FOUNDER

Homi Jehangir Bhabha was the visionary who conceptulised the Indian Nuclear Programme and
along with a handful of Scientists initiated the nuclear science research in India in March, 1944.
He envisaged the vast potential of nuclear energy and its possible successful utilization in the
field of power generation and allied areas. Dr. Bhabha started working with the goal of achieving
self reliance in the fields of nuclear science and engineering and todays Department of Atomic
Energy which is a consortium of different and diversified fields of science and engineering is the
final outcome of the farsighted planning of Dr. Bhabha. Thus, in his own words When Nuclear
Energy has been successfully applied for power production in, say a couple of decades from now,
India will not have to look abroad for its experts but will find them ready at hand.
Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, realizing the immense potential of nuclear energy as a viable
alternative source for electric power generation, launched the Indian Nuclear Programme in
March 1944. It was the farsightedness of Dr. Bhabha to start nuclear research in India at a time
following the discovery of nuclear fission phenomena by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman and
soon after Enrico Fermi etal from Chicago reporting the feasibility of sustained nuclear chain
reactions. At that time very little information was available to the outside world about nuclear
fission and sustained chain reactions and nobody was willing to subscribe to the concept of
power generation based on nuclear energy.
Dr. Bhabha was an astute scientist and committed engineer, a dedicated architect, a meticulous
planner and a perfect executive. An ardent follower of fine arts and music, he was a
philanthropist too. The path to perfection paved by Dr. Bhabha has taken the Indian Atomic
Energy Programme to one amongst the best in the world. The family members of the Department
of Atomic Energy and also the whole country salute the great scientist of our country- Dr. Homi
Bhabha and rededicate ourselves in the pursuit of perfection set forth by him through the coming
years.

HERITAGE
Dr. Bhabha approached Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting nuclear research in India leading to the
establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, which was
inaugurated on December 19, 1945. Atomic Energy Act was passed on April 15,1948 and Atomic
Energy Commission was constituted on August 10, 1948 in order to intensify the studies related
to the exploitation of nuclear energy for the benefit of the nation. Exhaustive survey for rare
minerals and Uranium deposits started by Atomic Minerals Division and on August 18, 1959
Indian Rare Earths Ltd was set up for the chemical processing and recovery of rare earth
compounds and Thorium-Uranium deposits. Atomic Energy Commission started Atomic Energy
Establishment, Trombay on January 3, 1954. Atomic Energy Commission functioning under the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research was brought under the Department of
Atomic Energy from August 3, 1954 with Dr. Homi Bhabha as the Secretary to the Government
of India for the department. Department of Atomic Energy functioned under the direct control of

the Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and continued to remain under the direct charge of
successive prime ministers since then. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of
reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy and material science etc were
transferred along with their respective programme from TIFR to AEET to become an integral
part of the newly created AEET. TIFR has become an institution fully dedicated to carry out
fundamental research in Nuclear Science.
The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was formally dedicated to the nation by the
then Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on January 20, 1957. Later, Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi renamed AEET as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) on January 22, 1967 as a
fitting tribute to Dr. Homi Bhabha who died in an air crash on January 24, 1966. Atomic Energy
Establishment, Trombay has already made its impressions in the world of science as one of the
unique nuclear research institution where high quality research and development is taking place
in the areas of nuclear reactor design and installation, fuel fabrication, chemical processing of
depleted fuel and also acquired sufficient expertise in the development of radioisotope
application techniques in medicine, agriculture and industries. Basic and advanced research
investigations were in full progress in nuclear physics, spectroscopy, solid state physics,
chemical and life sciences, reactor engineering, instrumentation, radiation safety and nuclear
medicine etc.
In a nutshell, BARC provides a broad spectrum of scientific and technological activities
extending from basic laboratory bench scale research to scaled up plant level operations and its
functional domain covers all walks of science and technology stretching from classical school
of thoughts to the emerging novel fields of interest. The core mandate of this institution is to
provide Research and Development support required to sustain one of the major peaceful
applications of nuclear energy viz. power generation. This includes conceptualization of the
programme, finalization of the design of the reactor and the peripheral components, preparation
of computer generated working models and their evaluation studies under simulated reactor
running conditions, identification, and selection and testing of materials and components for their
risk analysis under extreme conditions of reactor operating environments, development and
testing of new reactor fuel materials etc. Besides, BARC also extends its expertise to chemical
processing of spent fuels, safe disposal of nuclear waste besides developing new isotope
application techniques in industries, medicine, agriculture etc. Advanced frontline research in
physical, chemical and biological sciences are intensely being pursued in BARC in order to give
the nation a cutting edge in the fields of science and technology at the international levels. Thus,
BARC is a multifaceted institution wherein the in house research findings were further translated
into the development stage and finally through successful demonstration phase is taken for
deployment in the respective fields. Advanced equipments and instruments, well set laboratories,
vibrant ambience and availability of expertise from all fields of science and engineering are the
unique features of BARC committed in taking the nation to the new horizons of knowledge and
development.

