from the fact that hydrogen
is difficult to store in either a high-pressure tank or a
cryogenic tank. So, here comes a nano solution for this issue,
using graphene.

Layers of graphene separated by nanotube pillars of boron

nitride may be a suitable material to store hydrogen fuel in
cars, according to some scientists. The Department of Energy
has set benchmarks for storage materials that would make
hydrogen a practical fuel for light-duty vehicles. The Rice
University scientist, Rouzbeh Shahsavari determined in a
new computational study that, pillared boron nitride and
graphene could be a candidate in the making of hydrogen
fuel. He had already determined through computer models
how tough and resilient pillared graphene structures would
be, and later worked boron nitride nanotubes into the mix, to
model a unique three-dimensional architecture. Just as pillars
in a building make space between floors for people, pillars in
boron nitride-graphene will make space for hydrogen atoms.

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The challenge is to make them enter and stay in sufficient

numbers and exit upon demand.

The upper layer is Graphene (Black) and the lower layer is

Boron Nitride

Hydrogen atoms are adsorbed onto the pillared boron nitride

graphene, thanks to weak van der Waals forces. When the

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material was doped with oxygen, the atoms bonded strongly

with the hybrid and created a better surface for incoming
hydrogen, which would be then delivered under pressure and
exit when pressure is released. The structures should be
robust enough to easily surpass the Department of Energy
requirement, that a hydrogen fuel tank should be able to
withstand 1,500 charge-discharge cycles.

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Nano-Fibre coating for Prosthetics

Biofilm infections are a major complication associated with
implantable medical devices and prostheses, which are
exceedingly difficult to treat. To date, there has been no
effective clinical solution that combines antibacterial
efficiency with excellent osseo-integration. Here, a nanofiberbased conformal coating capable of controlled and
independent local delivery of two or more combinatorial
antibiotics was developed to provide optimal antimicrobial
activity for the prevention of biofilm-associated infections.

This technology would have "broad applicability" in the use

of orthopaedic prostheses, such as hip and knee total joint
replacements, as well pacemakers, stents and other
implantable medical devices. In contrast to other coatings in
development, the researchers report the nanofibre coating can
release multiple antibiotics in a strategically timed way for an
optimal effect. We can potentially coat any metallic implant
that doctors put into patients, from prosthetic joints, rods,
screws and plates to pacemakers, implantable defibrillators
and dental hardware. Surgeons and biomedical engineers
have for years looked for better ways including antibiotic
coatings, to reduce the risk of infections that are a known
complication of implanting.

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Every year in the U.S., an estimated 1 to 2 percent of the

more than 1 million hip and knee replacement surgeries are
followed by infections linked to the formation of biofilms,
layers of bacteria that adhere to a surface, forming a dense,
impenetrable matrix of proteins, sugars and DNA.

Immediately after surgery, an acute infection causes swelling

and redness that can often be treated with intravenous
antibiotics. But in some people, low-grade chronic infections
can last for months, causing bone loss that leads to implant
loosening and ultimately failure of the new prosthesis. These
infections are very difficult to treat and, in many cases of

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chronic infection, prostheses must be removed and patients

placed on long courses of antibiotics before a new prosthesis
can be implanted.

This coating is composed of a nanofiber mesh embedded in a

thin film; both components are made of polymers used for
degradable sutures. Most other approaches only decrease the
number of bacteria but don't generally or reliably prevent
infections.

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Nanowire Solar Cells

Current solar cell technologies are dominated by silicon.
Limited primarily by silicon's inherent properties, these solar
cells convert only 1520% of solar energy into electricity.
The benefits afforded by nanotechnology can enhance solar
cells performance. Nanowire research has emerged as a
quickly growing field. Much excitement stems from the
unique electronic and optical properties of semiconductor
nanowires.

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Nanowires of a particular substance may not behave like

much larger bulk samples of the same material. Nanowires
are of great interest in photovoltaics because of their large
surface area, high aspect ratio (long and thin), intrinsic
antireflection effect (which increases light absorption), and
ability to direct light absorption with specifically designed
arrays. By incorporating the superior photovoltaic properties
of III-V semiconductors into nanowire structures, researchers
expect to achieve efficiencies similar to today's best solar
cells, with significantly less material. Because nanowirebased cells use less material than planar devices, such
changes can ultimately reduce costs. The geometry of
nanowire crystals is expected to favour elastic strain
relaxation, providing great freedom in the design of new
compositional multijunction solar cells.

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This technique holds great promise for creating flexible and

lightweight nanowire solar cells. Reduced material usage and
substrate re-use should also help to lower costs. Such solar
cells could be integrated into, rather than installed on,
surfaces such as clothes and fabrics.

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Nanorods Water Harvesting

Incredible scientific discoveries happen all the time when
researchers haven't been looking for them, and new nanorods
that harvest water from the air are no exception. These
unintentionally produced carbon-rich microscopic stalks
absorb and release water differently to every other material
we know about. They can absorb more water at low humidity,
then expel it, as the humidity increases to 50-80 percent other materials simply carry on taking in the extra liquid in
the air.

These nanorods could eventually be used in a range of

applications, from low-energy water-harvesting systems to
perhaps fabrics that can remove excess sweat from the body.

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Water can spontaneously vaporise if it's confined in an area

less than 1.5 nanometres wide - or when it's tightly
surrounded by hydrophobic (water-repelling) materials. Water
is condensing and forming a bridge between the nanorods
through a process called capillary condensation. The water
between the rods causes surface tension that pulls adjacent
rods closer together, and when the gap gets to 1.5
nanometres, the water evaporates. sheets of these nanorods
could one day even harvest water from desert air perhaps.
Right now, only 10-20 percent of the material spits out water.

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Nanomedicine
Nowhere is the application of nanotechnology more exciting
than in the biomedical field, where advances are being made
in both diagnostics and treatment areas. Houston-based Nano
spectra Biosciences has been developing a new therapy using
a combination of gold Nano-shells and lasers to destroy
cancer tumors with heat. The technology promises to destroy
tumors with minimal damage to adjacent healthy tissue.

In the diagnostics area, Nano sensors that can detect, identify,

and quantify biological substances in body fluids are leading

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to early disease detection and earlier treatments as well as the

ability to detect environmental contaminants in the blood.
The primary goals for research of nano-biotechnologies in
drug delivery include: More specific drug targeting and
delivery, reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic
effects, greater safety and biocompatibility, and faster
development of new safe medicines.

