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I lllnhlulul
an
Written by
-X
:A
'
z~r~ 1;1'
l
~
"\Z
fl
valued fifmcti011.
'
'll;
;l=
1|,
G,
Ll\/AJNIL
an-gnu IQ-A
'1
L":
Mwiyl
Let X
;;-
lav.
be
d_:__X_ ><
4
be a function
'
\2l.,
-l (ll
d( X11952 )
=.
15
V X1X2.=' X
= d(X2,X1)
V XPX2
Cl(X],-X3) V
>=\I'.v:..'l:y".l|l1Tlel']'ll(.
,.=~-I
*"
_, -\---O-'--'0
X
99 ,3? S
('I'riangul.rlngqualil\')L7
rl
"R
-/X
'
"lJ_L1_aJ_liItr_i9_<111_B.
let d'.R><R
._l
Then
'
ci
'
calledi
15
'
"lhcn
'
-.\
-"--l'x1 -x2ll
Y2)
'
'
-ll
.
'
<
'
d .1$,Jc'allecl a
'
'
,,-
Inetric on
be
4+ R
5@'.l.{x1_.f)1.)1
I?
(xzz/2)l
usual
.
Ix? ;;i\/-";:;'
_.._.-..._..-. .-___._....
-. "
_/'
.
)?
>=
.
n1et1'1c
'
on R and (R,
"
'""
1"
'"' v
ill
Ir
'
./.2
;|iii;'
l\
F;
Usual Mlffic on R3
dz R3
l..=;:-t_
-A
R3
>4
'll".jcn "cl"
he
---> I-3
Called a u.su.al
is:
'
a 1.nc-2l:ric "011
by
giv:-ten
5Y3
.l
"
\.-[U1
67-ll_(.x_13_'1771.)1(x2'3"2'Z'27.l
2:116-"L::.'"il.:
Ii am}
on
"
_,>1.
9'-"-1,)"
(I-3"
')
ll?
Nata;
1.
~~1~
d ( x,
3
R y"iv<~n"'t.'
-A
\
|
'
-1
betw'e<2n__
_h
.-I
amctric on
-
Usual 'Ml.ri_g_g_11_{<_
Let ld: R2 X R"
{\%)/p;,,)
/_
usual me'cr1c_0n
clistancc:
c21.'=led.
'
P. be
>
'
sPace.
.,
fr
metnc space.
(X, d) IS czllmcl
13811
:15:
X-~~
.,
that
v_\l1en.we
1_s >1
.1
We-1ul<.c-2 'Cl.lL(".?lS()f
3:51
am
R2
is
"=.|:-;u;;=-E
I56.
un.<_1l
'
---A
-~~---
-~-
-'
-' .
1
%
'
A'
2,111
on
Mil;
.
ll
$11ll
~.
'
'
P1
Avallable
.-\
'
--L
--
'
;___"_l':'T:::-"":'':.?'7:""~W
n~.et:"1c
g-1;
.-_'----- - ->_--
"
ff _ W"
.3im;ilarlv
... ,_ .l V_-~..-.._.
"'"-'*'-.._._
__.
-
Note;
-5>?__m
___*
PT()Plt)/)
Xl,.'-Y'2_.I7C3 E
,-
l)
~-_.__n_:'
.
"
2-
"d"
ll"
_._._
=x;:'
X1
=7
"
V-Y-13\'2
f*_id(X;1,X2)
s;-1t1.:=f1es
Ld(.x'1-X2)
"
11
(M1)
>
11
a/<rea"l uur11be1"s.
l
Let
u
/1
'-5
Then "d" _1s_callecl mgtnc on X, 1f d
'
\
conditions;
(M3)
M4
at
.7
A@l\'lll'-"!3afhlir9
H
U
-1;;
.;:
_-,,,,
____-
l',__'
_..'_-
'
--1
---..-W
-1ms.~_'_____
ljls
,._
44
'\
\
2
13_>s2i1u?.1.e
v.
Solution
defined as
Here function d.X >< X > R IS
lfr_o])1l[tQw_n__gc1_c2_x2.
d(x1, x2) =Length of shortest route
from towny to x2) 2 0
Since (Length of shortest route
(M1)
d(x1,x2) 2 O
route from town x1 to x2 =
=> Length of shortest
=
x2)
d(x1,
Let
(M2)
.l
l
v
-'
=>x1=2
"
l
l
O<
_"
r
1
1
(P-/I3)
Z d(x2x1)
Let x1,x2,x3
(M4)
or collinear
Then x1,x2,x3 are non-collinear
they forynua triangle and we know
If x1,x2,x3 are non-collinear, then
than the
a4triangle_ 15' always greater
that sum of-length of two sides of
'
third side.
-- (i)
l
l
d<x1.x7.>+d<x2.x3>zd<x1,ix3>
l-lence d is a metric on X.
ll
.
Example
11
l
l
Solution
'
>
lxl
- X2 2
(M1):
Since
(M2)
d(x1,x2) 2 O
Let d(x1,x2) = O
1-1
_.
is defined as
'
=>
\x1g >52]
=>
x]-x2=0
O.
X1:
X1=X2 =>'X1#-X2:
:>
ill
LQL
515
v.-I}
"
'
\X1;X2\
Thus d(x1.'x2) =
Ill
Will
C;
ll;
1]";
Hm
ll
ill?
<=>"
x1
==
X2
'
/'
(M3)
L
3
1
/rs
.,
{Y
1
"iv
1/
( M4,)
a
z
Since d(X1:X2)=\X1'X2\
=|"(X2 '."X1)|
= X3-_-X1
= d(X2X1)
d(X1,X2) = X1
Si11C
d(Xz_,X3) = \X2__' X3
am.-x3) = x1 x3
1*,
"
'
'
iv
Ll
dx1v~2<;+"X2+X3l_
"""'__
.r.""*
<, X1 =1 Xi; _+ \X2. '.'X3l
d(X{'.,.x.2) + d(x21x;)-
'
..
__
'-_
/;g.-/
"
A"
'
JGR. Let
of all ordered pairs(x,y); -x,y
non-negative real -valued.
e R2. Show -that the
R3.
P1(x1,y1),P2(x2,y2)
x2\-+ iylf-~yg1 is a metric on
F
lxl
=
d(P1,iP2)
by
furretion "d" defined
Exarn1;1_
'1
a set
Let X=R2 be
V.
'
.
lutmn
.4
Here function
=1
>
(M1)
'
dz R2
R2
><
is defined
>
an )1,P2):lX1 "X2\ +
W1
/Si11Ce
|X1" X21
d(P1,P2)
-Q-..
_{ O
:>\X1"X2\+\}/1")/2\=O
\X1"X2|=0, U 1 * y2 = O
(M2)- La d(P1iP2):0
=1
ex 1
,=>
=1
3
2
'
X2
0,
v
5
" Y2 =
3'1
'
_____,
7: P2
P-L
;A
X1=X2' }1:)2
Y2
W1
iii
*3/21
'
Let
P1
P2
(X1}1)=(X2-Y2)
X1=X21 3'1-M1
=>
=>
Xx ='
\X1 -12!
X1
=>
=*
Ir "X":
:>
X-
_\
ll
0-
"Y1? 4
Y1
0,-_
'
1/~.
'
/-1.=-1
7:
"' E)/1
'
Z?
Thus 'd(P1,P2) =
=>
P-_,
P2
r
(M3)
since d<P1,P2>=\x1x2!+mwzl
X1): + i"(3'2
' = ]"(X2
='-'
= dll.
(M4)
Si-TC?
"
'-
1X2
"'
X14 *1
W1
}::\
d(P1:1X1.,"
1,/1
"
d(P2P3) :
P1)
'
" )1)|
ix):
3:721
.3/I21
Y/".~r5
\
-
'
\
1
\__.|l.4-1-.1-~
.-
"""""_"T'.__
7.- ._-~.-==;-.;=.=._-..;:4;;~;.;==_'<--1:
---- - ~- _ :-_=:=~__E--_
-
-
.1
"'
.. r. M314
'
'
\
4
Since
y3\
r
r
=Xix2+x2"'X3"")"1"')2+}2")3
X1
=\x1
"'
X2
X2
"X3 +
\-
.
v
)2 + Y2
_)3
1X3\ + W2
)3
Y1
+ly1 y2\ +
><2i
= d(P1,P2) + d(P2,P3)
Hence
"d"
is metric on R2.