FOUNDER
Homi Jehangir Bhabha was the visionary who conceptulised the Indian Nuclear Programme and
along with a handful of Scientists initiated the nuclear science research in India in March, 1944.
He envisaged the vast potential of nuclear energy and its possible successful utilization in the
field of power generation and allied areas. Dr. Bhabha started working with the goal of achieving
self reliance in the fields of nuclear science and engineering and todays Department of Atomic
Energy which is a consortium of different and diversified fields of science and engineering is the
final outcome of the farsighted planning of Dr. Bhabha. Thus, in his own words When Nuclear
Energy has been successfully applied for power production in, say a couple of decades from now,
India will not have to look abroad for its experts but will find them ready at hand.
Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha, realizing the immense potential of nuclear energy as a viable
alternative source for electric power generation, launched the Indian Nuclear Programme in
March 1944. It was the farsightedness of Dr. Bhabha to start nuclear research in India at a time
following the discovery of nuclear fission phenomena by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman and
soon after Enrico Fermi etal from Chicago reporting the feasibility of sustained nuclear chain
reactions. At that time very little information was available to the outside world about nuclear
fission and sustained chain reactions and nobody was willing to subscribe to the concept of
power generation based on nuclear energy.
Dr. Bhabha was an astute scientist and committed engineer, a dedicated architect, a meticulous
planner and a perfect executive. An ardent follower of fine arts and music, he was a
philanthropist too. The path to perfection paved by Dr. Bhabha has taken the Indian Atomic
Energy Programme to one amongst the best in the world. The family members of the Department
of Atomic Energy and also the whole country salute the great scientist of our country- Dr. Homi
Bhabha and rededicate ourselves in the pursuit of perfection set forth by him through the coming
years.

HERITAGE
Dr. Bhabha approached Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting nuclear research in India leading to the
establishment of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai, which was
inaugurated on December 19, 1945. Atomic Energy Act was passed on April 15,1948 and Atomic
Energy Commission was constituted on August 10, 1948 in order to intensify the studies related
to the exploitation of nuclear energy for the benefit of the nation. Exhaustive survey for rare