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Trends in Nanotechnology
Higher Strength Composites
The next generation of graphene and carbon nanotube-based
devices will lead to even lighter but stronger structures than
has been made possible by carbon fiber and will become
increasingly obvious in cars, bicycles, and sporting
equipment.

The development of carbon nanotube pre-impregnated

materials, will offer better conduction, overcoming one of the
major challenges of conventional carbon fiber composites.
Carbon nanotube meshes have already flown on some space
missions, for example, the Juno probe to Jupiter.

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Scalability of Production
One big challenge is how to produce nanomaterials that
makes them affordable. Technologies that can impact grand
challenge problems such as food, water, energy, and
environment must be scalable. The main reason that these
problems are so grand is that they are ubiquitous and
therefore the related commercial markets have become
commoditized. Very often, a technology that exploits a
unique attribute of a nanomaterial can offer improvements in
functional or engineering performance, but almost as often,
these technologies require scarce materials (and therefore
expensive) or slow or complicated manufacturing processes
(and expensive). That limited scalability often hinders
application despite outstanding functional performance in the
laboratory or prototype stage.

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More Commercialization
Over the next several years, significant advances are expected
in carbon nanotube manufacturing technology, specifically in
controlling the purity and structure, and in reducing costs due
to economies of scale. Advances will make the use of carbon
nanotube materials even more compelling for mechanical
engineers. In addition to transforming the automotive,
aerospace, and sporting goods fields, nanotechnology is
facilitating so many diverse improvements: thinner,
affordable, and more durable flat panel displays; improved
armor materials to protect soldiers; sensors for medical
testing; more humane and effective treatments for cancer
patients; enhanced cathode materials for safer and longer life
Li-ion batteries; and the list goes on.

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Sustainability
One main goal of the National Nanotechnology Initiative, a
U.S. government program coordinating communication and
collaboration for nanotechnology activities, is to find
nanotechnology solutions to sustainability. Nanomaterials
and nanostructured surfaces are increasingly employed in
many advanced energy storage and conversion projects, and
nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing contribute to products
that are more energy efficient in both production and use.

This is done by controlling thermodynamics of solid-solid

reactions through nanoscale size reduction and it can improve
energy-storage materials including batteries, supercapacitors
and hydrogen storage.
The greatest near-term impact in sustainability are coming in
the areas of transportation (more efficient and lighter
materials for autos and aircraft, requiring less fuel) and in
three other related areas: lighting, photovoltaics, and energy
storage. The types of Nano-technologies being employed in
all three of these are similar in terms of using nanostructured
surfaces or materials to improve efficiencies from an
electronic performance perspective whether it's batteries or
solar cells or LED lighting.

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Final Thoughts

After an exciting journey into the world of nanoscience and

technology we have gained a better realization of the various
strategies in which nanotechnology and nanomedicine can
work to develop the quality of the human life. Although in
the upcoming days, it is highly difficult to predict the
significance of nanomedicine in our life with so many
uncertainties and uncontrollable factors, but nanomedicine
has the huge potential to multiply the power of medicine and
to bring revolution in our everyday lives. With some
important features like high precision, superior strength,
nanostructures and nanoparticles can significantly improve
the efficacy of novel drug delivery for different kind of lethal
diseases including cancer.

Not forgetting the Nano-electronics aspect, although there are

few examples of commercialized semiconductor
nanotechnology, there is no doubt that it offers the prospect
of significant innovation by providing materials with
properties outside of the current domain. We have reached a
point where Moores Law can no more be followed. Just
imagine, we are at present using a 14nm technology in our
processors, and in a span of five years, we may be just using
an atom!

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This technology, regarded as the Undeniable Force, is

going to be a significant part of our lives in the coming years.
We hope that in near future nanotechnology will explore a
new horizon of applications and profoundly change our
world.

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Artificial Intelligence
Automating Intelligent Behaviour

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Understanding Artificial Intelligence

Lets try to keep the topic simpler and clearer and understand
the concept behind it in a very lucid manner. We all know that
machines help us humans in a lot of activities that we
perform. Basically, it reduces human efforts with increased
accuracy and efficiency while performing tasks, thus helping
us solve a hell lot of problems in a deliberate and methodical
manner. Some of us might even come into believing that,
machines are much more intelligent than our human brains,
looking at its speed of performing tasks and its accuracy
while doing it. In real terms machines lack what the most
important asset that we as humans possess i.e., our brains,
through which we can think, generate ideas, share, spread and
implement them.

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However, machines possess an advantage over humans, on

the fact that they do not get tired, and can keep on performing
a task till they continue to receive power. Humans on other
hand, need rest and cant keep working for long spans of time
like machines. Just imagine, what if we could combine the
assets that both the machines and the humans possess
individually? Would it not be a wonder?
Yes, of course and this is what we call as Artificial
Intelligence.
So, in raw terms, it means providing the machines with the
ability to think and than respond appropriately i.e., basically
providing the machines with the brain like humans.

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Ever since the dawn of modern computing technology,

scientists and innovators have been trying to develop a
computer that can think like a human. With the goal of
making human thought and decision making a mechanical
process, algorithms and networks have grown to form the
basis of what is now know as artificial intelligence (AI). As a
matter of fact, we have only been able to utilise/implement
the potential of AI to 1%. There is a lot more to be found out
about this emerging giant field and implemented in the real
world, which generates immense possibilities for the future.
There is a lot of buzz around Artificial Intelligence at the
moment, and the term AI seems to be thrown around a lot,
but what exactly does Artificial Intelligence mean?

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To avoid confusion, we need to go back to the earliest and the

clearest definition when it was first claimed. The official idea
and definition of AI was first claimed by John McCarthy at
the Dartmouth Conference. There were researches being done
before it, but what was being worked on, was an undefined
field before 1955.
Heres what McCarthy proposed, Every aspect of learning
or any other feature of intelligence can in principle be so
precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate
it. An attempt will be made to find how to make machines use
language, form abstractions and concepts, solve kinds of
problems now reserved for humans, and improve
themselves.

