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SONET/SDH
17.1
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Note
17.2
17--1 ARCHITECTURE
17
Let us first introduce the architecture of a SONET
system:: signals, devices, and connections
system
connections..
17.4
17.5
Note
17.7
Figure 17.2 SONET layers compared with OSI or the Internet layers
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17.9
Figure
g
17.4 An STS-1 and an STS-n frame
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17.12
Note
A SONET STS-n
signal
i
l is
i transmitted
t
itt d att
8000 frames per second.
17.13
Note
17.14
Example 17.1
Find the data rate off an STS-1 signal.
g
Solution
STS-1,, like other STS signals,
g
, sends 8000 fframes pper
second. Each STS-1 frame is made of 9 by (1 90) bytes.
Each byte
y is made off 8 bits. The data rate is
17.15
Example 17.2
Fi d the
Find
th data
d t rate
t off an STS-3
STS 3 signal.
i
l
Solution
STS-3,, like other STS signals,
g
, sends 8000 fframes pper
second. Each STS-3 frame is made of 9 by (3 90) bytes.
Each byte
y is made off 8 bits. The data rate is
17.16
Note
17.17
Example 17.3
What is the duration off an STS-1 fframe? STS-3 fframe?
STS-n frame?
Solution
In SONET, 8000 frames are sent per second. This means
that the duration of an STS-1,
STS-1 STS-3,
STS-3 or STS-n frame is
the same and equal to 1/8000 s, or 125 s.
17.18
Note
In SONET,
th duration
the
d
ti off any frame
f
is
i 125 s.
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17.20
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Note
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Figure
g
17.8 STS-1 frame: line overhead
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17.24
Note
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17.26
Example 17.4
What is the user data rate off an STS-1 fframe ((without
considering the overheads)?
Solution
The user data part in an STS-1 frame is made of 9 rows
and 86 columns.
columns So we have
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Example 17.5
Whatt are th
Wh
the values
l
off H1 andd H2 if an SPE starts
t t att byte
b t
number 650?
Solution
The number 650 can be expressed in four hexadecimal
digits as 0x028A.
0x028A This means the value of H1 is 0x02 and
the value of H2 is 0x8A.
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Note
17.33
Figure
g
17.13 Byte interleaving
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17.36
Note
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Figure
g
17.18 A point-to-point SONET network
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