minerals and Uranium deposits started by Atomic Minerals Division and on August 18, 1959
Indian Rare Earths Ltd was set up for the chemical processing and recovery of rare earth
compounds and Thorium-Uranium deposits. Atomic Energy Commission started Atomic Energy
Establishment, Trombay on January 3, 1954. Atomic Energy Commission functioning under the
Ministry of Natural Resources and Scientific Research was brought under the Department of
Atomic Energy from August 3, 1954 with Dr. Homi Bhabha as the Secretary to the Government
of India for the department. Department of Atomic Energy functioned under the direct control of
the Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and continued to remain under the direct charge of
successive prime ministers since then. All scientists and engineers engaged in the fields of
reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy and material science etc were
transferred along with their respective programme from TIFR to AEET to become an integral
part of the newly created AEET. TIFR has become an institution fully dedicated to carry out
fundamental research in Nuclear Science.
The Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was formally dedicated to the nation by the
then Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on January 20, 1957. Later, Prime Minister Indira
Gandhi renamed AEET as Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) on January 22, 1967 as a
fitting tribute to Dr. Homi Bhabha who died in an air crash on January 24, 1966. Atomic Energy
Establishment, Trombay has already made its impressions in the world of science as one of the
unique nuclear research institution where high quality research and development is taking place
in the areas of nuclear reactor design and installation, fuel fabrication, chemical processing of
depleted fuel and also acquired sufficient expertise in the development of radioisotope
application techniques in medicine, agriculture and industries. Basic and advanced research
investigations were in full progress in nuclear physics, spectroscopy, solid state physics,
chemical and life sciences, reactor engineering, instrumentation, radiation safety and nuclear
medicine etc.
In a nutshell, BARC provides a broad spectrum of scientific and technological activities
extending from basic laboratory bench scale research to scaled up plant level operations and its
functional domain covers all walks of science and technology stretching from classical school
of thoughts to the emerging novel fields of interest. The core mandate of this institution is to
provide Research and Development support required to sustain one of the major peaceful
applications of nuclear energy viz. power generation. This includes conceptualization of the
programme, finalisation of the design of the reactor and the peripheral components, preparation
of computer generated working models and their evaluation studies under simulated reactor
running conditions, identification, selection and testing of materials and components for their
risk analysis under extreme conditions of reactor operating environments, development and
testing of new reactor fuel materials etc. Besides, BARC also extends its expertise to chemical
processing of spent fuels, safe disposal of nuclear waste besides developing new isotope
application techniques in industries, medicine, agriculture etc. Advanced frontline research in
physical, chemical and biological sciences are intensely being pursued in BARC in order to give
the nation a cutting edge in the fields of science and technology at the international levels. Thus,
BARC is a multifaceted institution wherein the in house research findings were further translated
into the development stage and finally through successful demonstration phase is taken for
deployment in the respective fields. Advanced equipments and instruments, well set laboratories,

vibrant ambience and availability of expertise from all fields of science and engineering are the
unique features of BARC committed in taking the nation to the new horizons of knowledge and
development.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Strategy for Nuclear Energy

ATOMIC ENERGY IN
INDIA
A Preface to its Future
Perspectives

India has consciously proceeded to explore the possibility of

tapping nuclear energy for the purpose of power generation and the
Strategy for Nuclear Energy
Atomic Energy Act was framed and implemented with the set
objectives of using two naturally occurring elements Uranium and Evolution of PHWR Design
Thorium having good potential to be utilized as nuclear fuel in
Fast Breeder Reactors
Indian Nuclear Power Reactors. The estimated natural deposits of
these elements in india are :
Heavy Water

Natural Uranium deposits - ~70,000 tonnes

Nuclear Fuels and structural

Components

Thorium deposits - ~ 3,60,000 tonnes

Back End of Nuclear Fuel

Cycle

Indian Nuclear Power Generation : Envisages a A Three

Stage(STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3 ) Programme

Research & Development

Conclusion

STAGE 1 -> Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor using

Natural Uranium dioxide as fuel matrix

Heavy water as moderator and coolant

Natural U isotopic composition is _ 0.7 % fissile U-235 and the rest is U-238. In the reactor

U-235 (n,f) several radioactive fission products + large amount of energy

U-238 (n,,-) Pu-239

The first two plants were of boiling water reactors based on imported technology.
Subsequent plants are of PHWR type through indigenous R&D efforts. India achieved
complete self- reliance in this technology and this stage of the programme is in the
industrial domain.