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It means that AI is a machine with the ability to solve

problems, that are usually done by us humans with our
natural intelligence. A computer would demonstrate a form of
intelligence when it learns how to improve itself at solving
these problems. To elaborate further, the 1955 proposal
defines 7 areas of AI. Today there are surely more, but here
are the original 7 aspects:
Simulating higher functions of the human brain.
Programming a computer to use general language.
Arranging hypothetical neurons in a manner so that
they can form concepts.
A way to determine and measure problem complexity.
Self-improvement
Abstraction: Defined as the quality of dealing with
ideas rather than events.
Randomness and creativity.
After 60 years, I think that realistically we have only
completed/reached language, measure problem complexity
and self-improvement to some degree. However, randomness
and creativity is just starting to be explored. This year, we
have seen a couple of web episode scripts, short films and
even a featured film, co-written by AI. In the definition, we
see the word intelligence.
So, what does it mean? According to Jack Copeland, who has
written several books on AI, some of the most important
factors of intelligence are:

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Generalisation learning: Learning that enables the

learner to be able to perform better in situations that
are previously encountered.
Reasoning: To reason is to draw conclusions
appropriate to the situation in hand.
Problem Solving: Given such and such data find x.
Perception: Analysing a scanned environment and
analysing features and relationships between objects.
Example: Self-driving cars.
Language Understanding: Understanding language by
following syntax and other roles like a human.

Once laughed away as merely the plot of a science fiction

movie, AI is now a very real, usable tool. A plethora of new
start-up companies are being founded based on bringing AI
technology to the masses, and bigger corporations are joining
the conversation too. While the AI market is growing rapidly,
the technology still has its challenges, like being constantly
misunderstood.
So now that we understand AI and intelligence, to bring it
together a bit and solidify the concept in your mind of what
AI is, here are a few examples of AI:

Machine Learning
Computer Vision
Natural Language processing
Robotics
Pattern Recognition
Knowledge Management

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Artificial Intelligence Categories

In terms of approach there are 3 different Artificial
Intelligence categories which are explained below:

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Weak AI
It is also called as Artificial Narrow Intelligence. As the
name suggests, it is basically a type of intelligence, which
can work nicely in only a specific kind of activity or task.

The examples of weak AI are listed below:

When you call a bank, and talk to an automated voice
you are probably talking to an AI, just a very annoying
one. Our world is full of these limited AI programs
which we classify as weak or narrow or applied.
These programs are far from the sentient, love-seeking,
angst-ridden artificial intelligences we see in science
fiction, but thats temporary. All these narrow AIs are

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like the amino acids in the primordial ooze of the

Earth.
Siri is a good example of narrow intelligence. Siri
operates within a limited pre-defined range, there is no
genuine intelligence, no self-awareness, no life despite
being a sophisticated example of weak AI. In Forbes
(2011), Ted Greenwald wrote: "The iPhone/Siri
marriage represents the arrival of hybrid AI, combining
several narrow AI techniques plus access to massive
data in the cloud." AI researcher Ben Goertzel, on his
blog in 2010, stated Siri was "VERY narrow and
brittle" evidenced by annoying results if you ask
questions outside the limits of the application.
If your computer plays a chess game, and is an expert
in it i.e., it can also defeat you in the game, but other
than that, it cannot perform any other task.
The system behind Air Traffic Control is extremely
efficient in managing the air traffic. Probably, it is
much better than the human brain at it, but it cant
perform any other activity.
Were slowly building a library of narrow AI talents that are
becoming more impressive. Speech recognition and
processing allows computers to convert sounds to text with
greater accuracy. Google is using AI to caption millions of
videos on YouTube. Likewise, computer vision is improving
so that programs like Vitamin D Video can recognize objects,
classify them, and understand how they move. Narrow AI

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isnt just getting better at processing its environment its also

understanding the difference between what a human says and
what a human wants.

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STRONG AI
It is also called as Artificial General Intelligence. When the
intelligence of the machine/robots gets equivalent to the
thought process or behavioral pattern (basic brain stuff) of
humans, this state is said to be achieved. As the name
suggests, it is an ability of machine to perform general
intelligent action. Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is the
intelligence of a (hypothetical) machine that could
successfully perform any intellectual task that a human being
can. It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research and
an important topic for science fiction writers and futurists. It
is estimated that we would be able to find Strong AI in the
marketplace around 2050. We are still far apart from reaching
this state, but we will surely reach the state sooner or later.

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There is wide agreement among artificial intelligence

researchers that intelligence is required to do the following.
reason, use strategy, solve puzzles, and make
judgments under uncertainty;
represent knowledge, including common-sense
knowledge;
plan;
learn;
communicate in natural language;
and integrate all these skills towards common goals.
Other important capabilities include the ability to sense (e.g.
see) and the ability to act (e.g. move and manipulate objects)
in the world where intelligent behaviour is to be observed.
This would include an ability to detect and respond to hazard.
Many interdisciplinary approaches to intelligence (e.g.
cognitive science, computational intelligence and decision
making) tend to emphasise the need to consider additional
traits such as imagination (taken as the ability to form mental
images and concepts that were not programmed in) and
autonomy. Computer based systems that exhibit many of
these capabilities do exist (e.g. see computational creativity,
automated reasoning, decision support system, robot,
evolutionary computation, intelligent agent), but not yet at
human levels.

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Singularity
Singularity is also called as Artificial Super Intelligence.
Singularity is used to describe the inflection point when
machines outsmart humans.
The term singularity describes the moment when a
civilization changes so much that its rules and technologies
are incomprehensible to previous generations. Think of it as a
point-of-no-return in history.

Most thinkers believe the singularity will be jump-started by

extremely rapid technological and scientific changes. These
changes will be so fast, and so profound, that every aspect of

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our society will be transformed, from our bodies and families

to our governments and economies.
A very good way to understand the singularity is to imagine
explaining the internet to somebody living in the year 1200.
Your frames of reference would be so different that it would
be almost impossible to convey how the internet works, let
alone what it means to our society. You are on the other side
of what seems like a singularity to our person from the
Middle Ages. But from the perspective of a future singularity,
we are the medieval ones. Advances in science and
technology mean that singularities might happen over periods
much shorter than 800 years. And nobody knows for sure
what the hell they'll bring.

