FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

UiTM PULAU PINANG

ECS 208
BASIC SOLID MECHANICS
TOPIC 1: 1D AND 2D LINEAR STRESS
STRAIN
by izziyantie@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

COURSE INFORMATION
Course Name :Basic Solid Mechanics
Credit Unit

:3.0

Contact Hours :Lecture : 3 hours/week

Tutorial : 1 hour/week
Prerequisite

:PHY190
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

LEARNING OUTCOME TOPIC 1

After completing Topic 1, one should be able
to :
differentiate and compute the normal and
shearing stresses (CO1: PO1)
compute the deformation caused by normal and
shearing stresses (CO1: PO1)
solve the composite material problem using stress
and strain concept (CO1: PO1)
solve theoretically OR graphically the plane stress
problem (CO1: PO1)
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

ASSESSMENT
Final Examination
Coursework
Tests (2 test)
Quizzes, Assignment
Total :

-60%
-30%
-10%
100%

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

RECOMMENDED TEXTBOOK
TEXTS:
1. R.C. Hibbeler, Mechanics Of Materials, SI 8th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2011.
2. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston Jr. & John T.
DeWolf, Mechanics Of Materials, 6th Edition In
SI Units, McGraw Hill, 2012.
3. Siti Hawa Hamzah, Hamidon Ahmad & Hanizah
Abdul Hamid, "Basic Solid Mechanics", Fakulti
Kejuruteraan Awam,Universiti Teknologi MARA,
2000.
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

TOPIC 1: 1D AND 2D LINEAR STRESS

STRAIN
WEEK 1:
-DIRECT/NORMAL STRESS
-SHEARING STRESS
-SINGLE/DOUBLE SHEAR
-SYMBOLS
-UNIT NOTATION
-SIGN CONVENTION
-FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

INTRODUCTION
Before any engineering structure can be used,
we have to ensure that it is able to sustain the
load acted on it throughout its life. If the
components or members are in equilibrium,
the resultant of the external forces will be
zero.

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

LOADS
FULL

PUSH

Stress= F / A

Area

Normally:
Tensile Stress,
T = positive
Compressive Stress,
c= negative

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

TYPES OF LOADING
TYPES OF LOADING

DESCRIPTION

STATIC OR DEAD LOADS

NON FLUCTUATING STATIONARY LOADS

(GENERALLY CAUSED BY SELF-WEIGHT OF
STRUCTURE)

LIVE LOADS

MOVING LOADS
EX: VEHICULAR LOADS ON BRIDGES

IMPACT OR SHOCK LOADS

LOADS CAUSED SUDDEN BLOWS

FATIQUE, FLUCTUATING OR
ALTERNATING LOADS

LOADS WHERE MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION

CHANGE WITH TIME

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

DIRECT OR NORMAL STRESS

What is direct stress?
From a uniformly or equally applied direct
force across a cross-section.
Description:
When a force is applied to an elastic body, the
body deforms.

The way in which the body deforms depends

upon the type of force applied to it.
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont DIRECT STRESS

A tensile force makes
the body longer.

A compression force
makes the body
shorter.

Tensile and compressive forces are

called DIRECT FORCES
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont DIRECT STRESS

What is stress?

Stress is the force per unit area upon

which it acts.
Stress = = Force/Area (N/m2) or Pascals
(Pa)
The symbol is called SIGMA (Greek letter)
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont DIRECT STRESS

NOTE ON UNITS
The fundamental unit of stress is 1 N/m2 and this is
called a Pascal (Pa).

This is a small quantity in most fields of engineering so

we use the multiples kPa, MPa and GPa.
Areas may be calculated in mm2 and units of stress in
N/mm2 are quite acceptable.
Since 1 N/mm2 converts to 1 000 000 N/m2 then it
follows that the N/mm2 is the same as a MPa
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont DIRECT STRESS

PREFIXES OF UNITS

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

DIRECT STRAIN
In each case, a force,F produces a deformation,x.
In engineering we usually change this force into
stress and the deformation into strain and we
define these as follows.
Strain is the deformation per unit of the original
length. It has no units since it is a ratio of length
to length.
Strain = = x/L

The symbol is called EPSILON

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont DIRECT STRAIN

Most engineering materials do not stretch
very much before they become damaged so
strain values are very small figures. It is quite
normal to change small numbers in to the
exponent for of 10-6.
Engineers use the abbreviation (micro
strain) to denote this multiple.
For example a strain of 0.000068 could be
written as 68 x 10-6 but engineers would write
68 .
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont DIRECT STRAIN

WORKED EXAMPLE No.1
A metal wire is 2.5 mm diameter and 2 m
long. A force of 12 N is applied to it and it
stretches 0.3 mm.
Assume the material is elastic. Determine the
following.
i. The stress in the wire .
ii. The strain in the wire .
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

SOLUTION FOR WORKED EXAMPLE

No.1

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

EXERCISE No.1 &2

1. A steel bar is 10 mm diameter and 2 m long. It
is stretched with a force of 20 kN and extends
by 0.2 mm. Calculate the stress and strain.
2. A rod is 0.5 m long and 5 mm diameter. It is
stretched 0.06 mm by a force of 3 kN.
Calculate the stress and strain.

