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L ey de Gr avit acin
U niver sal
m 1m 2
r 12
2
r
B alanza de Cavendish
con la alt ur a
mg=
g(h) =
GM m
(R T + h) 2
GM
(R T + h) 2
GM
=
2
RT
3
4
R T
3
3g
R T = 6.4 106m
4GR T
3x9.8
4x3.14x6.67x10 11x64x106
29.4
x103 = 5.5x103kg/ m 3
5.35
L eyes de K epler
A part ir de la ley de Gravit acin y de las leyes
de la mecnica se obt ienen las leyes de K epler del
movimient o planet ario:
1) Los planet as se mueven en elipses, con el Sol en uno
de los focos.
Se t iene:
L = r mv = const ant e
r (t)
dA =
v (t)dt
r (t + dt)
1
dA 1
r (t)v(t)sen dt = |r (t) v (t)| = const ant e
2
dt
2
v2
Mm
m
=G 2
r
r
pero v =
2r
T
6.37 10
3.84 108
6
= 2.75 10 4
v
= 2R L =
RL
2
2
T
R L = 2.72 10 3m/ s2
Muy parecidas!
Ej em plo 3. Encuent re la masa del Sol, usando TT =
3.156 107s,D T = 1.496 1011m
42 3
42 3
2
r = T M S =
DT
GM
GTT2
4x3.142x1.53x1033 133.1
30
30
=
x10
=
1.9x10
68.6
6.7x10 113.221014
R:1.99 1030kg
L p = m vpr p = L a = m va r a
r
vp = a va
rp
Cam p o gr av it acional.
Part cula de prueba de masa m:
F (x )
m0 m
g = lim
r
r2
U = Uf Ui =
rf
ri
dr F (r )F (r ) =
Gm 1m 2
r2
m 1m 2
U( ) = 0
r
m 1m 2 m 1m 3 m 2m 23
Ut ot al = G
+
+
r 12
r 13
r 23
En general:
U= G
ZZ
d3x 1d3x 2
(x 1) (x 2)
|x 1 x 2|
1
GM m
m v2
= const ant e
2
r
v2 Gm M
m
=
r
r2
1
1 Gm M
K = m v2 =
2
2 r
1 Gm M
E=
= K
2 r
rf =
GM
T2
1
GM GM
E f Ei = m
2
ri
rf
E f E i = 1.19 1010J
r i = 6.65 106m
Velocidad de escap e
1
Mm 1
Mm
m v02 G
= m v2 G
2
R
2
r
ex t endidos
dx
F = Gm
=
2
x
h
1
1
Gm
+
M = L
h+ L h
h+ L
F=G
Mm
h(L + h)
4G m
= 2R r
R 2 + r 2 2R r x | 1 1 =
2G m
(|R r | (R +
Rr
(
M m
G 2 r r > R
F =
r )) =
4G m
r
4G m
R
= G
= G
M m
r
M m
R
r > R
r < R
0r < R
4r 2 dr
Gm
U=
r
dM = G
Mm
r
dS g = 4G M V
1
GM m
m v2
2
r
L =r p
2
2 m r 2r
r
2E
l2
2GM
r =
2 2+
m
m r
r
v 2 = r2 + r 22
dr r m 2
= = r
d l
2E
l2
2GM
2 2+
m
m r
r
1
u=
r
r
du
m 2E
l2 2
=
2 u + 2GM u
d
l
m
m
d 2u
=
d2
l2
m2 u + GM
m
du
q
=
l
d
2E
l2 2
m 2 u + 2G M u
m
2
2
m
l
2 u + GM
l
m
2
d 2u
m
=
u
+
G
M
2
d
l
2
m
u GM
= A cos( + )
l
2
2
1
dr
l
1 l2
E = m
+
2
d
mr2
2mr2
GM m
=
r
2 2
1
du
l
1 l2 2
m
+
u
2
d
m
2m
GM m u =
2
1
l
m(A
sen
) 2
+
2
m
2
2
2
1l
m
GM
+ A cos
2m
l
2
m
GM m GM
+ A cos =
l
= 0
1 l 2 2 1 2 2 m3
A G M 2
2
m
2
l
s
3
2m
1 2 2m
A=
E
+
G M 2
l2
2
l
1
m
= GM
r
l
1+
2l E
cos
G 2M 2 m 3
2
Ecuacin de la cnica:
e:excent ricidad
1
1
=
(1 ecos)
r se
Hiprbola e> 1
Parbola e= 1
Elipse0 < e< 1
Circunsferencia e= 0
a(1 e2)
r=
a esel semiejemayor
1 ecos
M asa R educida
1
1
m 1v12 + m 2v22 + U(|r 1 r 2|)
2
2
m 1r 1 + m 2r 2 = 0 CM
m 1v1 + m 2v2= 0
r = r1 r2
m
r = 1+ 1 r1
m2
1
m
r1 = 1+ 1
r
m2
1
m
v1 = 1 + 1
v
m2
1
m
m
v2 = 1 1 + 1
v
m2
m2
2
1
m1
m
E =
m1 1 +
+ m 2 12 1 +
2
m2
m2
2
m1
v2 + U(r ) =
m2
1 2
v + U(r )
2
m 1m 2
=
masa reducida
m1 + m2
m1r1= m2r2
r= r1+ r2
Gm 1m 2
r2
2
2mr2
r
2mr2
r
= 0=
l2
r=
radio dela rbit a
GM m 2
l2
GM m
+
mr3
r2
1 l2
GM m
Vm i n =
=
2
2m
r
r
1
1
GM m =
r
2
1 G 2 M 2m 3
=E
2
l2