Talking about the singularity is a paradox, because it is an

attempt to imagine something that is unimaginable to people

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in the present day. But that hasn't stopped hundreds of science

fiction writers and futurists from doing it.
Once we reach the level of Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI), it would not take much time for us to reach the level
of singularity. This is because this machines will keep on
learning more and more, thereby getting better and better at
performing those activities. As the time goes on at some level
they will be able to attain a level of intelligence which the
humans cant even imagine. Against this level, the human
knowledge will seem highly inferior in comparison.
Did we ever have singularity before?
The singularity is usually anticipated as a future
transformation, but it can also be used to describe past
transformations like the one in our example earlier with the
person from 1200. The industrial revolution could be said to
represent a singularity, as could the information age.
What technologies can possibly cause the next singularity?
As mentioned earlier, artificial intelligence is the technology
that most people believe will usher in the singularity. Authors
like Vinge and singularitarian Ray Kurzweil believe that AI
will usher in the singularity for a twofold reason. Firstly,
creating a new form of intelligent life will completely change
our understanding of ourselves as humans. Secondly, AI will
allow us to develop new technologies so much faster than we
could before that our civilization will transform rapidly. A

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corollary to AI is the development of robots who can work

alongside - and beyond - humans.
Another singularity technology is the self-replicating
molecular machine, also called autonomous nanobots, "gray
goo," and a host of other things. Basically, the idea is that if
we can build machines that manipulate matter at the atomic
level, we can control our world in the most granular way
imaginable. And if these machines can work on their own?
Who knows what will happen.
And finally, a lot of singularitarian thought is devoted to the
idea that synthetic biology, genetic engineering, and other life
sciences will eventually give us control of the human
genome. Two world-altering events would come out of that.
One, we could engineer new forms of life and change the
course of human evolution in one generation. Two, it's likely
that control over our genomes will allow us to tinker with the
mechanisms that make us age, thus dramatically increasing
our lifespans. Many futurists, have suggested that extreme
human longevity (in the hundreds of years) is a crucial part of
the singularity.
When will the singularity happen?
In 1992, Vinge predicted that "in 30 years" we would have
artificial intelligence. In his ground-breaking 2000 essay for
Wired, "The Future Doesn't Need Us," technologist Joy
opined:
The enabling breakthrough to assemblers seems quite likely
within the next 20 years. Molecular electronics - the new
subfield of nanotechnology where individual molecules are

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circuit elements - should mature quickly and become

enormously lucrative within this decade, causing a large
incremental investment in all nanotechnologies.
And in the 2005 book The Singularity Is Near, Ray Kurzweil
says the singularity will come "within several decades."

Longevity scientist De Gray says that our biotech is advanced

enough that a child born in 2010 might live to be 150, or 500
years old. MIT AI researcher Rodney Brooks writes in his
excellent book Flesh and Machines that it's "unlikely that we
will be able to simply download our brains into a computer
anytime soon." Though Brooks does add:

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The lives of our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will

be as unrecognizable to us as our use of information
technology in all its forms would be incomprehensible to
someone from the dawn of the twentieth century.
So, the answer to the above question depends on your
perspective. Nevertheless, it always seems like it's just a few
decades off.
What are the possible consequences?
On the list of doomsday scenarios that could wipe out the
human race, super-smart killer robots rate pretty high in the
public consciousness. And in scientific circles, a growing
number of artificial intelligence experts agree that humans
will eventually create an artificial intelligence that can think
beyond our own capacities. This moment, called the
singularity, could create a utopia in which robots automate
common forms of labor and humans relax amid bountiful
resources. Or it could lead the artificial intelligence, or AI, to
exterminate any creatures it views as competitors for control
of the Earththat would be us. Stephen Hawking has long
seen the latter as more likely, and he made his thoughts
known again in a recent interview with the BBC. Here are
some comments by Hawking and other very smart people
who agree that, yes, AI could be the downfall of humanity.
In order to gain some insight as to what Artificial Intelligence
could lead to, lets have a look at what the recognised experts
in the technology field say about it.

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Stephen Hawkings opinion on the scenario:

The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the

end of the human race, the world-renowned physicist told
the BBC. It would take off on its own and redesign itself at
an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow
biological evolution, couldnt compete, and would be
superseded. Hawking has been voicing this apocalyptic
vision for a while. In a May column in response to
Transcendence, the sci-fi movie about the singularity starring
Johnny Depp, Hawking criticized researchers for not doing
more to protect humans from the risks of AI.

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If a superior alien civilisation sent us a message saying,

Well arrive in a few decades, would we just reply, OK,
call us when you get herewell leave the lights on?
Probably notbut this is more or less what is happening with
AI, he wrote.

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Elon Musks say on the scenario:

Known for his businesses on the cutting edge of tech, such as

Tesla and SpaceX, Musk is no fan of AI. At a conference at
MIT in October, Musk likened improving artificial
intelligence to summoning the demon and called it the
human races biggest existential threat. Hes also tweeted that
AI could be more dangerous than nuclear weapons. Musk
called for the establishment of national or international
regulations on the development of AI.

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Nick Bostroms say on the scenario:

The Swedish philosopher is the director of the Future of

Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, where hes
spent a lot of time thinking about the potential outcomes of
the singularity. In his new book Superintelligence, Bostrom
argues that once machines surpass human intellect, they
could mobilize and decide to eradicate humans extremely
quickly using any number of strategies (deploying unseen
pathogens, recruiting humans to their side or simple brute
force).
The world of the future would become ever more
technologically advanced and complex, but we wouldnt be
around to see it. A society of economic miracles and

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technological awesomeness, with nobody there to benefit, he

writes. A Disneyland without children.

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James Barrats say on the scenario:

Barrat is a writer and documentarian who interviewed many

AI researchers and philosophers for his new book, Our Final
Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human
Era. He argues that intelligent beings are innately driven
toward gathering resources and achieving goals, which would
inevitably put a super-smart AI in competition with humans,
the greatest resource hogs Earth has ever known. That means
even a machine that was just supposed to play chess or fulfill
other simple functions might get other ideas if it was smart
enough.
Without meticulous, countervailing instructions, a selfaware, self-improving, goal-seeking system will go to lengths

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wed deem ridiculous to fulfill its goals, he writes in the

book.

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Vernor Vinges say on the scenario:

A mathematician and fiction writer, Vinge is thought to have

coined the term the singularity to describe the inflection
point when machines outsmart humans. He views the
singularity as an inevitability, even if international rules
emerge controlling the development of AI.
The competitive advantageeconomic, military, even
artisticof every advance in automation is so compelling
that passing laws, or having customs, that forbid such things
merely assures that someone else will get them first, he
wrote in a 1993 essay. As for what happens when we hit the
singularity? The physical extinction of the human race is
one possibility, he writes.

