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Storagedevices(TeamAUAU)
StorageDevice(BLACKEAGLE)
StorageDevice(teampres)
StorageDevices(Unlimited10)

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DefinitionWhatdoesStorageDevicemean?
Astoragedeviceisanycomputinghardwarethatisusedfor
storing,portingandextractingdatafilesandobjects.Itcanhold
andstoreinformationbothtemporarilyandpermanently,andcan
beinternalorexternaltoacomputer,serveroranysimilar
computingdevice.
Astoragedevicemayalsobeknownasastoragemedium.
Therearetwodifferenttypesofstoragedevices:
PrimaryStorageDevices:Generallysmallerinsize,are
designedtoholddatatemporarilyandareinternaltothe
computer.Theyhavethefastestdataaccessspeed,andinclude
RAMandcachememory.
SecondaryStorageDevices:Theseusuallyhavelargestorage
capacity,andtheystoredatapermanently.Theycanbeboth
internalandexternaltothecomputer,andtheyincludethehard
disk,compactdiskdriveandUSBstoragedevice
Examplesofstoragedevice:
1)Harddisk
2)DVDs
3)CDs
4)Magnetictape

5)Flashmemory(USBmemorysticks)
6)RandomAccessMemory(RAM)
7)FloppyDiscs
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8)MemoryCards
9)ZipDisk
10)SmartCards
11)MicroDrive

1)Harddisk

Aharddiskdrive(HDD),harddisk,hard
driveorfixeddiskisadatastorage
deviceusedforstoringand
retrievingdigitalinformationusingoneor
morerigid("hard")rapidlyrotatingdisks
(platters)coatedwithmagneticmaterial.
Theplattersarepairedwithmagnetic
headsarrangedonamovingactuatorarm,
whichreadandwritedatatotheplatter
surfaces.Dataisaccessedinarandom
accessmanner,meaningthat
individualblocksofdatacanbestoredor
retrievedinanyorderandnot
onlysequentially.HDDsareatypeofnon
volatilememory,retainingstoreddataeven
whenpoweredoff.

IntroducedbyIBMin1956,HDDsbecamethe
dominantsecondarystoragedeviceforgeneralpurpose
computersbytheearly1960s.Continuouslyimproved,HDDs
havemaintainedthispositionintothemodernera
ofserversandpersonalcomputers.Morethan200companies
haveproducedHDDunits,thoughmostcurrentunitsare
manufacturedbySeagate,ToshibaandWesternDigital.Asof
2015,HDDproduction(exabytesperyear)andarealdensityare
growing,althoughunitshipmentsaredeclining.
TheprimarycharacteristicsofanHDDareitscapacity
andperformance.Capacityisspecifiedinunit
prefixescorrespondingtopowersof1000:a1terabyte(TB)drive
hasacapacityof1,000gigabytes(GBwhere1gigabyte=1
billionbytes).Typically,someofanHDD'scapacityisunavailable
totheuserbecauseitisusedbythefilesystemandthe
computeroperatingsystem,andpossiblyinbuiltredundancy
forerrorcorrectionandrecovery.Performanceisspecifiedbythe
timerequiredtomovetheheadstoatrackorcylinder(average
accesstime)plusthetimeittakesforthedesiredsectortomove
underthehead(averagelatency,whichisafunctionofthe
physicalrotationalspeedinrevolutionsperminute),andfinallythe
speedatwhichthedataistransmitted(datarate).
ThetwomostcommonformfactorsformodernHDDsare3.5
inch,fordesktopcomputers,and2.5inch,primarilyforlaptops.
HDDsareconnectedtosystemsbystandardinterfacecablessuch
asPATA(ParallelATA),SATA(SerialATA),USBorSAS(Serial
attachedSCSI)cables.
Asof2016,theprimarycompetingtechnologyforsecondary
storageisflashmemoryintheformofsolidstatedrives(SSDs),
whichhavehigherdatatransferrates,betterreliability,and
significantlylowerlatencyandaccesstimes,butHDDsremainthe
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dominantmediumforsecondarystorageduetoadvantagesin
costperunitofstorage.However,SSDsarereplacingHDDs
wherespeed,powerconsumptionanddurabilityaremore
importantconsiderations.Hybriddriveproducts,alsoknownby
theinitialismSSHD,havebeenavailablesince2007,madeasa
combinationofHDDandSSDtechnologyinasingledevice.
2.DVDs