Example
Let
of all ordered pairs(X.)); x,yeR.
that the n01--negative real valued
P1(x1,y1),P'z(x2,y2) ER2. Show
(xi x;| lyl yzi) is a metric
function"d" defined by d(P1, P2) = max
on R2.
"Here function dz R2
Z1
S01uti9_n_
'4
a set
Let X=.R2 be
d(P1P2)
is
,.
R2
>
is defined as
X2 + Y1 " Y2)
Y1 Y2) Z
= max (X1
+1
(M1)
><
X2 F
(""x1"'x2Z0&)'1)2?-O)
d(P1,P2)
Let d(P1P2)=0
(M2)
>3
m_aX(X1-x2"y1".Y2)=0
=>
w.-y21=0
=>
lxl-><21=o.
:>
x1x2=0,
-y2=0
2*
x1:x21
T-Y2
=>_
(X1,Y1)=(x2-Y2,
;*>
P1:-P2
"
Let
7'
"r
P1
P2
I:
"
; (xvyi) = (x2:}2)
=9
}1=Js-.
x1=x2-
<
E4
I
11
.
ThLlS
max (x1
:>
d(P1P2)=O
d(P1,P2)-T-O
.5
w
\
(M3)
Since
d(p1 P2)
ti
= max<\<x2
=
\
d(P2 P1)
Y2)
P1-7P2
: max (xl
= m(lX(x2
x29)'1
=>
X2
Y1
"
><1>1,+1--
x1]' Y2 "'
5'2)
1 y1>\>
M)
'i
U.
- ><2\,+\y1- mi =
(M4)
(Say )
Xzi
_\X1 -X
(say)
d(P2.P3)=maX(\Xz-X3l7\y2y3\)=\X2X3\
Xsiij W1 "}3\) = \X1 X3
d(P1-P3) = maX(|X1 "
d(P1IP3):\x1
NOW
(SEW)
ii
X3\.
=\X1X2+X2"X3\
- X "X2\+\X2X3\
'
'
:d(P1P2)+d(P2P3)
cases.)
the same results in the remaining
.
'2
,,a
I
i
Hence
d"
is metric on R2.'
i\_
Egmk
et
X=Ix;be
P1(x1,y71P2(x2,/g
a-
>
//
'
.
real Vvalued
Show that the non-negative
(y1 y2)2]% is a metric
d(P1,P2) = [(x1 - x2)? +
"L
'
On R2.
_Q1uti0n_-
Here function
'
"M '
dc R3'>< R'B'i R
is defined as
'
d(P1.P2)=.[(X1X2)2+(y1-312?]?
'
(M1)
Since
'
[CX1
'
'
(Mzj
KX1
=5
ll
1'-.
" Y2); =
=>
:>
X1"X2=O'
}1)?=O
_:>
X1=X2:
)'1=)2
.=>
(X11)1)=(X2)2)
<><1-x2>2+<y1y2>2=0n,
Y2)2 =
(Y1
X2)2 = 0.
(X1
=-
i___,.:..
ummgz0
"@
"
0
1
1"
4
Let
P1
P2
A
=>
P1=P2
(X1-Y1) 1: (X2!)/2)
=7
)1:)2
-)1"}2=0
X1=X2
=>,X1"'X2=O1
=9
=>
d(P1,P2) =
:>
(X1
F *1
~
I-_;__.=iff
1-411;;;;t"'":r:::_"-7-"1
~~~~
--~~~~-
7-
-V
~--~33---'~'-A~~~~--e-*-,"';j:'__*-_;";ll?""
ii
____,
...-___.__._,..________~_
'
--M
~~
-~
W
A
-~
..
rig-
._
_:.__,, '"
"_ '
1;
f_;;:.~.:~'.-:1\;;__{:7:'
"""""
d<P1.P2>=t<><l><2>2+<y1>2>1%
since
(M3)
4
- X1)? +
= l{(Xz
=
[(952
"y1)}2l2
{(_>/2
= d(P2P1)
i
=
(M4)
are collinear
or non-collinear.
If P1, P2, P3
1
d(P11 P2)
+ d(P2P3)
1.
d(P1' P3)
K "K ,1
'
t
1
If
P1, P2, P3
triangle and we
:"m a
-vo
sides of
triangle is
"
d(P1,_P2)
Hence
Example
,Let
"d"
is metric on R2.
,
A
,
.
X=%be
a set
P1(x1,y712J?,lP2(x2,)/2
by"
Solution
ll
dz R?
d(P1P2)
>
><
Sin!
[(751
(M2)
x2)2 + (Y1
K-X1
_ };z)2+
Let
d<P1.P2>
'
\.
(Z1
" Zzlzlg
'
=>
t<x1
=9
(X1
xm
(Y1
>2
<21
z2>*1%= 0
73>
x1_X2:0,
3'
X1
'=
>
d(P1'P2)ZO
ll
(M1)
- y2)2]5 is a metric
1
-l- (L1/1
defined a.
'T.(,iT2;)
R%> R 1s
Here function
x2)2
Y1 2 Y2
X2
(X1-Y1-Z1)
:>
P1:P2
y]":_:0,
Z1'_Z2?0
Z1
Z2
(x2l.V2-4 Q
t
5,
1.
1
1
Let-.
P1
P2
(X1-)1Z1)=(x'2'}2Z2)
=7
"
Z1"'Z2=0
)1")2=O/
=>
x1"'x2=O/
(x1x2)2 =
(X1
KmxQ2+UrwY+%a-Qh=0,
d(P1rP2) =
=7
3'1
X1"-'x2
=>
'Z1=Z2
=lY2/
O1()1
X2)2 + (Y1
'
"')2)2 = O|(Z1Z2)2 =
)2)2'+ (Z1 Z2)? = O
"
'
O
1
Since
(M3)
d(P11P2)
i
1
mm%WrmYH%J_
=
d(P2-P-1)
(M4).
'
it
ll
ll
~-
Let P1(x11}1-Z1):P2(x2'32Z2)/PalxslyslZ3)
collinear or non-collinear.
If P1, P2, P3 are collinear, then
~m
d(P1_,P2) + d(P2P3) = d(P1P3) -----------a triangle and we. j
/If P1, P2, P3 are _non-collinear, then they, form
of two sides of a triangle is
know that, we know that sumgofy length
always greater thanthe third side.
4"
s
1
1
\
t
H
H
[I
_,
'
ii
it
"""""" '4
11
'
I
l
"Iw-K
_-1~
..4.?==r
===-.-===
- ~~
_r=~.--~=~.~.n--~~<-
l
I
+ d(P2P3) Z d(P1,P3)
Hence d" is metric on R5.
d4(P1P2)
Example
'
'
S 0
<~.
4.
ll
il
xv
Q-pf"
"14
Solution
d( "1"2)=l1
l
do
dQ(x1,x2)
l-lere
(M2)
Let d,(x1,x2) =
x2
=A
__1----<~_~:
X " "*"="~' nn*~ "
it
1
=1
x, =x2
d,,(x,,x-3) =
(Bydefinition)
(By definition)
xi:
<=>
_,-_____._.________.._....i._.
at-__A _._
-==-f_
""1_"{,~,,:-,j""=?-<~---.=e,,~--1--ii:
*"'_"
=>,,,,-'i
_
l
-
is a metric on X.
d,(x1,x2)'=O
{Thus
ifxllixi
(M1)
Let_ x1
ifx =x'
'
be given
Show that every non-empty set can
be converted into metric space.
>
"4
'
-4
._i.__,_i___4____,_,___,__,__,_____
L,
--j ~--~~~~-~------~-J--V------1
\
s
Let
(M3) (i)
d(x1,x2)
x1
= xz (By ckefinition)
=>
x2
= xi
=>
d=(x2:xi) = 0
=>
x1 zt x2
=>
x2:/=x1
=>
d,(x2,x1) =
Let
(ii)
it
"i;He11ce
(M4)
>
i
i
\_A
.1
r
1
5
2
d,(x1,x2) = Q
then
(i) Let x1 = x2 = x3
t
(B; definition)
\\
Let x1,x2,x3
dO(_x1,x2y)
=>
.d(x2,x3)
81
'
=0
d,(x1,x3) =
also
at x3_
-
then
do(x1,x2) =1_
&
d,,(x2,x3) =
also
d,,(x1,x3} = j_
:1.