The future plan includes

o

Setting up of VVER type plants based on Russian Technology is under progress to

augment power generation .

MOX fuel (Mixed oxide) is developed and introduced at Tarapur To conserve fuel and to
develop new fuel technology.

Reprocessing of spent fuel => By an Open Cycle or a Closed Cycle mode.

Open cycle refers to disposal of the entire waste after subjecting to proper waste treatment.
This Results in huge underutilization of the energy potential of Uranium (~ 2 % is exploited)

Closed cycle refers to chemical separation of U-238 and Pu-239 and further recycled while the
other radioactive fission products were separated, sorted out according to their half lives and
activity and appropriately disposed off with minimum environmental disturbance.

Both the options are in practice.

As a part of long term energy strategy, Japan and France has opted closed cycle

India preferred a closed cycle mode in view of its phased expansion of nuclear power
generation extending through the second and third stages.

Indigenous technology for the reprocessing of the spent fuel as well as waste
management programme has been developed by India through its own comprehensive
R&D efforts and reprocessing plants were set up and are in operation thereby attaining
self - reliance in this strategic field

STAGE 2Fast Breeder Reactor

Indias second stage of nuclear power generation envisages the use of Pu-239 obtained from the
first stage reactor operation, as the fuel core in fast breeder reactors (FBR). The main features of
FBTR are

Pu-239 serves as the main fissile element in the FBR

A blanket of U-238 surrounding the fuel core will undergo nuclear transmutation to
produce fresh Pu-239 as more and more Pu-239 is consumed during the operation.

Besides a blanket of Th-232 around the FBR core also undergoes neutron capture
reactions leading to the formation of U-233. U-233 is the nuclear reactor fuel for the
third stage of Indias Nuclear Power Programme.

It is technically feasible to produce sustained energy output of 420 GWe from FBR.

Setting up Pu-239 fuelled fast Breeder Reactor of 500 MWe power generation is in
progress. Concurrently, it is proposed to use thorium-based fuel, along with a small
feed of plutonium-based fuel in Advanced Heavy Water Reactors (AHWRs). The
AHWRs are expected to shorten the period of reaching the stage of large-scale
thorium utilization.

STAGE 3Breeder Reactor

The third phase of Indias Nuclear Power Generation programme is, breeder reactors using U233 fuel. Indias vast thorium deposits permit design and operation of U-233 fuelled breeder
reactors.

U-233 is obtained from the nuclear transmutation of Th-232 used as a blanket in the
second phase Pu-239 fuelled FBR.

Besides, U-233 fuelled breeder reactors will have a Th-232 blanket around the U-233
reactor core which will generate more U-233 as the reactor goes operational thus
resulting in the production of more and more U-233 fuel from the Th-232 blanket as
more of the U-233 in the fuel core is consumed helping to sustain the long term
power generation fuel requirement.

These U-233/Th-232 based breeder reactors are under development and would serve
as the mainstay of the final thorium utilization stage of the Indian nuclear
programme. The currently known Indian thorium reserves amount to 358,000 GWe-

yr of electrical energy and can easily meet the energy requirements during the next
century and beyond.
ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Evolution of PHWR Design

Indias first stage of Nuclear Programme was based on the

PHWR Technology for the following advantages.

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future
Perspectives
Strategy for Nuclear Energy

Optimum utilization of the limited uranium

resources

Evolution of PHWR Design

Higher Plutonium yield, for the second stage fuel

Heavy Water

Availability of Indigenous Technology

Nuclear Fuels and structural

Components

The most significant feature of the PHWR design is

Fast Breeder Reactors

Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Research & Development

Multiple pressure tube configuration instead of a

large pressure vessel.

The first two reactors were built at Rawatbhata near

Kota in Rajasthan with the Canadian collaboration.

Two units located at Kalpakkam near Madras built

later were of the same design but using indigenous
technology.