DVD("digitalversatilediscor"digitalvideodisc)is
adigitalopticaldiscstorageformatinventedanddeveloped
byPhilips,Sony,Toshiba,andPanasonicin1995.Themedium
canstoreanykindofdigitaldataandiswidelyusedforsoftware
andothercomputerfilesaswellasvideoprogramswatched
usingDVDplayers.DVDsofferhigherstoragecapacity
thancompactdiscswhilehavingthesamedimensions.
PrerecordedDVDsaremassproducedusingmolding
machinesthatphysicallystampdataontotheDVD.Suchdiscsare
aformofDVDROMs,becausedatacanonlybereadandnot
writtenorerased.BlankrecordableDVDdiscs(DVD
RandDVD+R)canberecordedonceusingaDVDrecorderand
thenfunctionasaDVDROM.RewritableDVDs(DVD
RW,DVD+RW,andDVDRAM)canberecordedanderased
manytimes.
DVDsareusedinDVDVideoconsumerdigitalvideoformatand
inDVDAudioconsumerdigitalaudioformataswellasfor
authoringDVDdiscswritteninaspecialAVCHDformatto
holdhighdefinitionmaterial(ofteninconjunctionwithAVCHD
formatcamcorders).DVDscontainingothertypesofinformation
maybereferredtoasDVDdatadiscs.

3.CDS

CompactDisc(CD)isadigitalopticaldiscdatastorageformat.
Theformatwasoriginallydevelopedtostoreandplayonlysound
recordingsbutwaslateradaptedforstorageofdata(CDROM).
Severalotherformatswerefurtherderivedfromthese,including
writeonceaudioanddatastorage(CDR),rewritablemedia(CD
RW),VideoCompactDisc(VCD),SuperVideoCompactDisc
(SVCD),PhotoCD,PictureCD,CDi,andEnhancedMusicCD.
AudioCDsandaudioCDplayershavebeencommercially
availablesinceOctober1982.
StandardCDshaveadiameterof120millimetres(4.7in)andcan
holduptoabout80minutesofuncompressedaudioorabout
700MiBofdata.TheMiniCDhasvariousdiametersrangingfrom
60to80millimetres(2.4to3.1in)theyaresometimesusedfor
CDsingles,storingupto24minutesofaudio,ordeliveringdevice
drivers.
Atthetimeofthetechnology'sintroductionin1982,aCDhad
greaterstoragecapacitythanapersonalcomputerharddrive.By
2010,harddrivescommonlyhadcapacitiesexceedingthoseof
CDsbyafactorofseveralthousand.
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In2004,worldwidesalesofaudioCDs,CDROMsandCDRs
reachedabout30billiondiscs.By2007,200billionCDshadbeen
soldworldwide.CDsareincreasinglybeingreplacedbyother
formsofdigitalstorageanddistribution,withtheresultthataudio
CDsalesratesintheU.S.havedroppedabout50%fromtheir
peakhowever,theyremainoneoftheprimarydistribution
methodsforthemusicindustry.In2014,revenuesfromdigital
musicservicesmatchthosefromphysicalformatsalesfor.

4.MagneticTape

Magnetictapeisamediumformagneticrecording,madeofa
thinmagnetizablecoatingonalong,narrowstripofplasticfilm.It
wasdevelopedinGermany,basedonmagneticwirerecording.
Devicesthatrecordandplaybackaudioandvideousing
magnetictapearetaperecordersandvideotaperecorders.A
devicethatstorescomputerdataonmagnetictapeisatape
drive(tapeunit,streamer).
Magnetictaperevolutionizedbroadcastandrecording.When
allradiowaslive,itallowedprogrammingtoberecorded.Ata
timewhengramophonerecordswererecordedinonetake,it
allowedrecordingstobemadeinmultipleparts,whichwerethen
mixedandeditedwithtolerablelossinquality.Itisakey
technologyinearlycomputerdevelopment,allowingunparalleled
amountsofdatatobemechanicallycreated,storedforlong
periods,andtoberapidlyaccessed.
Nowadaysothertechnologiescanperformthefunctionsof
magnetictape.Inmanycasesthesetechnologiesarereplacing
tape.Despitethis,innovationinthetechnology
continues,SonyandIBMcontinuetoproducenewmagnetictape
drives.
Overyears,magnetictapecansufferfromdeterioration
calledstickyshedsyndrome.Causedbyabsorptionofmoisture
intothebinderofthetape,itcanrenderthetapeunusable.