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

ANSWERS
Answers No.1:
254.6 MPa and 100

Answers No.2:
152.8 MPa and 120

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

SHEAR STRESS
Shear force, V is a force applied sideways on
to the material (transversely loaded).
Shear stress, is the type of stress that acts
tangential to a plane.
Shear stress occurs due to the effect of
shearing, in which there is a tendency for a
material to break into two parts with one
sliding over the other.
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont SHEAR STRESS

This occurs typically:
1. When a pair of shears cuts
a material
2. When a material is
punched
3. When a beam has a
transverse load.
4. When a pin carries a load
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont SHEAR STRESS

Shear stress is the force per unit area carrying
the load. This means the cross sectional area
of the material being cut, the beam and pin
respectively.
Shear stress = F/A
The symbol is called Tau
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont SHEAR STRESS

Single Shear
ave = F/A

= P/A = F/A

Double Shear
ave = F/ 2A

= P/A = F/2 = F
A
2A

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont SHEAR STRESS

Single Shear
If plates A and B are connected by bolt C,
shear will take place in bolt C in
plane DD'. The bolt is in single shear. To
determine the average shearing stress in
the plane, free-body diagrams of
bolt C and of the portion of the bolt
located above the plane is drawn.
Observing that the shear P = F, it can be
concluded that the average shearing
stress is:

Double Shear
If splice plates H and J are used to
connect plates E and G, shear will take
place in bolts K and L in each of the two
planes MM' and NN'. The bolts are in
double shear. To determine the
average shearing stress in each plane,
free-body diagrams of bolt L and of the
portion of the bolt located between the
two planes is drawn. Observing that the
shear P in each of the sections is P = F/2,
it can be concluded that the average
shearing stress is:

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

SHEAR STRAIN
The shear strain is defined
as the ratio of the distance
deformed to the height ,
x/L.
The end face rotates
through an angle . Since
this is a very small angle, it
is accurate to say the
distance x is the length of
an arc of radius L and
angle so that

= x/L

The symbol is called Gamma.

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

ALLOWABLE WORKING STRESS FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)

Every material has a certain capacity to carry
load, but it is unsafe to load a material to full
capacity it would have no reserve strength.

1.
2.
3.

This is dangerous because:

May experience a load greater than anticipated
Material may be defective
Construction may be faulty (fabrication / erection /
workmanship, etc.)
4. Other unforeseen situation (calculation errors, etc)

Remedy: Apply a Factor of Safety (FOS) that provides a

margin for error and uncertainty
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)

Two general approaches employed in engineering design:
1. Based on yield stress (elastic material) or
other predetermined strain amount (for an
inelastic materiale.g. for concrete, the stress
at a strain of 0.3% (0.003 in/in).
In this case, the stress is reduced from the yield or other
specified maximum to get the allowable stress and is
known as the Allowable Stress Design Method.
This is the earliest and most tradition design method, also
least involved computationally.
FOS= Yield Stress/ Allowable working stress
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)

2. Based on the ultimate strength of material (Known as
the Limit State Design Method):
Instead of reducing the allowable stress, use ultimate
strength and apply multipliers to loads, since generally
know the material capacity more accurately than
anticipated loads (e.g., 1.4xDL + 1.7xLL < Fult (for
concrete design).
More rational and exact approach. Can lead to
material savings by reducing size of members,
however is more laborious in calculation so is often
not cost effective for engineering except larger scale
projects. Also lighter members can be controlled by
deflection.
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)

Known as Load and Resistance Factor Design
(LRFD) for steel and wood
Known as Ultimate Strength Design (UDS)
for concrete (now the predominate method
for this material since more accurately
models stress behavior inside members)
FOS= Maximum Stress/ Allowable working
stress
ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013
- MISS IZZIYANTIE

Cont FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE

End of lecture of week 1

ECS 208 BASIC SOLID MECHANICS JUN2013

- MISS IZZIYANTIE