$
.
l'
the conclusion
Similar type of verificagionin all remaining cases 1Qi;1dS us to
_V )(1,x2,x3 e X
d(x1,x2) d(x2,x3) 2 d(x1,x3)
that
.
metric space.
Note
iii
'
do(x1lx2) _'
wen
-r
F
r
1
do: X
><
/K be defined by
1:
ifx1= X2
xi
x2
discrete metric on X.
do is called
Question
\
I
Solution
I
>
\
s
ii!
(M1)
(M2)
Vt
It
1,!
Here function
dz
EX
d(Z1'Z2):iZ1 " Z2
Since I21 - zzl 2 0
d(Z1'Z2) 2 0
iL9t
d(Z_1Z2)
C_>
=3
is defined as
'
izi
Zzi =
2 Z1"'Z2=O
2 Z1322
Let 21:22
=>
=0
=0
"_Z2l
I21
d(Z1,Z2)
"
(M3)
(M4)
Since
d(Z1 Z2)
Now
d(Z2lZ3) =
d(Z1,Z3) =
d(z1,z3) =
'_.
H4
;';"~
Z2
"
Z1
_ Z3
*1?g
"M~_#_~w-~'
Z3
f~
21 23
'
=21-z2+z2-+z3\
5 Z1_Z2.+|Z2_Z3\
'
Z2
Z1
___
Ir" "'"-~*>-+-=-..._.,....,.*.,,__.____.
= Z2 " Z1
= d(Zz.Z1)
z1z2=0
=>
d<Z1rZ2:,
d(ZZ_I Z3)
(C_,d)isametric space.
Th
by
Let d be a metric on X and let d:X >< X Z-> R be giyen
d'(x1,'x2) = min (1, d(x1,x2)). Is d a metric on X?
'
'
Solution"
____.i.__i
'
He/re
(M1)
;
I
(M2)
'
'
Let
H.
x1
= x2
=>
d(x1,x2) =
=>
x1=x2
=>
d(x1,x2)
=>
min
A;
'
I-'dismetric0nX.
dis metric on X.
_O
(1,c'i(xA-1,x2))
-= O
d'(x1|x2) = O
Thus _d(x1,x2) = O <=> x1 = x2
.
Since
(M3)
=>
metric on X.
d is
'
= dI(x2x1)
Since d(x1,x2) = min (1,d(x1,x2)) = d(x1,c2)
d(x2,x3) = min (1,d(x2,x3)) = d(x2,x3)
d(x1,x3) = min (1,d(_x1,x3)) = d(x1,x3)
(M4)
4
Since d is a metric on X.
(Say)
i
(Say)
1
x
'
C"i"i.._.
(Say)
-~~'--~;="f~
.._. T
c"
.'_
_s
_;i:,
__
__-~_;'-=~;=_'_;::-=f='1*f*-'7;-if-f=fifj;ij
Z
~"=1a=
\\
<
1
1
Question
Let (X1, d1) and (X2, d2) be two metric space:
: z?=1 d1(X1,)/1).
Define d[(x1,x2),(y1,y2)]
F
Solution
Here function d: X1
X2
>
dr 8
metric
d1(X1,)/1) + d2(X2,)/2) Z
SinC
On X1-X X2.
is defined as
5
>
x
><
d1(x1'J1)Z 0- 'd2(x2|)2) Z 0
d1, d2 are metrics on X1 and X2 respectively.
-'
d((X11x2)| (Y1-)2)) Z
(M2)
'
'
=>
d1(X1-IV1)+ d2(x2)2) = 0
=>
=>
V11
d1, d2
f
1
= Y2
3 re metrics on,X1
}
V
x2
1
r
V
X X5
\'q;;"
= Wzlyz)
X2 = Y2
3 2x1 = Y1
Let (951,952) = (ypyz)
d1(x1-5;) = 0 d2(x2I)2) = 0
=>
('1 d1, d2 are metrics on X1& X2 respectively)
d1(x1')1)+ d)_(xz-3'2) = O
=>
:> d'((X1Ix2:',(}r/3/2)) = O
Thus d'((x1'x2),(Y1J2)) 0 <3 (xzwxz) = W1.)/2)
X
(X1-X21)
1.
Xi
>
1
\
since
(M3)
'
.=d'(()1}2):':x1-X2))
'
(M4)
d ((y1'y2)'(Z1/Z2))'=.d1()1'Z1)+d2()@z-Z2)
'
I!
d2<x2.y2>
= d1()1,x1)+ d2(IV21x2)
-+1
i
l
'
d1(x1')1)+d1()1Z1)
+d2x2'J2) + d2()21-Z2)
I
23:
d1, d2 are
'
8*
d is
metric on X1
><
X2.
d1(x1,z1) + d2 (x2,z2_)
mefcs on X1 &
X2 resp._
==
d<(x1x2), (21:32))
11
.4
Question
'
4
i
'
Solution
X2
><
->
is defined as
W
i
d-[(X1x2)(31')2)] 5
1
since
(M1)
max (d1.(X1';V1)1d2(-52)2))
._.----""'G"~_
+ d2<x2.y2> 2 0)
max<d1<x1i_y1>
d1(x1)1) Z
-5
-I
(M2)
Let
ii
d~(4(x1-X2) (~)1V2))
'
'
I, ,,.>
:9
X1
d1, dz are
'
d2(x2)2) =
il
31'
\
Ki
ii
2;
}1/
X2
3'2
i-W
=>
:7 d1(x1-./1):
~...---""""'
;_~_
Hwx. ,(i1(x1-v_}1)'d2(x2')/2))
:4
A
O.
?-
0.
d((x1'x2),()1')2))
1*
d2(x232) Z
';
.g~'.\
~.
(951,942)
(.)1I.V2)4
113;
if
(351,952)
L/Qt
= ()1')2)
I
d1, dz are
Y2
O d2(X2f/2)
~r
max (d1(x1)"1)d2(-X2-)2)) =
I
I
X2
Y1
d1(x1')i) =
=>
x1
=9
'
>_d('(x1_'x2)'()i-3/2)) =
=>
(M3)
S3159
d((.x1'X2):()1y2))=
<=>
ll
= ()1')2)\
(X1-X2)
'
max (d1(yi1x'1)dz.(}'2x2))
11,612 are metrics on X1, X2 respectively)
'
'
].t
ii:
-
=d1<X1'..v1)
(Say >
(5aY)
(5ay
(M4) Let.d"[(><i_.xz).(>'1_.yz)]=max(i1(r1,>/1),d2(>r2,)/2))
dII[(x1lx2)| (Z1,Zz)]
V:
:
V
'
1"
i1i(x1')1)
IL
d-1()1I Z1)
5}
Z d1(Xi=?51)
15
H
dir(x1x2)I(LV1Y2)]
'1
\!
Q!
d-"ii-"'1'-$2-=
L. :7.-5:;
I
~.A,,.--
_-=:.~k,_._-;'_j=Vf
:3
ii)
T.~v
..
J:1-"ig1;i_Q;{I3lZ',:;_,,.,,1I;ZIII;;;T;-
1.
-.
.._.
...___
.2.
.-
-_=.-
1:-.-=.->~
<1
r
I
r
*
gi
.\
12
on
Let (X, d) be
d(x1 X2)
d'(x1,x2) =
Prove that d
Solution
1s me_tr;|<
~>
R be
given by
on X.
Here function d: X
i.
><
>
be defined by
d(x1'x2)
'(M)
Ei>O
1+d(x1,x2) '-
Since
'
d(x1x2) 2
"
d
d is a metric
(xvxz) Z
onX
ii-i=0
*
(M2)Letd(x,x)=O=>
1+d(X1,X2)
d(x1,x2) =
=>
'
0
k
Let x1 f-' x2
.
.1
=x2
('-'
=>
x1
=>
d(x1,x2) =
a!isI\metTiconX.)
/u
disametric onX.)
Ml
xv
d(X1x2)
I
dl
Thus d (x1,x2) =
(M3)
xi =
<=>
Smce d(x1,x2)-;:d(;1j?
x_1x2
X2
d(x,x)
1+d(x1,x2) -_
_-_
6%
1- >)1?!/4&0
,.