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Applications and Uses of Artificial Intelligence

Google DeepMind

DeepMind Technologies Limited is a British artificial

intelligence company founded in September 2010. It was
acquired by Google in 2014 for 500 million dollars and was
renamed as Google DeepMind. DeepMinds primary goal is
to "solve intelligence", which they are trying to achieve by
combining "the best techniques from machine learning and
systems neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose
learning algorithms". They are trying to formalize
intelligence in order to not only implement it into machines,
but also understand the human brain.
To date, the company has published research on computer
systems that are able to play games, and developing these

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systems, ranging from strategy games such as Go to arcade

games. As opposed to other AIs, such as IBM's Deep Blue or
Watson, which were developed for a pre-defined purpose and
only function within its scope, DeepMind claims that their
system is not pre-programmed: it learns from experience. As
well as supporting experts in fields like healthcare, they also
collaborate with Google teams to apply their cutting-edge
research to products and infrastructure used by many millions
of people across the world.

DeepMinds technology has led to major breakthroughs in the

energy efficiency of Googles data centres, reducing the
electricity need for cooling, by 40%; and continue to work in
partnership with teams from Google Play, to Ads, and even to
Shopping. Working at Google scale gives the opportunity to
learn how to apply their research to truly global and complex
problems

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Artificial Neural Systems (ANS)

A neural network is an electronic model of the brain
consisting of many interconnected simple processors. This
imitates how your actual brain works.

Applications of artificial neural systems

Learning to read postcodes
Stock market prediction
Debt risk assessment
Advantages artificial neural systems
These do not need to be programmed to be able to learn.
Disadvantages artificial neural systems

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Setup time and money as this requires plenty of expert

advice.

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Vision Systems
The need to interpret, fully understand and make sense of
visual input on the computer, i.e. Artificial Intelligence is
used to try and interpret and understand an image - industrial,
military use, satellite photo interpretation.

Uses:
Spy plane takes a photograph and experts would then
analyse it to try and figure it out, see if it was an enemy
area.
Police using the computer to come up with a photo fit
drawing of a criminal.

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Doctors using the system to make diagnosis of patient.

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Speech Recognition
The ability of the computer to understand a human talking to
it. There are many problems associated with this humans
have different accents, slang words, noise in the background,
feeling poorly (flu, cold etc.). This means that the computer
must be trained to recognize the voice of the human, and that
the human must ensure that by talking to the computer
system before, i.e. train it, the system will be able to
recognise their words, sentences, etc.

Honda CRV has the following range of voice commands that

the driver can use whilst driving. Using the mobile phone,
turning the temperature up or down, turning the aircon on or
off, asking the car to navigate using the satellite navigation
system, turning the radio on or off or up or down. Disabled
people can use them to write a memo or use the internet on
their computer. The latest phones have a built-in program that
allows the human to make calls or find out the weather
conditions.

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Handwriting Recognition
This is where human handwriting is turned into text that then
can be edited when input into a palmtop computer or a tablet.
A stylus is used to write on the computer screen and then
handwriting recognition software will then change it into the
text, e.g. a teacher using a smart board can turn their own
writing into text in the same manner.

This allows you to scan in a page, containing text, and the

OCR software will convert this into editable text. It does this
by recognising the shapes of the letters and converting them
into ASCII text.

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There is a great need to train the computer system to

recognise different human handwriting since humans all write
certain letters in different ways.

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Intelligent Robots
A robot can carry out many tasks such as the production of
cars in a factory. Robots can weld, insert windscreens, paint,
etc. The robot follows a control program to carry out the task
given to it by a human. All these robots have sensors. These
robots are NOT intelligent; they do the same thing repeatedly
as instructed by the control program. A sensor is a device
which can detect physical data from its surroundings and then
this data is input into a computer system. Examples of
sensors: light, heat, movement, bump, pressure, temperature,
sound.

An intelligent robot has many different sensors, large

processors and a large memory in order to show that they
have intelligence. The robots will learn from their mistakes
and be able to adapt to any new situation that may arise.

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An intelligent robot can be programmed with its own expert

system, e.g. a factory floor is blocked with fallen boxes. An
intelligent robot will remember this and take a different route.
These intelligent robots carry out many different tasks such
as automated delivery in a factory, pipe inspection, bomb
disposal, exploration of dangerous/unknown environments.
Advantages
Work 24/7, 365 days/year, unlike human workers; do
not need holidays
Cheaper do not need paid - company make more
money in the long run
More accurate
Safer than sending a human into dangerous places, e.g.
nuclear power stations

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Search Techniques
Problem solving by search
Any solution to an Artificial Intelligence problem can be
solved as the human has a series of choices. In a game of
chess, the first move can be any pawn (8 separate moves) or
any knight (2 separate moves) - that's a total of 10 separate
moves. For the second move this escalates and the human has
more choices. As you then complete the game of chess, the
number of possible moves grows very quickly leaving the
human with many options.

These steps can be seen in the above World Cup Diagram

which is called a search tree. An Artificial Intelligence
program examines all solutions until a goal is found. There

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are two different ways that Artificial Intelligence Systems do

this:
Breadth first search
This is where the search tree is searched from left to right one
layer at a time until the goal state or target is found.
Result: World Cup Hosts, South America, North America,
Central America, Africa, Europe, Brazil, Argentina, Chile,
USA, Mexico, South Africa, Germany, Spain, France, Italy,
England.
Depth first search
This is where the search tree starts at the top node, goes down
the left most path until the lowest point, then backup and then
down the next again until the lowest point, until the goal is
found.
Result: World Cup Hosts, South America, Brazil, Argentina,
Chile, North America, USA, Central America, Mexico,
Africa, South Africa, Europe, Germany, Spain, France, Italy,
England.
Knowledge Representation
Semantic Net

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Semantic net is a knowledge representation technique. It is a

way of showing all the relative relationships between
members of a set of objects, i.e. facts.
The following facts are represented in the semantic net
above:

cat is a mammal
dog is a mammal
dog likes meat
dog likes water
cat likes cream

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Purchase Prediction
Large retailers like Target and Amazon stand to make a lot of
money if they can anticipate your needs. Amazons
anticipatory shipping project hopes to send you
items before you need them, completely obviating the need
for a last-minute trip to the online store. While that
technology isnt yet in place, brick-and-mortar retailers are
using the same ideas with coupons; when you go to the store,
youre often given several coupons that have been selected by
a predictive analytics algorithm.