Subsequently, the Reactors at Narora offered first opportunity to our engineers to evolve
an indigenous design based on operating experience and other requirements such as
stringent safety norms and seismic design.

The design of 500 MWe PHWR is the next step in the process of evolution and the first
two units based on this design were built at Tarapur. The First Unit was dedicated to the
Nation in 2005 and the second in 2006 and both the units are working well. At present 4
units of 700 MWe are under construction.Technology for the manufacture of various
components and equipment is now well established and has evolved through active
collaboration between the DAE and the industry. Several universities and national
institutions have also participated in the development of PHWR technology apart from in
house efforts in DAE. As we gain experience and master technology, performance of our
plants is improving.

Conclusion

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Fast Breeder Reactors

Indias first 40 MWt Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)

attained criticality on 18th October 1985.

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future
Perspectives
Strategy for Nuclear Energy

India becomes the sixth nation having the technology to

Evolution of PHWR Design
built and operate a FBTR besides USA, UK, France, Japan
Fast Breeder Reactors
and the then USSR.
The unique features of Indian FBTR are
Heavy Water

Indigenously developed U-Pu carbide fuel rich in

Pu

Nuclear Fuels and structural

Components
Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Design, development and fabrication of all

machineries, peripheral units and materials are by
the Indian Scientists in close co ordination with
industry.

Research & Development

Conclusion

Status Initial operational problems sorted out and the

reactor operates smoothly at a steady power level of 10.5
Mwt- maximum possible power output owing to its small
core.
Future plans based on the Design, setting up and operation
of FBTR has provided rich experience and immense
information with liquid metal cooled Fast Breeder Reactor
Technology and also confidence to embark upon the
design of a 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor
[PFBR], planned to be constructed at Kalpakkam.

PFBR design requires

A detailed and complete understanding of thermal- hydraulics phenomena

Creep, creep-fatigue interaction, and buckling and fluid- structure interaction for the
design optimization and also for an assessment of structural integrity.

A large number of codes, in the disciplines of thermal- hydraulics and structural

mechanics have been developed.

The codes have been validated either through experimental data or through international

benchmark tests.
Engineering R&D

For fast breeder reactor programme through simulated experiments and component
development.

Experimental data for validating the analytical codes and performance evaluation codes.

Facilities to carry out these experiments in air, water and sodium environment.

Expertise for modeling phenomena, special instrumentation for measuring flow

patterns, vibration etc. and interpretation of data.

Capability to set up high temperature sodium facilities and their safe operation.

Large component testing rig facility for testing reactor components in sodium at
temperatures up to 833o K.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Heavy Water

High purity heavy water is used in PHWRs for serving as the moderator and the primary
coolant.

The first heavy water plant was set up in India at Nangal in 1962.

Other Heavy water plants are at Baroda, Tuticorin, Kota, Thal, Hazira and Manuguru.

The hydrogen sulphide - water process used at Kota and Manuguru plants is based on the
expertise developed through indigenous R&D.

The technology for upgrading heavy water was developed at BARC.

The current research is directed towards the development of alternative, more costeffective, technologies for heavy water production, such as hydrogen-water exchange
process.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Nuclear Fuels & Structural Components

The Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was established in Hyderabad in the early 70s.
Making nuclear fuel assemblies and core structural components for the entire nuclear power
programme of the country.
The activities at NFC includes

Processing of uranium ore concentrate and zircon sand brought from Bihar and Kerala,
through a series of indigenously developed chemical and metallurgical operations.

Making seamless tubes of stainless steel, carbon steel, titanium and other special alloys of
Nickel, Magnesium etc. by hot extrusion and cold pilgering process.

Hot extruded tubes of diameter 180 mm, and cold pilgered thin wall tubes of diameter 4.5
mm are regularly made.

NFC offers its expertise to Indian Navy, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and other
Defence Organizations well as chemical, fertilizer and mechanical ball bearing
manufacturing industries and many other chemical equipment manufacturers.