I_\)
'
d(x2,X1)
1*'d(x2.x1)
= d'(x2'X1)
d(X1,X2) =
~/
>d'(x1,x3) =
ii
1+d(X1.X2)
d(X2'X3)
1+d(X2,X3)
1+Cl(X1,X3)
NQW d
(951,942)
Ci
_4 d(x1/X2)
(752,963) 1-m+d(x1|x2)
>
"
w
|
>A):(z,X3)
+(-x2'x3)
d(x1-x2)_
+ d(x,,x2) + cl(x2.'>()
d(x1,x2) + d(;'2,x3_1
+ d(x1,x2) + @:(x2,x,)
+
1
d(Xz,X3)
+ d(x1,x2) +,d(x2,x3)
>
- l(iZ_
1+d(X1-X3)
*5
'
.d(X1,>(z)_+ d(1'fj)
d 1S3
1;
d is a metric on X.
2 d(X1-X3) )
metnc on X.
= dI(x1'x3)
I
\
1
\
Mu.
13
Question
LetX =
Solution
=>
|x1|+|x2|=0
,.
=>
lx1l:
=>
x1.=
X1
Letd(x1,x2)=O
t
1
I
>
lX2l
0,
~
1
x2=
0,
gl
O
l
'
Z x2
=>- lX1l
LP-'t'X1=Xz
=| X 2|
I-.1
J
"
=>
|x1| + |x2|
=>
d(X1,Xz) = 2lx2l
=>
d(x1,x2);=
IXZI
+ lxzl (Adding
-
Ixzl =
if
d is not a metric on
X;
1
Question
'
'
Solution
1'
Let d(x1,x2) =
max (|x1|,|x2|) =
V=>
|
K
*\
$
"
Let
=>
'=>
x1
=7
0,
X2
mm..-q.,,,_,,___~_______
I
X1:
:>
X1 '4: X2
=04
=
'
...-.~-..._...-_.,...._.-__
lx1l:lx2l
F
.
=>
=>
d(x1X2) =
if lxzl
*-~'--~"__n___\M_W'%KP
"
ll1:
1!.
hf
1
1
H
t
4.
Suestion
i
~
.
,,
Let (X, d) be a metric space and let d :)i >< X R be given by
1* K-1'1 12) Prove that d 1; isKm eI1 ic on X.
d"(x 1' x2) = '.
1+ d(x1,x2}
Solution
Let d(x,x)=O
2
1
l" d(X1X2)
=>
~---
=>
1-
d(x'l|X2.)
='>
x1x2
1,1
->
+ d(x1,x2)
l
>
L.
a'(x1,x2) =
ml
.
Fr
;!
'
t.
<:>
xi =
all
x3
11
I?
xi5;
I
_'
._
_ __
___ ___- -
'
~----
"~-
1
I
\l
;i
>
14
OPEN SPHERE
1
li
Open sphere
Let (X, cl) be a metric space. Let xo G X and r > 0, then open sphere
with ce ntre at x,, and radius equal to 1" is denoted by Sr (xo) and is defined
S,(xP) == {xix E X. d(x,X.) <-T}
as
j
rt
llll
.
ll
ll
Note
l
I
r>
Sr(x) =?
._
(x )
T
l
l
(i)
I
X3,-.--1...
I-=
ts;
1%
X0
ll
ll
.X7
.X2
.XS
~;
H ,.|,
|,
"
>
(ii)
1:
"
l Xe x1Ix6 }
>
<1
(iii)
l
'
(W)
5r(x<,)
<15
xample
'
'
1,
r -find
S1(1).
==
lw
X!
-'5;
ll
ll
law,
ml!
;;v>:
Yr
S_()lution
><
p>
is
q.
-.#i
Il
Put
**lj
X=R_,
xD:1-I
r=;
53(1) =
Z
l|4'
1.
414
TIM
'
4
ll?
it
N
V
_Lil:'ER
hi
i.
,il!_
trim
$5.1
.'
Z2
L<I+//
z<x<2l
L5.
"vi
X/I31/5
[7U_;9\R'L>'/3\_
I-
9!,/)4-""l
.<*'>,
t
irill
aw
it
i.
ll. '
,4
l
til,/) 1
)>r//X/-/kl
=-~;x|xeR,x1<%?x'11>:+%}
"M
|Il;!
Y!
1S
ii
\\
Note
'
Solution
E
dz R
dened
as
We know that
><
is
" )2)2
;1<_5
Sr(Po):{P|PEX d<P,P@><r)
P=(x,y),
P=(a,b),
Put X=R2,
r=1
a$1<a,b>
b>) <
= {<><,y>|<x.y>
R2,
d(<x[y>.
=.{(><.y)|(x,>_')
R2,
\/(x - 601+
(<1,
o-
1}
by < 1}
5
1
1.
I
'
'
l
u
ll
.\;
Nte
.
_/
R2 is
Ii
i
l
"
l
I
Solution
Pl
><
R2
>
is defined.
"
'
S,(P,,)
={P|P eX,
Pat X =R2,
PO
d(P,~I-2,)
= (0,0),
= _<x.>>|<x,y>ER2,
=
<r}
P =
5i(O'O)={(x'y)|(x'y)ER2'
/5
_.
x.y>|<x.y>ER*,
ll
(x,y),
'
r=
d1o(<x,>->.<o.<>>)
<><.y)|<x,y>E~?.
={<x.y>|<><.>>eR2.
'
=-.
"
}
<
\/E
::x~:y<-5}
-"T:l<1}
i \/2
1,
"
"/ws//we
:E'i
4
\
I
1
3 and y-intercepts L
iii;
|x-@|+|y-0| <-j-5}
|xl+|y|<;} _/and
h I2
'
'-A,-_T_-_?____.-V;-:~*==:
"
.\
ii
M6 ,
w
>
ii
1);!
>
.=='-
;-2:
A"T,'T7'-T-"=1=====--
____>:_-=;-.=.~'_,;;--V
-;=_.~M,_
J; ;-A;
~.-~-~-~'
I
1
16
.\
1'
(-7%-0)
/
\-_
<01
(110)
-.-.
.0
4-
->
~,
Kb
\ 5)
\\\
("H
Mi I.
yy
<0-s
Y!
%1ple
<
'
(ii)
rl
(ii)
r >1
Solution
ill
[ti
i x =x
O
<
d(x1'x2):l1l fjljxiaxj
l
1
do: X
S,(x) =
Whenr<1
If x
11
1-,
at xo
>
d(x,x) <
VVhenr>1
If x
If x =
Thus
it
(1) we g
-t
x, then
from equation
e X,
gi
ST(x,,)
= {x|x
e X,
<
1"
(False)
Q< r
(True)
)1
x = xo]-=-1.x,,}
is defined by
Sr(x,) = {xlx
Thus
e X,
be
If x =
{xlx
><
We know that
'1
kill:
r>
x =
xa
1:
'L'
<
1"
(True)
<
(True)
or Xa x,,}
V,
'
~e.~
:1
.~.
(1)
II
17
Solution
The given metric space is (C, d), where
9'
if
R bei""'
_,
Question
dz C
><
1: T
1..
1;;
'
defined by
R be
,->
Hi
.4-
'1
S,(x.,) =
Now
,1?
$@.o"1(1)={><\xEC.,d(x,1)<0-01}
= {xlx E c, Ix 1| < 0.01} -- (1)/u.-//4
=>
x-'1=a+ib1
=>
x1=(a'-l)+ib
5.
i
.
v
A
(1) =>s,,_,,1(1) = {
(Cl
\\\f
+ ib)|(a
00!
at!-'l-rv-*>!}""7'
x4,.ol} 1) 01:
+-'11) E
c,
./(a -
I.
b2
equal to
This is an open disc with centre at (1,0) and radius
~
I
,
-
0.0-1.
Question
giveniby
Let d be a metric on X and let d:X >< X > R be
..d(x1,x2) = min (1, d(x1,x2)). Describe S,.(x).
.
g,
ll;
if
Yr!
Solution
T?
< 0701}
z
={(a+ib)|(a+ib)eC,(af1)2+(b-O)2 <(.01)'}
],-'7"!,""'
192
liq
ll
><
~.;,:
|x-1|=./(a1)Z+b2
14;
3/7
i
1
I/.-'
I0-D 4-<>'
x=a+ib
Since~xeC
,3
,,,
>
be given by
'5
[ll
Now
5r(x<>)
Tl
= {XIX
X, d(X"?) <
= {xlx
'
ii
lr,
Question
'
d'(_x1,xz)
d(X1,Yz)
=;+-;1(;';;5.
><
'>
R be
given by
<
Describe S,(x?).
ii?
Ti:
Solution
1'
Now
ST(x,,)
= {x\x
X, d(x,x,,) <
><
>
be given by
ll!