This can be used in a wide variety of ways, whether its

sending you coupons, offering you discounts, targeting
advertisements, or stocking warehouses that are close to your

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home with products that youre likely to buy. As you can

imagine, this is a rather controversial use of AI, and it makes
many people nervous about potential privacy violations from
the use of predictive analytics.

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Fraud Detection
Have you ever got an email or a letter asking you if you made
a specific purchase on your credit card? Many banks send
these types of communications if they think theres a chance
that fraud may have been committed on your account, and
want to make sure that you approve the purchase before
sending money over to another company. Artificial
intelligence is often the technology deployed to monitor for
this type of fraud.

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In many cases, computers are given a very large sample of

fraudulent and non-fraudulent purchases and asked to learn to
look for signs that a transaction falls into one category or
another. After enough training, the system will be able to spot
a fraudulent transaction based on the signs and indications
that it learned.

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Online Customer Support

Many websites now offer customers the opportunity to chat
with a customer support representative while theyre
browsingbut not every site actually has a live person on the
other end of the line. In many cases, youre talking to a
rudimentary AI. Many of these chat support bots amount to
little more than automated responders, but some of them are
actually able to extract knowledge from the website and
present it to customers when they ask for it.

Perhaps most interestingly, these chat bots need to be adept at

understanding natural language, which is a rather difficult
proposition; the way in which customers talk and the way in
which computers talk is very different, and teaching a

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machine to translate between the two isnt easy. But with

rapid advances in natural language processing (NLP), these
bots are getting better all the time.

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News Generation
Did you know that artificial intelligence programs can write
news stories? According to Wired, the AP, Fox, and Yahoo!
all use AI to write simple stories like financial summaries,
sports recaps, and fantasy sports reports. AI isnt writing indepth investigative articles, but it has no problem with very
simple articles that dont require a lot of synthesis.
Automated Insights, the company behind the Wordsmith
software, says that e-commerce, financial services, real
estate, and other data-driven industries are already
benefitting from the app.

Of course, Wordsmith still needs quite a bit of help from an

actual author to get setup and give it the matrix article that
data is placed into. However, the concept has been proven,

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and its likely that well see more and more reports generated
by these means. Moving beyond data-driven fields will
require major leaps in technology, but the groundwork has
been laid, and it seems like its only a matter of time until
fully automated reporters become a reality.

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Security Surveillance
A single person monitoring a number of video cameras isnt a
very secure system; people get bored easily, and keeping
track of multiple monitors can be difficult even in the best of
circumstances. Which is why training computers to monitor
those cameras makes a great deal of sense. With supervised
training exercises, security algorithms can take input from
security cameras and determine whether there may be a threat
if it sees a warning sign, it will alert human security
officers.

Of course, the number of things that these computers can

catch is currently pretty limitedWired talks about seeing

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flashes of color that may indicate an intruder or someone

loitering around a schoolyard. Identifying actions that might
imply a thief in a store are likely beyond the current
technological limitations, but dont be surprised if this sort of
technology debuts in the near future.

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TIMELINE:
Key Moments in The Story of AI
Let us now have a look at how the field of Artificial
Intelligence came into being in 1943 with a fresh idea and
how it proceeded to become a field that would generate
immense possibilities for the upcoming future.
1943
World War 2 triggers fresh thinking:

Grey Walters nature-inspired 'tortoise'. It was the worlds

first mobile, autonomous robot
World War Two brought together scientists from many
disciplines, including the emerging fields of
neuroscience and computing.

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In Britain, mathematician Alan Turing and neurologist

Grey Walter were two of the bright minds who tackled
the challenges of intelligent machines. They traded
ideas in an influential dining society called the Ratio
Club.
Walter built some of the first ever robots. Turing went
on to invent the so-called Turing Test, which set the bar
for an intelligent machine: a computer that could fool
someone into thinking they were talking to another
person.

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1950
A Science fiction directs the conversation
In 1950, I Robot was published a collection of short stories
by science fiction writer Isaac Asimov.

Asimov was one of several science fiction writers who

picked up the idea of machine intelligence, and
imagined its future.
He is best known for the Three Laws of Robotics,
designed to stop our creations turning on us. But he
also imagined developments that seem remarkably
prescient such as a computer capable of storing all
human knowledge that anyone can ask any question.
But, in the last 25 years, new approaches to AI,
coupled with advances in technology, mean that we

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may now be on the brink of realising those pioneers

dreams.

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1956
A 'top-down' approach

Marvin Minsky founded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
The term 'artificial intelligence' was coined for a
summer conference at Dartmouth University, organised
by a young computer scientist, John McCarthy.
Top scientists debated how to tackle AI. Some, like
influential academic Marvin Minsky, favoured a topdown approach: pre-programming a computer with the
rules that govern human behaviour. Others preferred a
bottom-up approach, such as neural networks that
simulated brain cells and learned new behaviours.
Over time Minsky's views dominated, and together
with McCarthy he won substantial funding from the
US government, who hoped AI might give them the
upper hand in the Cold War.

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1968
2001: A Space Odyssey imagining where AI could lead

Watch thinking machine HAL 9000s interview with the BBC.

From 2001: A Space Odyssey (Stanley Kubrick, MGM 1968)
Minsky influenced science fiction too. He advised
Stanley Kubrick on the film 2001: A Space Odyssey,
featuring an intelligent computer, HAL 9000.
During one scene, HAL is interviewed on the BBC
talking about the mission and says that he is "foolproof and incapable of error." When a mission scientist
is interviewed, he says he believes HAL may well have
genuine emotions.

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The film mirrored some predictions made by AI

researchers at the time, including Minsky, that
machines were heading towards human level
intelligence very soon. It also brilliantly captured some
of the publics fears, that artificial intelligences could
turn nasty.

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1969
Tough problems to crack
SRI International

Researchers spent six years developing Shakey. Despite its

relative achievements, a powerful critic lay in wait in the UK.
AI was lagging far behind the lofty predictions made
by advocates like Minsky something made apparent
by Shakey the Robot.
Shakey was the first general-purpose mobile robot able
to make decisions about its own actions by reasoning
about its surroundings. It built a spatial map of what it
saw, before moving, but it was painfully slow, even in
an area with few obstacles.