5.Flashmemory

Flashmemoryisanelectronic(solidstate)nonvolatilecomputer
storagemediumthatcanbeelectricallyerasedand
reprogrammed.
ToshibadevelopedflashmemoryfromEEPROM(electrically
erasableprogrammablereadonlymemory)intheearly1980s
andintroducedittothemarketin1984.Thetwomaintypesof
flashmemoryarenamedaftertheNANDandNORlogicgates.
Theindividualflashmemorycellsexhibitinternalcharacteristics
similartothoseofthecorrespondinggates.
Exampleapplicationsofbothtypesofflashmemoryinclude
personalcomputers,PDAs,digitalaudioplayers,digitalcameras,
mobilephones,synthesizers,videogames,scientific
instrumentation,industrialrobotics,andmedicalelectronics.In
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additiontobeingnonvolatile,flashmemoryoffersfast
readaccesstimes,althoughnotasfastasstaticRAMor
ROM.[2]Itsmechanicalshockresistancehelpsexplainits
popularityoverharddisksinportabledevices,asdoesitshigh
durability,abilitytowithstandhighpressure,temperatureand
immersioninwater,etc.
AlthoughflashmemoryistechnicallyatypeofEEPROM,theterm
"EEPROM"isgenerallyusedtoreferspecificallytononflash
EEPROMwhichiserasableinsmallblocks,typically
bytes.Becauseerasecyclesareslow,thelargeblocksizesused
inflashmemoryerasinggiveitasignificantspeedadvantageover
nonflashEEPROMwhenwritinglargeamountsofdata.Asof
2013,flashmemorycostsmuchlessthanbyteprogrammable
EEPROMandhadbecomethedominantmemorytypewherever
asystemrequiredasignificantamountofnonvolatilesolidstate
storage.
6.RandomAccessMemory(RAM)
Randomaccessmemory(RAM)isaformofcomputerdata
storage.Arandomaccessmemorydeviceallowsdataitemstobe
accessed(readorwritten)inalmostthesameamountoftime
irrespectiveofthephysicallocationofdatainsidethememory.In
contrast,withotherdirectaccessdatastoragemediasuch
asharddisks,CDRWs,DVDRWsandtheolderdrummemory,
thetimerequiredtoreadandwritedataitemsvariessignificantly
dependingontheirphysicallocationsontherecordingmedium,
duetomechanicallimitationssuchasmediarotationspeedsand
armmovement.
RAMcontainsmultiplexinganddemultiplexingcircuitrytoconnect
thedatalinestotheaddressedstorageforreadingorwritingthe
entry.Usuallymorethanonebitofstorageisaccessedbythe
sameaddress,andRAMdevicesoftenhavemultipledatalines
andaresaidtobe'8bit'or'16bit'etc.devices.
Intoday'stechnology,randomaccessmemorytakestheform
ofintegratedcircuits.RAMisnormallyassociated
withvolatiletypesofmemory(suchasDRAMmemorymodules),
wherestoredinformationislostifpowerisremoved,although
manyeffortshavebeenmadetodevelopnonvolatileRAM
chips.Othertypesofnonvolatilememoriesexistthatallow
randomaccessforreadoperations,buteitherdonotallowwrite
operationsorhaveotherkindsoflimitationsonthem.These
includemosttypesofROMandatypeofflash
memorycalledNORFlash.
7.Floppydisc
Afloppydisk,alsocalledafloppy,disketteorjustdisk,isa
typeofdiskstoragecomposedofadiskofthinand
flexiblemagneticstoragemedium,sealedinarectangularplastic
carrierlinedwithfabricthatremovesdustparticles.Floppydisks
arereadandwrittenbyafloppydiskdrive(FDD).