.
'1.1
.,~
.\
.-l
l
r}
ll
: ixlxie
I '
+ d(x1,xz)
I
it
2
ll
"1
1+
---
"1;
-.~~'=--
V
-V
~-
~-
..
A....
-~
4-
~_2'_a_-:_.___.__--__
W,-_____.
--_
..
--
.__.__.
_,___
,_~__~
-- 7....-....
ran.-...
_
__.._
+-_-__-
i
_
---.__=.._7T"":"""IT1%".T'T:Tir'
.-,.
- ---2
1'
V
:.
~..._..'-'
,.-
_~
__,_____
.___:1,.._,_._
L
1
'
it
/J /'
. /
ml
7
~\
sT1<x1>n s,.2<x2>
Hi
Let x1, x2 _be any two distinct points of a nr rtric space X. Prove that
there exist t1/vo open spheres Sr1(x1) and 5 Z(xZ) in X such that
ill
18
heorem
eet
I:
'
la
jl
be
,;l
'
x2
and radii
r1
and
r2
13
Ii;
r2
ii
;.
.l'
rl:
"'
(xi) n srzcm =
We shall prove it by
ST
i.
ml
R
til
I
ls
lit
.
Suppose
Let x
ix
=>
Sr1(x1)
ST1(x1)
Since
r1
=>
T1
1'2
fl Sr2(x2)
qb
T2
and
Sr2(x2)
[BY
(1_X,d)
P53
.|
Fl
(1)l
nu.
Sr2(x2)
M7 '/ave
(U2; PW/3
'
at
qb
q'\1
'
1*
'
*\
>tf_-_,S_.z"(7(l) Sy.(>(_-)
wrong.
Nil Meza'a7
/Z
(ls,
l
W
A
Slit.
.
\/vww.mathcity.'org'l
'
-~,.-.-..~_.._,~_-Y-._.-~_..=..,.._._.
.._
..._._._.__._..__.....l__
.1
;
j
$;;0(r)/7.5'_xa)
4"/1):/1,+/1/L @
W.
<1)
i-'
J:
n-
KL $0.
z;:rS;<>|.)a4 s>1x)1@_
1}._ey, gwm, lb X
S,2(x2j '=
Fl
/X
'
s d(x1,x) + d(2g,:g)
Hence Sr1(x1)
7;,
isameiX"i
< T1 + T2
lt is impossible.
and
d
r1
=>
(x1)
Sr2(x2)
Fl
d(x,x1) < r]
=>p
if
X; tin
1"
<1
5r1(x1)
2,
L
<
contradiction method.
-l
'~
respectively.
Leta d(x1,x2)
_A
xi and
em"?
~
ax) 0 S/1/(/XQ 9%
LA Subsot U
%/
Mamba)
for each x
El
1"
.:
ll
ill
6!/18?
PEN SET
i.
I.
@)(/3-q
197C./(
o/para! /Aaf K6.S',/Qt)
apem Svf
5Pa'~C)()d)
Qt Q 7"Zl@5/"
>
0, such
0|
Q X.
that S,(x) E U.
if
..
"
i.e.
'
xi ,i/
4
L.
f"
H-I
~
-.~
1
1
..
*~
E7'*"_x
.1
U is an open set.
//
I.
.,
Example
line) and
usual Inetric space (The ordinary real number
-,
let U=]0, 1[, then show that U is open.
Let R be
u
.
S0luti_o_11
~.
is
l
-l
V
-, Let x,
1.
.1
<
'
dz
_R ><
is given by
>
d(x1_,x2)=|x1 xzll
U/i Let _r> 0
ii
"Then
ii
= {xlx
ST(x,,)
1.
ii: {xlx
ii
e R,
d(x,x,,) <
e R,
lx
xol
1"}
< r}
"-
_.
l/W.
r, xoi + r[
U=]O,1[
i.
l
,i.
lg
It
Note
Then
sU_O01(0..99)
=]0.99
X0
= 0.99. Let
= 0.00]
li
'
l
l
1
-"*""7*"*'innZiq
i~'~j~>~.m--ur"""'~---1
"
'"" .,-_,}
;}1i"3'_;--I_--V "--':~'-Team
";'""'
._,.j=.=
':=VPr:"1i:;;:2:;::t'-':---:-~'
F.
Example
ill/1
\;~
K 4)
Solution
d)b&
.
,
K,
_(/451.,
Qt
/W1/e A!
3,3
U-
/as
auctw
is
4,,
4!
u;
it
.1.
~1
-'1)
d(P-;
'
ft
/-/'
1:
:(
'
-'
/R2
"
'
;-
.e:%._.1;;..!';,-__;.;/
r=1 /1
PeU
S'nce P e.S,(P,,)
.-.1
gr (11) g U
=>
P E U.
L
1-Q-.3
m0.@oIuti0n
<0//)4
Y5
dz R
l.
xv;
AW
u
hilt/0/,)i
,g,~l\!
U={x|xe_R,<0x<l%}
.ip
={x|xER, |xO|<
= {xlx
g}
e R,
Ix!
>
R is
given By
'
<2
={x]xER,x<",
"
A/_/_/_p;/p
1}"
'
rj
1>~}
={x|xER, ?,<~::<'I'r
}
=]r +r['
"
.\,M95;
i
'
lhenS(O)={x|xeR,d(x,0)<r}
7
T
><
, ,.<>s
/[0/6) /6
/@4);/as/)d<x1,x2>=~-xzi
=[0,1[
)(-I/72Let.1c='0EU, Letbr>0
.51
eh
1 .*"I
'
J
-1:
-p
"
"vi
Hence U is an 0 en set.
41:11"Lxam 1 e
P
Q Let R be a usual metric space (The ordinarj
real number line) and
"1
let U: {xix E R, O S x < 1}, then show tliiatUis<;en.
'7.
1;.
,,..~,.
'
,-M"
R3!
0(_0.0)
r~>Z(V,/4)
21
'_'P,O)<1
-I)
lr;;;;~;~t:'
0) 2 d(P. 0)
> d(P, 0)
1',/i+A>d(P,0)
r_+
.-
*5?
11
d(P.
3&1 gs
\
"
' '?ll~5'i'~4"'f'.:
"
C))
{I " =>
/5
r>
z.
ii,
'
*/"
p Let
re/>24"
[W
_ 3/ 2 )2
I\
then
1 /1,
+'(,;V1
c)7l/Q 0
Vi?)
r '-
Letd(0,R,)=/1
Let r_=
//"W
2
R'2><
W)
///5% 7'
dz
(/3)
~--
+'r'[T. U=_[0 , 1[
'
L
ks-:::1.
._-,. T.=?f_L_.._.-.
_____.______..
_.__
g
1
e~
1
-A
ff:
21
Theorem
'
Proof
'
11
lll
V"
<1
-Letx<,EU.
ST(x.,)
Then
'=.
-1
{xpc
X,
H
l.
d(x,x) <
_,:{x}_
ii
LetO<r<1
1
11
r}
D
1
=>
Let
R be a
line) and
usual metric space (The ordinary real number
,
Solution
Uisanopenset.
Example
5,05,)
Since
isZg{pen;
"
dz R
isgiven by
R -> R
><
l'
'
d(x1-x2)=lx1- Xzl
Here U= {O}
Letx=0eU, Let"r>O
E R-,
d(x_,0) .<
r}
={X\XER,lXO\<T}
.
_
={x|xeR, |x|<r}
={x|xeR,x<r,
kl
x>r}
={x|xeR, ~r<x<r}
=]r, +r[
We can find a value of r for which
I.
4=
ST(O)
=]
1",
>+r[
U= {O
It
V
Thus
U: { 0 }
'
'
\
-
'---"--_'I>
er,,..
,1?-i-Y~1
l'.1I'_-
"
I
4
Sb
Z
Theorem
metric space, then
Union of any collection { Ua a e I } oft) pen sets is open.
Intersection of finite number of open. sets is open.
The VVhole space X and the empty set (pare both open.
Let (X, d) be
i.
A:
ii
()
(iii)
Proof
vi.
Let {
it
Ua
2.
'
Ua.
is an open set.
Let x
ti
it
)1
Then
;g_
for some
e Ua
0,3 Ua
or
Since each
U0,
e><ist~
r>
Such that
5r(x)
=>
(ii)
Let {
'aeU,
Ua
cr
Ua
0ceUI
Ua is an
open set.
