Marine Propulsion and Powering

Ship Resistance and Propulsion

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Let say you have a ship, and your ship move
with speed Vs

There are few components involved to stop

the ship from continue move with speed Vs.
These components named as resistances.

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

The resistances acting on ship when the ship
move in constant speed, Vs are:
Vs

Residuary Resistance

Frictional
Resistance

Wavemaking

Eddy
Resistance

Air
Resistance

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Residuary Resistance
Frictional
Resistance

Wavemaking

Eddy
Resistance

Total Resistance, R

Air
Resistance

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Total Resistance, R

Effective power, PE from the propulsion system

must be enough to against the resistance, R
acting on the ship hull at the desired ship
speed.
=

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Total
Resistance, R

Before that, the propeller thrust power, PT must be generated

by propeller.
The propeller thrust power can be calculated if the thrust, T
and propeller advance speed, VAis known.
=

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Ship Hull
Main
Gear

Total
Resistance, R

Engine

To generate the thrust by propeller, sufficient torque, Q

required to deliver to propeller.
The power deliver to the propeller, PD is in the function of the
deliver torque, Q and propeller revolution, n.
= 2

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Ship Hull
Main
Gear

Total
Resistance, R

Engine

The power transfers to the propeller by propeller shaft.

The shaft power, PS is in the function of torque transferred to

shaft, M and the shaft revolution rate, n.
= 2

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Ship Hull
Main
Gear

Total
Resistance, R

Engine

The power transfer to shaft is generated by engine.

The power generate by internal combustion engines normally

call as brake power, PB.

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Vs

Ship Hull
Main
Gear

Total
Resistance, R

Engine

Indicated power, PI at the engine also has to given.

The indicated power is the total power available from the

expanding of the gases in the engine cylinders negating any
friction, heat loss or entropy within the system.

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Hull

Main

Gear

Total
Resistance, R

Ship
Engine

Vs

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

the efficiency of the propulsion system can be
defined as following equation.

=

Or

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

is total efficiency
is the hull efficiency which can be calculated by following
equation

=
=
=

And, t is thrust deduction factor, w is wake fraction

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

is the propeller efficiency for the propeller working at aft
of ship

= =
2
And, is open water coefficient where in the open water
condition, the propeller will face with homogeneous of flow.

is the relative rotative efficient and connects and .

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

is the shaft efficiency
is the mechanical efficiency
=

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

To calculate the deliver power, PD, the power prediction factor
(1+x) or overload fraction must be considered
The x is knows as load faction or service allowance.
This factor introduced because of scale effects on resistance
and propulsion, effects of hull roughness and weather
condition.
The deliver power, PD can be calculated as follow.
1+
=

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

=

1+

Where
and is the delivered and effective power
respectively and is the propulsive efficiency.
sometimes also knows as quasi-propulsive
coefficient.

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

Service allowance The service allowance is used for
determination of the installed main engine power, which
means that it shall be determined based on the expected
service area.

Harvald suggests following service allowances:

North Atlanctic route, westbound 25 35 %
North Atlantic, eastbound 20 25 %
Europe Australia 20 25 %
Europe Eastern Asia 20 25 %
The Pacific routes 20 30 %

Introduction to Ship Propulsion

The above figures are only rough figures, which can be used
for guidance.
For more accurate predictions, the size of the ship shall be
taken into account,
The service allowance will be relatively higher for small
ships compared to large ships.
The hull form will also have an influence on the necessary
service allowance.
The more slender hull form, the less service allowance is
needed.

References
Harvald, SA. AA. (1972). Resistance and Propulsion
of Ships. United State of America: John Wiley & Son.