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Each time it nudged forward, Shakey would have to

update its map. A moving object in its field of view
could easily bewilder it, sometimes stopping it in its
tracks for an hour while it planned its next move.

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1973
The AI winter

John McCarthy was incensed by the Lighthill Report. He flew

to the UK and debated its findings with Lighthill on a BBC
Television live special.
By the early 1970s AI was in trouble. Millions had
been spent, with little to show for it.
There was strong criticism from the US Congress and,
in 1973, leading mathematician Professor Sir James
Lighthill gave a damning health report on the state of
AI in the UK.
His view was that machines would only ever be
capable of an "experienced amateur" level of chess.
Common sense reasoning and supposedly simple tasks

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like face recognition would always be beyond their

capability.
Funding for the industry was slashed, ushering in what
became known as the AI winter.

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1981
A solution for big business

Ken Olsen, founder of Digital Equipment Corporation, was

among the first business leaders to realise the commercial
benefit of AI.
The moment that historians pinpoint as the end of the
AI winter was when AI's commercial value started to
be realised, attracting new investment.
The new commercial systems were far less ambitious
than early AI. Instead of trying to create a general
intelligence, these expert systems focused on much
narrower tasks. That meant they only needed to be
programmed with the rules of a very particular
problem.
The first successful commercial expert system, known
as the RI, began operation at the Digital Equipment

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Corporation helping configure orders for new

computer systems. By 1986 it was saving the company
an estimated $40m a year.

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1990
Back to nature for 'bottom-up' inspiration

Rodney Brooks became director of the MIT Artificial

Intelligence Laboratory, a post once held by Marvin
Minsky.
Expert systems couldn't crack the problem of imitating
biology. Then AI scientist Rodney Brooks published a
new paper: Elephants Dont Play Chess.
Brooks was inspired by advances in neuroscience,
which had started to explain the mysteries of human
cognition. Vision, for example, needed different
'modules' in the brain to work together to recognise
patterns, with no central control.

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Brooks argued that the top-down approach of preprogramming a computer with the rules of intelligent
behaviour was wrong.
He helped drive a revival of the bottom-up approach to
AI, including the long unfashionable field of neural
networks.

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1997
Man vs machine: Fight of the 20th Century

Find out why Deep Blue "thinks like God" according to Gary
Kasparov.
Supporters of top-down AI still had their champions:
supercomputers like Deep Blue, which in 1997 took on
world chess champion Garry Kasparov.
The IBM-built machine was, on paper, far superior to
Kasparov - capable of evaluating up to 200 million
positions a second. But could it think strategically? The
answer was a resounding yes. The supercomputer won
the contest, dubbed 'the brain's last stand', with such

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flair that Kasparov believed a human being had to be

behind the controls.
Some hailed this as the moment that AI came of age.
But for others, this simply showed brute force at work
on a highly specialised problem with clear rules.

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2002
The first robot for the home

The Roomba vacuum has cleaned up commercially over 10

million units have been bought across the world.
Rodney Brook's spin-off company, iRobot, created the
first commercially successful robot for the home an
autonomous vacuum cleaner called Roomba.
Cleaning the carpet was a far cry from the early AI
pioneers' ambitions. But Roomba was a big
achievement. Its few layers of behaviour-generating
systems were far simpler than Shakey the Robot's
algorithms, and were more like Grey Walters robots
over half a century before.
Despite relatively simple sensors and minimal
processing power, the device had enough intelligence
to reliably and efficiently clean a home. Roomba

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ushered in a new era of autonomous robots, focused on

specific tasks.

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2005
War machines

The legs of BigDog contain several sensors that enable each

limb to move autonomously when it walks over rough terrain.
Having seen their dreams of AI in the Cold War come
to nothing, the US military was now getting back on
board with this new approach.
They began to invest in autonomous robots. BigDog,
made by Boston Dynamics, was one of the first. Built
to serve as a robotic pack animal in terrain too rough
for conventional vehicles, it has never actually seen
active service.
iRobot also became a big player in this field. Their
bomb disposal robot, PackBot, marries user control
with intelligent capabilities such as explosives sniffing.

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Over 2000 PackBots have been deployed in Iraq and

Afghanistan.

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2008
Starting to crack the big problems

According to Google, its speech recognition technology had

an 8%-word error rate as of 2015.
In November 2008, a small feature appeared on the
new Apple iPhone a Google app with speech
recognition.
It seemed simple. But this heralded a breakthrough.
Despite speech recognition being one of AI's key goals,
decades of investment had never lifted it above 80%
accuracy.
Google pioneered a new approach: thousands of
powerful computers, running parallel neural networks,
learning to spot patterns in the vast volumes of data
streaming in from Google's many users.

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At first it was still fairly inaccurate but, after years of

learning and improvements, Google now claims it is
92% accurate.

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2010
Dance bots

Find out how close we are to enabling robots to learn with

mathematician Marcus Du Sautoy.
At the same time as massive mainframes were
changing the way AI was done, new technology meant
smaller computers could also pack a bigger punch.
These new computers enabled humanoid robots, like
the NAO robot, which could do things predecessors
like Shakey had found almost impossible.
NAO robots used lots of the technology pioneered over
the previous decade, such as learning enabled by neural
networks. At Shanghai's 2010 World Expo, some of the
extraordinary capabilities of these robots went on
display, as 20 of them danced in perfect harmony for
eight minutes.

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2011
Man vs machine: The fight of the 21st Century

Watson is now used in medicine. It mines vast sets of data to

find facts relevant to a patients history and makes
recommendations to doctors.
In 2011, IBM's Watson took on the human brain on US
quiz show Jeopardy.
This was a far greater challenge for the machine than
chess. Watson had to answer riddles and complex
questions. Its makers used a myriad of AI techniques,
including neural networks, and trained the machine for

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more than three years to recognise patterns in questions

and answers.
Watson trounced its opposition the two best
performers of all time on the show. The victory went
viral and was hailed as a triumph for AI.

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2014
Are machines intelligent now?

Across four states in America it is legal for driverless cars to

take to the road.
Sixty-four years after Turing published his idea of a
test that would prove machine intelligence, a chatbot
named Eugene Goostman finally passed.
But very few AI experts saw this a watershed moment.
Eugene Goostman was seen as 'taught for the test',
using tricks to fool the judges. It was other
developments in 2014 that showed how far AI had
come in 70 years.
From Google's billion-dollar investment in driverless
cars, to Skype's launch of real-time voice translation,

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intelligent machines were now becoming an everyday

reality that would change all of our lives.