The other products NFC fabricates include tantalum, niobium, silver and various high
-purity materials as per the specifications of customers.

Apart from supplying products to Indian market, the NFC has also ventured recently into
export of some of its products like zirconium bars and anhydrous magnesium chloride.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Back-end of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Nuclear Power Generation Programme

Front end of the nuclear fuel cycle
Mining of U, segregation, chemical
purification
Conversion to appropriate form and
fuel rod fabrication

Back- end of the nuclear fuel cycle

Reprocessing of spent fuel, separation
of fissile, fertile components, safe
disposal of radioactive Waste after
proper treatment

The back end of the nuclear fuel cycle is a strategically important activity
due to its significance both in terms of the sensitivity as well as safety. Fuel
reprocessing technology was developed and standardized entirely by in

ATOMIC
ENERGY IN
INDIA
A Preface to its
Future
Perspectives
Strategy for
Nuclear
Energy
Evolution of
PHWR Design
Fast Breeder
Reactors

house R&D efforts. Three reprocessing plants one at Trombay, second at

Tarapur and recently the third one cold commissioned at Kalpakkam to
extract Plutonium from spent fuel.

Heavy Water
Nuclear Fuels
and structural
Components
Back End of
Nuclear Fuel
Cycle
Research &
Development
Conclusion

The Kalpakkam plant incorporates a number of innovative features such as

Hybrid maintenance concept in hot cells using servo-manipulators

Engineered provisions for extending the life of the plant. This plant will cater to the
needs of reprocessing fuels from MAPS as well as FBTR.

In this part of the activity top priority is given to efficient handling, safe management and
proper disposal of the highly radioactive waste generated in the fuel cycle with minimum
environmental impact.

Indigenous technology for safe handling and disposal of waste developed by the R&D
efforts meeting the stringent regulatory standards.

Waste processing plants set up and are in operation at all nuclear power plant sites.

Long-term action plan formulated for waste management is identified with the following:

High-level waste immobilized by vitrification in glass matrix and after double

encapsulation in corrosion resistant canisters, stored separately in engineered storage
facility provided with continuous cooling for 20 30 years. The ultimate disposal is then
carried out in deep underground geological formations with extra protection barriers.

Medium level wastes after solidification into a suitable matrix was stored in leak tight
containers and buried them in water- proof concrete tiled holes with adequate shielding.

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

Research and Development

Indias achievements in the fields of Nuclear Science and

Technology are well accepted and acknowledged at the
international level. Excellent infrastructure and years of
dedicated research and development activities vigorously
pursued by India has directly resulted in making
significant progress in nuclear power generation and allied
fields and attaining scientific and technological self
reliance. Exhaustive and comprehensive research and
development studies in the fields of Nuclear Power and
Reactor Technologies, Isotope Applications and Radiation
Technologies, Accelerator and Laser Technology
Programme, Health and Safety aspects of radiation are
carried out at the four R&D centers
viz. BARC, IGCAR, VECC and CAT by DAE. Strong
emphasis on basic and applied research in a number of
core disciplines in Science and Engineering has enabled a
significant level of synergy between growth of technology
and basic research in these institutions, benefiting not only
Atomic Energy, but also a number of other sectors.

A Preface to its Future

Perspectives
Strategy for Nuclear Energy
Evolution of PHWR Design
Fast Breeder Reactors
Heavy Water
Nuclear Fuels and structural
Components
Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Research & Development
Conclusion

Some of the significant achievements in areas other than power generation include

Development of 22 different varieties of high yield seeds through radiation induced

mutation.(10 of pulses,8 of ground nut, 2 of mustard and 1 each of rice and jute).

In the medical applications of radioisotopes six lakhs patients undergoing

diagnostic investigations and 15-20 lakhs patients receiving radiation therapy
every year through dedicated and affiliated centres.