1,2, ..... .. n } be
oz
U C, is
a =
an open set.
,
'
xe NU
Let
c:=1
=
it
va=t1 .... -n
xeUa
\,
Such that
ii;
Sra(x) E
V a
U0,
is
*;
'
Let
,.._
:1
r>
1"
$r(x) E Sra(x)
Then
Vt
_\.
3:
...\
.,t.
iii?
11.!
Mr}
it
S,(x) E
=>
VA
'
v' cr
1,1,1
$09; nu
W.
4
V a = 1,l2,_.M.n
1'1
it
1,1
Mtg
hi
I1
(1:
tr
-,..'
Ua IS an
open set.
a
\
(iii)
X
rt}
<:
iv.
>.{=1i"1
To show that empty set (1) is an open set, we have to show that each
point in > is the centre of some open sphere which is contained in qb.
iC()f1<.i,ifi(\n is automaticall Y
, the
But since there is no P oint in
satisfied.
Hence c/J is an open set.
Since every open sphere centered at a point of
X is an open set.
(.5 ;.~
iI
It
=>
W?
..|\
HQ!
mi,
T:.~
it
Ni I.
W
W1
It
l
.1
1
1],.
ik
Mr;.....1~*.
~
-~
,'
...__,.____,__,
.
" :"7'.:_.:."_.,_Tv,?_.--1-;y_~_~_'_
X is
contained in X.
'
ll
s7
23
'
L
L
ii
pa
an open set.
An open sphere in a metric space (X, d) is
Proof
'
S,(x.,)
d(x,x.,) <
=>
Let
TI
..
1"
_-_
"
/1
then
)l,
rI
>
V;
_
W,
5./<x'>
Since (X d)
[.i"1:*.
1S
d<><.x'>
<
._
T
t<-~~w1- :..\'
metric space,
"}"s.~
#>
r +
=>
rA+,1>d(x,x.)
='>
d(x,x.,) <
> d(x,x,,)
"~
'
Sr (x ) 7 "~
\..
,..;?i1;e;g-,1,~,3g
,4,
-.
>
r ,)
5,9:
C1_,o)
V=>
"~
hr:-r'/1
><es.<x.>
Since x e Sr/(x)
+9
-,,i\
In
#3;
AA
,7
_.<,
~. ..
3!?"
P ,-;z~1i$i.t*>;~.-
-V
M.,;1~,. xlvptw...
1"
'
, I
d(< -X)
Let
.
5,. (xo)
Let x
."~..
Let
-
x
e ST <.>
33
'
Sr(x )
Thus
ST
Sr(xo)
1!
111
xi.
.5
we
Ll
,.
\
l
'
heorem
A subset U of
'
w.
'
if
if
and only
U is union of
'
open spheres.
Proof
Let (X, d) be
U is an open set
<=>
Q X.
l
P
each
is an open set. Since U is open therefore
is contained in U.
point of U is the centre of some open sphere which
.
We suppose that
UL
\
1
,1
1,
1
the
sets. )
setsin
metric space is an
'
l
i
\
~1*-~--;~
"
'
"
'
>.-..1_. _,
_
~~.-~..:f;'L_-;~
;;;;_,~;.;;;-_~_r,_-;-.;;:*+__~~--
es W---<:;_?.__w__.:4
'
@,,
,
24
___._)_1'_.'L11
.
Proof
1;.
Let x
-I
imde=
{ xo}
'
f,
Sr
'
E Sr
=>
d (X, X) <
From
------- -4D
i_';.
singleton subset of X.
'
ti
L,
I
_____ _
7"
=>
d(x,x)
at
d(x,x,,)
=>
d(x,x,)
at
d(x,x,,)
=>
=>
xv
,:.'v2I..
~_.~'-1.
"
...
'
"
('1)
*%@&$~
._
,.
'
disametric on X.
['1
d(x',x) = d(x,x)]_
So
If
=1
Hi;
vi
fggg
if
.
7,
.
.
ii
*
;
ii
Since x
'
ai
,.i
ti
contained in X
i::;i
it
iii
H
{x0}
'
'
{xo}.
' Rt'
s'*
'
'
Hence X
{ xo}
1S
an open set.
Question K);
Can a finite subset of a metric space be
Solution
rt
r, ,
i=
Fl
,7!
1;
opn?
ii
iii
We know that
If
iii;
ll
,1,
HK r
55
'
=>
.1
e S,.(;_)
X {_Xo}
4
5
ll
{x,]
V65
.=54@;X~gn}
1]
i,
ll,
at xo
Therefore
1;;
111%
ii
it
,_
mg,
,,
(ii) If (R, d)
2"
R, is
it
not open.
.
i
i,
Therefore
,1
I
~.;::|
:1
M
NW
L,
~.,_,
'
Metric Topology
The topology determined by
,,.. 7,5,:33;.=,3,3_:if_{iy;+=|;1..=;...,.,~<_.~,.M-+a-..~,..,-...i....,,-.
..
..,__.__.._._......~.,...i,...i.i,.__.___.__.._,._,__
...,-__
25
C41-4J
Vat/)3/-c
The rem
Pro
I!
ic space is
A ll m
topological space.
(X, d).
Let be the collection of all open sets in a metric space
are to p ovepthat, T is a topology on X.
-Let
__(T1)
'-\
<
'
U0,
Vael
Uaiso
=>.
Ua
i=>"
5
V
V a = 1,2, ..._n
*2;
Q.)
Ua is an ope
set.
=>
>
-A
I.
(1
a=1
>
at
ET
'
1.
.2
it
vl
Let
(T2)
ti
aE,Ua ET
=:~
.1
en.
ar
Vael
aisano enset.
.=>'
'
'
'
definition of T)
Ua e T
a=1
Since ,X both are open.
(T3)
q,
( BY
X eT
definition of T)
Thus T is a topolog on X.
i.e.
'
..
'
..-l
-~
etric space is
Theorem
l
'
Proof
'
We know that
(i)
<
into
Every non-empty set can b given a metric nd can be converted
metric space.
V
1':
space" is
"metric topology".
Thus from (i) and (ii) we conclu
given a metric topology.
is
ap
that every
-.--
\V
If NiK
,
26
_;-;
ig 1)
CLOSED
r
Closed Set
Let (X, d) be a metric space. Let F Q X.
Then F is closed => F = X F is open
Example
Ca W,-ll Ewxgls/"\\
LetX = R be the metric space and let A ;='Ca,
a < b. Show that A_ is closed set.
I
I
'
<1-~
,7
'
.|,i
,
ii
vi?
>:v
v:
iii
iii
ii
Solution
'
"
blwhere a,b
e R,
&
at:
R;<R
>
is given by
d(xl'x2):ix1
x2i
= [a, b]
I
A =R[_a,
Since
=]",a[U]b-[
Z La
:3
"00
'
~_->
ii
have-13>
=1!
ll
U2.
"1"
IF;
xeA
Let
'
<i'
iii
ii
i
=>
xeLaUR,,
=>
xeLa or
-"
2geRb
'
9:
y!\
I! i
M,
It
.
ii!
ii;
ii!
i i
31
il
If x
Case-I
Let
then x < d
e La
d(x,a) = r
ii
I
i
i:
1|
=>
:2
H
J
M
i
-Now
-a=r
M+T=a
--------------------------- -w4n
Sr(x) = {xlx
e R,
x<a
d(x,x) < r }
/ L,s'
-1
ti
HA;
M!
J,-*1,
I
1
I
Ni?!
={mxeRx~xw<r1
={x|xER,x-x<r,x;((>r}
i
'
/,~i
O\
={x|xER,x<x+r,_x_>7('_1f}
= {xlx e R, x_-_r <_xp<_Ix'-l~r}V
MU
,l
i
>
.;;\
iii!
A/O
'15
ii:
W-)
"
=] x
'_i',
=]x'fr, x'+r[
/\_/~
@155
<5
Thus
Sr(x) =] x
>1
tx)
[By
a[
K,
(1)1
<1
/'/-73
~x-/
'r, a
14
E La Q La U Rb
---
=2:
>
45$
Q
9
'
>27
'
If x
Case-II
'
F
i
'
d(x,b) =1"
Let
'
then x >
e Rb
'=>
IX--b|=T
=>
x-b_=r
x>b
S,(x)'= {xlx
Now
={x|xeR,x-x<r,xx'>-1"]
A"
1"}
={'x|xeR,lxx'|<r}
d(x,x) <
E Rt,
'
={x|xe_R,x<x+r,x>x'r}
={x|xeR, xr <x<x+r~}
W"
"
.1:
'
=]xr,x+_r[v
\
Kx
[By(2)1
=]'b,X'+T[
I
/fi\\
If
\\
'
,___._..__._._>
!r-
S, (xi) 4;:-1] b, x +
/Thus
1.8,
s,(x');A'._
1"
FM-
"""j"""""--*~
[ Q Rb Q La U R? ,= A
"
"
-'
"
'
also open.