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Floppydisks,initiallyas8inch(200mm)mediaandlaterin5
inch(133mm)and3inch(90mm)sizes,wereaubiquitous
formofdatastorageandexchangefromthemid1970sintothe
late2000s.[1]
By2007,computerswererarelymanufacturedwithinstalled
floppydiskdrives3inchfloppydiskscanbeusedwithan
externalUSBfloppydiskdrive,butUSBdrivesfor5inch,8inch,
andnonstandarddiskettesareraretononexistent.These
formatsareusuallyhandledbyolderequipment.
Whilefloppydiskdrivesstillhavesomelimiteduses,especially
withlegacyindustrialcomputerequipment,theyhavebeen
supersededbydatastoragemethodswithmuchgreatercapacity,
suchasUSBflashsticks,flashstoragecards,portableexternal
harddiskdrives,opticaldiscs,andstorageavailable
throughcomputernetworks.
8.MemoryCards
Amemorycardorflashcardisanelectronicflashmemorydata
storagedeviceusedforstoringdigitalinformation.Theseare
commonlyusedinportableelectronicdevices,suchasdigital
cameras,mobilephones,laptopcomputers,tablets,MP3
playersandvideogameconsoles.Amemorycard

(sometimescalledaflashmemorycardorastorage
card)isasmallstoragemediumusedtostoredata
suchastext,pictures,audio,andvideo,foruseon
small,portableorremotecomputingdevices.Most
ofthecurrentproductsuseflashmemory,although
othertechnologiesarebeingdeveloped.Therearea
numberofmemorycardsonthemarket,including
theSDcard(securedigitalcard),theCF
card(CompactFlashcard),theSmartMediacard,
theMemoryStick,andtheMultiMediaCard(MMC).
Thesecardsareofvaryingsizes,andeachis
availableinarangeofstoragecapacitiesthat
typicallycorrespondsdirectlytotheprice.The
CompactFlashcardisaboutthesizeofa
matchbook,whiletheMultiMediaCardandSecure
Digitalcardareeachaboutthesizeofapostage
stamp.Thelattertwoareexpectedtoreachstorage
capacitiesupto1gigabyte(GB)bytheendof2002.
9.ZipDisk
Theylooklikeafloppydisk,buttheyarealittlethicker.Thisdiskalso
comesinavarietyofcolorsandholdsabout200MBofdata.

TheZipdriveisamediumtohighcapacity(atthetimeof
itsrelease)removablefloppydiskstoragesystemthatwas
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introducedbyIomegainlate1994.Originally,Zip
diskslaunchedwithcapacitiesof100MB,butlater
versionsincreasedthistofirst250MBandthen750MB.
10.SmartCards
ThesearethesizeofanATMcard.Wheninsertedintoasmartcard
reader,theycanreadandupdatedataforyou.Asmartcard,chipcard,
orintegratedcircuitcard(ICC)isanypocketsizedcardthathas
embeddedintegratedcircuits.[1]Smartcardsaremadeofplastic,
generallypolyvinylchloride,butsometimespolyethylene
terephthalatebasedpolyesters,acrylonitrilebutadiene
styreneorpolycarbonate.SinceApril2009,aJapanesecompanyhas
manufacturedreusablefinancialsmartcardsmadefrompaper.[2]

Smartcardscanbeeithercontactorcontactlesssmartcard.
Smartcardscanprovidepersonalidentification,authentication,
datastorage,andapplicationprocessing.[3]Smartcardsmay
providestrongsecurityauthenticationforsinglesignon(SSO)
withinlargeorganizations.
11.MicroDrive
Thisisasquarediskthathas1GBofspaceandisusedwithdigital
camerasandhandheldcomputers.Microdriveisaregistered

trademarkforminiature,1inchharddisksproduced
byIBMandHitachi.Theserotationalmediastoragedeviceswere
designedtofitinCompactFlash(CF)TypeIIslots.Thereleaseof
similardrivesbyothermakersledtothemoftenbeingreferredto
as"microdrives"too.Asof2015,Microdrivesareviewedas
obsolete,havingbeeneclipsedbysolidstateflashmediain
read/writeperformance,storagecapacity,durability,physicalsize,
andprice.

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