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2016
The Resurgence of Artificial Intelligence

Bots will have real-time smartphone conversations

with you.
Algorithms will predict how voters will act at the polls.
Computers will ingest data and write 2,000 news
stories per second.
Facial recognition: You can notice it now on Facebook
as photos are shown with suggested names already on
them. Next, robots will be able to recognize people
based on their facial characteristics.

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Cognitive computing will further develop and complex

systems now run by teams of people will be automated.
Computers are already doing the work of trained
radiologists to analyze medical images. In Australia,
one system will be used to manage natural gas
facilities.

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Things You Need to Know

Here are 10 things you need to know about Artificial
Intelligence(AI), from how it came into being to what
wonders it has created till now and its future possibilities.
1. AI can trace its roots far back
For many of us, the idea of AI conjures images of a robot or
other anthropomorphic machines that can think and reason as
well as a human can. The idea of a machine-man was
perceived as early as some of the Greek Myths, such as the
golden robots of Hephaestus. Additionally, stories of alchemy
in the Middle Ages alluded to the placing of the human brain
in inanimate objects. Also, some religions that worship
physical states believe the statues to be possessing of human
thought and emotion.

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2. Alan Turings huge influence on AI

In 1950, Alan Turing published his paper Computing
Machinery and Intelligence, where he tried to figure out if a
machine could win what he called "The Imitation Game,"
which is also the name of the recent film about Turing. The
test had a computer try to distinguish between the gender of
two players. The paper also first introduced the Turing Test.
Computing Machinery and Intelligence is largely regarded as
the seminal work on AI.

3. Formal AI research started in the 1950s

While AI research was happening prior, it didn't become a
formal academic research discipline until the Dartmouth
Conference of 1956. Adoption of the name "artificial
intelligence" was encouraged by organizer John McCarthy.
McCarthy continued contributing to the work of AI in many
universities until his death in 2011.

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4. Natural language processing is key to AI

One of the major goals of AI is getting a computer to
understand and subsequently communicate in natural
languages, a field called natural language processing (NLP).
The computer must take natural human languages, like
English or Spanish, and glean insight that it can process.

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5. Autonomous vehicles need AI to function

One of the biggest technological advancements in
transportation over the last few years has been the creation of
autonomous vehicles, or vehicles that can pilot themselves.
New vehicles like Google's driverless cars, and some
autonomous drones wouldn't be possible without some of the
top AI technology we have today.

6. Investors are funding new AI companies or start-ups

What's considered a "hot" market for start-ups typically ebbs
and flows, but it's obvious that AI is definitely a hot market.
According to CB Insights, the number of new start-ups being
funded in the space is growing. Some companies, like
Sentient Technologies, have raised more than $100 million in
funding after a few years in operation.

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7. AI-powered robots can think together and perform

effectively
The CoCoRo (Collective Cognitive Robotics) Project in
Europe has developed robots with artificial intelligence that
can function in unison like a school of fish. The robots can
search an area, scan the environment, and send information
among one another which turns out to be practically of
immense use.

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8. Big tech giants are betting on AI and are optimistic

Small start-up companies aren't solely responsible for the
surge in AI. Major tech giants are investing in the space and
acquiring AI companies as well. IBM's Watson is doing
everything from working with hospitals to cooking meals.
Google made news when it acquired AI start-up DeepMind
for $400 million, and Facebook recently purchased Wit.ai.
9. AI is polarizing, we need to decide
Few technologies are as contentious as AI. On one hand,
major companies and universities are pouring money into AI
research and development. Conversely, scientist Stephen
Hawking warned that AI could be the end of humankind.
Additionally, Elon Musk and Bill Gates have both voiced
negative opinions on AI. Whatever camp you fall into, there
probably won't be a unified opinion on AI anytime soon.
10. Robots which can socialize
A robot called Kismet, from MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab,
can interact by recognising human body language, tone of
voice and reposting according to that input. Kismet was
developed Cynthia Breazeal in the 1990s.

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Final Thoughts
So, Artificial Intelligence leaves the humanity at a point
where the people need to take a contemplative decision as to
what they foresee their future to be. This is because artificial
intelligence possesses immense potential to change the way
we are living. The development in it will surely result in a
paradigm shift in the way people perceive the modern world
to be.
We know that change is the rule of life and we are deemed to
accept it. Artificial Intelligence has both the brighter and
darker side. Its upon us as humans to use it constructively or
destructively. Making the computer do various tasks
repeatedly makes it better progressively which can serve as a
huge benefit if the technology is applied in the correct way. It
can cause unimaginable wonders if its potential is tapped out
in favourable manner.
There also lies a possibility that the machines will make
themselves better and better and at one point they will
outsmart the humans. They might even become a threat to the
human existence which is highly dreary to imagine. One way
to avoid it is that, we program them in such a way that they
never try to hurt a human. But even the intentions of the
humans keep changing with time and can be the same case
with those AI robots. They might differ at some point of time
and cause a havoc. So, the confusion persists as to what can
development in these field would lead to.

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References
National Nanotechnology Initiative
nano.gov/
nano.gov/about-nni/what/funding
Physics Central
physicscentral.com/explore/posternobelprize
Forbes
forbes.com/forbes/welcome/
Live Science
livescience.com/quantum-mechanics-explanation
The Guardian
theguardian.com/nanotechnology-world/nano-tattoofor-diabetics
Nanosilver
nanosilver.com.my/nano-tech-facts/what-is-nano-silver
Computer World
computerworld.com/ mobile-wireless/scientists-cannow-make-lithium-ion-batteries-last-a-lifetime

P a g e | 162

SPIE

spie.org/newsroom/nanowire-solar-cells-for-nextgeneration photovoltaics
Azonano
azonano.com/nanotechnology-news-index.aspx
Science Alert
sciencealert.com/scientists-accidentally-createnanorods-that-harvest-water-from-the-air

Bbc.com/tech-news
beebom.com via Dann Albright
gizmodo.com via Annalee Newitz
time.com via Victor Luckerson
techrepublic.com via Conner Forrest
bbc.co.uk/timeline
tech-predictions 2016 via Andy Friedman
deepmind.com
ColdFusion YouTube
nanowerk.com/nanotechnology/ten things you should
know