~-
is closed set.
Since in both the cases A is open. Therefore A
i
I
1S
le
a.
'
Solution
'
av + (y - 11> $ 1}.
"
I
A
'
"
8iVe1'\ bY
R2
><
->
is
Let
_P' e
_-
Let
r = /1
1,
clearly
1"
>
;F
""'""
=A
F. Let d(P',-Po)
.
\
-
,.
We
shal1_ prove
that
_T(1_?)
Let P
Sr(P)
=>
d(P,P ) <
T
.
.-
Since d is a metric on
"
Q F _
R2
'
~i-;._;I._.
.~,-- ~~:
'I
;5;\1,}3
'
-;,-\=~J".\.
'-
'
_-it
*"'
<
._~;..U.:_J:v
__
A"Sfi(Pf).i::?.v:\
EQ11 *3)
R2
.,.,<_-.-ex-1 gg
V::'-:;;::iVE
,.
.,~
?,.___._;_v-
,_
,1
s.
~,:-
---~,_
__;;
~ '
'
-Y->1-V-_--=---~~,s==_,G,-,,,---.__.;_._.._..,
..,v_,_..-_,
~~
____ _.
~~-V
11'
\"\
22.
M
1
4%
ill?
=>
d(P,P.,)>/1-1"
=>
d(P,R,)>
=*
Since
'5
yt>
l.
P e
=.~
=>
F is closed set.
Ewpe
r./(/1-/)
lll
F9
s_<>11:io_n
ll,.
w6ef ,/@491
dl(x1'}1),(X2')z)l = \/(X1
-'.
Let P
Let
r=
/1'-' Let
/1
d(P', 0) =/1
clearly
-1,
r>
whee ye d- R
c;,_)1*+(y1
><
A+/0
.4
R2 -> R is
y2)2
/i /4!
/'
,>.,1 wk):
dfe/p) i4(/%/P/)/'d(P/P)
age,/i)
(R2
it/d>3*(
7 mg
'
ll
/if/2t_,/_
WM
given bl
<7/(P2
fa;
_t
>
ad/4'
IsAac1osedsetinR2?
la;
2.
dorm)/I
7/aka
F;
'
% /L-57/?%//_
,1-(,1-1)'=1
sr<P>/F
/Ti is anopenset.
"
d(P,P;)>1
=.~
/I
+ d(p'p) >
Z,
.~>
_.
>.f$=A.i.;;_
+(J-4)
l
am, P)4V 1
QF
'
l
r
L
in
.:);i3il;f5 F gxp )
I
M.
|
Let
$,-(P)
=>
d(P,P) < r
Since d is a metric on
,(P')
R2
~F/(7)
F 1 01/WA
It
.,l
2
>
ll
v
f
l,
H
=>
ll
@>
d<P'.
f.+ d(P,U)>/lp
'
I
l~
1|
l
vd(P,O)>/1-1"
4i
=>
d(P,0)>/l(/11)=1
=>
d(P,O) >1
i=>
Pe/1
/ .1 "\'\
0)
'
Since P e.:S,(P'),l
=>
P e A
1
5,(R)'"; A
is an open set.
l
i
is closed set
29
=_
1.
-'
Example
ii
Solution
'
e R,
3x<
}, be a subset
'
dz R
><
is given by
->
" X2
[X1
xi
AV-={xlxeR,0$x<1}
Here
'
t
*
.
,
1
A
= [o,1[
A=RA
Note thatI
=1-<><=.<>[u[1.<><>i,
We take \ x,, ="1, and
e A.
"
>
7-
.
{xix
r}
X, d(x,x;,) <
Put x.,=1,
X=
and
>
_,.
51(1) = {XIX
R, d(X_l)
< T}
cw
-___.__
A subset
-\/'
,
,
'0
ll
if X
(X
Then
U) -= (U)
=U
ii
Since (X
X
t
.9
U is closed.
;((..Y*?il.
'
XA4 " M
=_->
'
...t-_
._.
,-t__._;1-
(Openset)
U) is an open set.
U is a closed set.
1"
/
Sb'<tF
Let (X, d)be a metric space. We have to prove that
U is open :-> X - U is closed.
K J/~
Proof An
1
_s,(1 )
Aisnotclosed. :00
Theorem
-
..-__;-.....-}
. at
;|
..
..
_.
=]1_"T11.+T[
ButST(1)=]1-r,1+r[$A vr>p0
'_
={x|xeR,1r<x<1+r}
/
"
={x|xeR, |x1|<r}
={x|xeR,xl_<r,x1>-_-1"}
={x|xeR, x<1+r, x>-1r}
.=_<v
:,,
1.
'
'
'
7--
Then S,(x,)
'
..
....
..
..
ll
l
\\
r
,
1,
X
'-.
30
'
Theorem
,.
Np
(ii)
L:
('1
1'i )
H;
,\
Proof
M;
R
1
,|r.
<1)
n
Fa) -1S open.
(as,
..-
=>
( ii)
ael Fa
Let {Fa
Then
= 1,2,
gr
"
:En Fina
is open. V a = 1,2,...,n
Fa
:>
'2
_ (e,n Fa)-
u
ael Fa
isclosed.
,
7:6
{fa-_
1:
,1
ael Fa is open.
u
:7
vi
r-
\_J
ll.
fini number oi
Intersection of
F O, lS open.
open
s.\';s
is open)
:c=1
=
ii
5% mogm.
< u
ct-=1.
@'=<
-=
'
Q)
u
1
ii
=>
a
(iii)
Hi
i .,.
k
Since . = X
=->
.i
Fa is closed.
gb
<1)
= X which is open.
is closed.
And X I = X
K l
iii
W
ll!
-e
X =
which is open.
<1)
H1
'1
=>
51'
X is closed.
'
Ql1StlO11
Is N close dinR?
Solution
,
~|'i
i
L
:1 l
\-
ii
W ii
iii]
=R+N
I3-
iiill;
.j
.=] O<>,1[U]1,2[
ii
]2,3[U..,..
ii:
ii!
Of
open SfS
= OPGP. set
i~:
Pr,
iii
ii
-_~:
: '22
N is
aclosed set.
:'
:r
'_t::;_
in
K;
1"
|ll
ll
5..
I
Ihpms
'\~+~..
;
_
grew/**~*:*"*,1:~</'>*-<-wt-i~~.4<><, M;
-1? KO M r-7;-'~*<z)///" =97/4 m Z: 5!~/Q-2<.
/A
'
/f
t
l
.4.
LIMI'gOh;/I
i
a
metric space.'Let A
oft; .7/pug/6
Limit Point
Let (X, dy) be
X and
X. Then
xo e
xo
is
>
xo
contains at least
it
.1
1\
ti
H
'1
>
.S2(x)
s,1<x.,>
wet
Sr1(x)
it
5r,(XJ)
Va
.W?
/ ~"
-~f\
.
4
I-Q
- I I
__,,,
___
(Fig 1)
Sr3(xo)
(Fig
2)
*~v '1
\\\i____,,
'
\___
~_________
____
\
\_
Y?
'\
Sr2(x)
Sr1(x<>)
1' -1 ~\ ~i\\
I \
-x/'
\__/I
<1
:~
(Fig ~ 3)
ST3(-xv)
s,,<xr>
InFig-2, x,
TIn Fig?>,
is also a
3? Theorem
\/
limit point of A.
'
1;
Proof
Consider the discrete metric space (X, do).
Here do: X >< X + R is defined by
d<-(x'l.'x2)
tfx =x
|
.
We shall prove
Suppose x,
Let
1
A
<
r<
it by contradiction method.
X such that
xo is a
limit point oi
21..
<1)
Here (1) shows that S, (xo) contains no point of A different from x Thus
xo
is not a
Hence A has no
--
-1".
>1
limit point of A.
limit point.
>-
~~
aaaaaaa
'
_J
<e-~*==*";-~
k\
32
1,
;.
:;;
4
ll;
'
iii
ll;
in
N
1.
l\lin
,1
in
:;~*
be defined by
e R, d(x,_O)
<
r>
1"};
=]r,+r[
Al
(ll
-J
if1::
fl
{"11
"
,1
1'
011:1
iii!
1
ll
>
=[xxeR,x<r, x>r}
={xxeR, r<x<r}
4
la
={xxeR, |xO|<r}
'_={xxeR, |x|'<r}
ii
(1
><
234
Then S,(O) = {x x
H:
limit ptlint of A.
" xzl
d(x1x2) = lxl
H:
R x =:11,n e N} be a
Wx|\
\
ll?[Hll
1,
Solution
*1
l
tr
'\
,
R
1",
[cnntains a point of A
+:r"
I,
Q ue stion
i
R,x ==
5_0_111_!Yi2I1
Here
',n
1.
Rx R
->
be defined by
" xzl
L
Now
ll,
in
:i
.13
|,
k
2}
1
1
\
1
J
11
-1
1+
M
iill:
Ii
{xlx
l
e R,
d(x, 1) <
r}
=]1r,1+r[
1,.
1:1
ll
={x|xeR,1r<x<1+1"}
11
-={x|xER,|x1|<r}
={x|xR, x-1<r, x1>-~r}
={x|xeR,x<1+r, x>1y}
ifll
ST(1) =
y.
4-
- ll-2";
hf;
"-11.1,
A={x|xeR,x=1orx=1+%,ne1\/E
={1}
\ 9'."
={x|xeR,x=1]U{x|xeR,x=1+1/n,neN}
1
";,
He metric space is
d(x1x2) = lxl
L
orlx =
Tl
limit poirt of A.
=]
1
-
'
r,
Y [
contains
point of A
/,
,/
as
.
~
Question
,:
.
.
Solution
} be a subset
4:
><
>
R be
defined by
d(x1'x2)=|x1 _ xzl
0<;c<1}
iHere A={x|xeR,
i,
la
=1<>.1[
I
1
>
'
(i)
I
'
\.
_,
.'={x|xeR,-lx0|<r}
= {xlx
\
R, |x\
-~
< r}
N,/7
={xlxeR,_x<r, x>-r}
={x|xeR, -r<x<r]
'
v'
=]r,+r[
different from
>
1"
O,
ST(0)
=]
-1",
'
_+r
[contains a point of A
<
(ii)
1
1
Now
-_
= {xlx
.S',.(1)
e R,
Ii
.
'1I
-p
={x|xER, |xp1l<r}
={x|x.eR,x1<r,x-1>r}
'1
.
1
',
i.
-~
1
it
i={x|x_eR,x<A1+r,x>1r}.
={x|xeR,1r<x<_1+r}
=]1_T',1+T[
O,
AS,(1)
>1
1
'
=i]
I,
r, ll
contains a point of A
|v|,
Question
_.
.
,1
A
A
limit point of A.
'
Let R be the metric space. Describe the limit points of the followings.
(a)N (b)Z
A
'
ti!
,1
1_1_1Li(l1l
ill
~-:~:1__;,-_-;____
= ixl
d:
><
>
be defined by
" Xzl
~-~-;~--:~~--_;V-
\.
__
-,__'-___-~___.
___._...__._.
.,._.._._,..-_
34
'
A.
I
>
(a)
Here N = { 1,2,3,
Let a
Then
.\
aeN
Case-I When a
ii
Then $r(a) =
l.
ii
H.
.;
|,l
'r
<
ll
l
i
a+r}
"-f{x|xeR, a-r<Ix<
=]ar, a+ r[
|1.
|
N.
or aEN
limit point of
Ii
R be a
lial
H
,.
irt I.1
.;.
Thus
liilii
.4
ll,
r > 0,
[ll N
l
is not the
II
=]
S,(1)
a
r,
r[
contains no
II
.
limit point-of N.
I
:
Ll.
1,. I1!
Case -
I"'li*'l
1,
II
'
lb
Let a
={ .... .. 3,2,-1,0,]'.,2,..
Here Z
(b)
53..
<
e R
be a
,.
limit point of
.I
Z.
llI,
1%
9!?
ll
In
.\I
my
Then
I.
aEZ or a6Z
E
I
"Case-I Whena
H
P
ll?
.I
Then S,(a) =
1321
I.
.,
bi
lint
."4
I.
1/
is
.
If
ill
,,i
H
5.
iv
ar,a+r[
r>
O,
.4
.45
..
-r
'a +
r[
contains no
1-I
,.
islm
|,;
'
=]l a
rm;
l~
S,_(1)
Case
II
When a
limit point of Z.
;\=
ii
.
nu
V
ll
;.
Iii
it
1.
ii
ik_\_\_
it
'w,,,"\._,..<..:~->=.-.=.;.a-:.
'
_.
_L
fef
W /J
/1/
/&*7/
T./aw
*
/1
441 W
f".
/
Yvo/""6/*7'371b/><f7//N z/oi/'~
'}
~
ooo
NEIGHBOUR
O?/'</
1' VH
7(o5r(/Y. gv
Neighbourhood
)/-I 7/.,
Let (X, d) be
..
1
z
0')
'
e S, (xo). Q N.
.i
'
'
R. Show
=0E
Let R-be the usual metric space. Let x.,
of 0.
r, r], [-1", r[, and [r, r],(r > 0 ) is a neighbourhood
L]
,}
-"
Solutio n
'1
We know that,
'
a
X. Let N Q X. Then N is called
Example
1/}
I-/T
is an open interval.
In a usual metric space R, the open sphere
T[isanopen sphere in
l\lO'WOE]-TV, T[S;]-T, T[ Where]T,
(Ll)
-r
=>
i
1"
is a neighbourhood of "IO".
[~
l\lOWOE]-T, r[<_Z.]r,
Li
1.
=>
,.
ii;
1"] is a
1",
1"]
(iv)
L/V.
F \
[-1"
NOW
[ is a
-7,
E]
[-1"
=>
1"
r]
R
N
Where]-1",
T[isanopen sphere in
neighbourhood of O.
Q[T, T]
T [
Where]
,
T
T,
7"[ is
anopensphere in R
is a neighbourhood of
Theorem
_
neighbourhood of "O.'
~_
Proof
'
Let N be
'
'
neighbourhood of x, , then
an open sphere
ST (-x,,)
,3
.
(where
1"
>
) such that
nE$UJ;N
_,
-------------- m
it by contradiction method.
ii
<4
it
in
~
1
"
:2
- ~
'
S,
*3
We prove
cg
<
i in
3'5
.
'
'
1/
.... ..,xn of A.
Suppose S,(x,,) containsn points x1,x2,x3,
Then
"
'
A O S,(x.,)
= {x1,x?_,x3,
Let
d(x.,,xi) =
Let
r = min (1"1,1"2,1"3,
I
1",,
...,xn}
<
..;,1",,)
._
<==::"i'"
-r------~.-~
1-
_*,~~..---
-FIX
H1
z
__t___
\
j
_m
I
w
m
W
Ab
A
J
I,L
I\
S\
___\
O
(JW1
fIA_I
1_
X
I
_
_ntdr,/
v ___
xv
7
L_\
O
H
_f6
__S
Wm
_
r
_
U
ni
(Nv>__W_H_Uh_h_Vmm_>
O___
A
I_
_
/I\i
yXIIP
_
Hm
I
\E
X
q_m__h>|_'A__!mU"n
_
{K
W
O
S
____m__"
_
w_
M
\C
a_
U
S?i__
{;H_:U_n"_h
_
_ _
Jm
H
LA
H,
")_m~?__A_{_
_
KV
M:
_
id
D
HI
__
_
3
___
x_
_
rf
JXif
AW
I
A
F
Wm
___
'\(
___ M
NJ
V
_
V1I
_J4v_"u4"Hn""__q
VIE
it
___;'HHH
I,JII3;
_K
VI
N
V
V"1 H!
2
il!i,_|ii_;|v
'
W
I__U__
MFHICHH
I
Il>L|1'i_!hVI|
V,H"|'!
-Iltkg
_V
Y__
}\_"h||{hP|}l
'_
_Y
/W\t;
.1
n
6_
X
H
n
x23
K
X,
E_
V
__
NV
M
_
\\\\\||,II/J
_
\
\x
__
>
H,
IxNH