In the industrial applications of radioisotopes scenes - ~1000 industrial

radiographic cameras are in routine use. Hydrology and tracer applications also
has made a significant progress in carrying out underground leak detection, silt
movement studies in harbours as well as mapping of ground water resources and
their courses. Many more new applications are getting appended too.

Research Reactors: Provides an ideal platform for basic and applied research in a number of
disciplines.
The research reactors have been used for

Test irradiation of nuclear fuel, for developing structural materials, components for

reactors, and for training personnel needed to operate the power stations.

Extensive research in fission physics, solid state physics and radiation chemistry

DHRUVA Reactor at BARC was designed, constructed and commissioned by Indian Engineers
and scientists. Natural U is the fuel used and heavy water as moderator and coolant, Dhruva
enabled India to attain self sufficiency in the production of radioisotopes
Kamini, a 30 kWt reactor at the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research at Kalpakkam,
achieved criticality in October 1996 for providing neutron radiography facilities and is a small
but significant step towards utilisation of our vast thorium reserves. It is the only operating
reactor in the world using U233 fuel. Some of the larger facilities built by DAE are now
available to university researchers through Inter-university Consortium for DAE facilities.
Besides carrying out research at its own research centres, the DAE provides full support to
seven aided institutions

Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai

Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar

Saha Institute of Physics, Calcutta

Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, Allahabad

Institute of Mathematical Science, Chennai

Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar

ANUSHAKTI : Atomic Energy In India

Conclusion

In pursuit of the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy, power

generation based on nuclear energy assumes first and
foremost place and India has achieved many milestones in

ATOMIC ENERGY IN INDIA

A Preface to its Future
Perspectives
Strategy for Nuclear Energy

this area. A well planned programme for the progressive

expansion for the tapping of atomic energy for electricity
keeping in view of the countrys future requirements for
increased power generation capacity and available
resources has been under implementation. A strong R&D
base has been established and functions as a back bone for
the smooth transition of the research and development
activities to the deployment phase and thereby realising
the Department of Atomic Energys mandate. Many
technologies of strategic importance have been mastered
to meet developmental needs. Indigenous technology
development in the areas of fuel reprocessing, enrichment,
production of special materials, computers, lasers,
accelerators represents a whole spectrum of activities
necessary for realising full potential of our energy
resources to meet future energy needs. Radiation
Technology and Isotope Applications represents another
prominent area of the peaceful uses of Atomic Energy in
health care, agriculture, industries, hydrology and food
preservation where self- reliance has been accomplished.

Evolution of PHWR Design

Fast Breeder Reactors
Heavy Water
Nuclear Fuels and structural
Components
Back End of Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Research & Development
Conclusion

Department of Atomic Energy: Milestones

Uranium Corporation of India Ltd of DAE commissions Uranium mines and
processing plant at Tummalapalle, Andhra Pradesh
First pour of concrete at Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS),
July 18, 2011 :
Rawatbhata Unit 7 & 8
Honourable Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh inaugurated
January 07,
: power reactor spent fuel reprocessing plant (PREFRE II) at BARC, Tarapur
2011
and dedicated it to the Nation. Production started in July 2011
December 31,
: CIRUS decommissioned and permanently shutdown on 31.12.2010
2010
December 7,
: India and France signed agreement for the fuel supply
2010
April 20, 2012 :

November 27, Unit 4 of Kaiga Atomic Power Project achieved first criticality and
:
2010
synchronised to grid on January 19, 2011
Plans for establishing Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership
June 9, 2010 : (GCNEP) announced. Establishment of GCNEP was declared on 27 June
2011
March 29,
India and USA completed negotiations on "arrangements and procedures"
:
2010
for reprocessing U.S. - obligated spent nuclear fuel.
March 12,
India & Russia agreed on a Roadmap for the construction of reactors of
:
2010
Russian design in India
February 11,
: India and United Kingdom sign joint declaration on nuclear cooperation
2010
Unit 6 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) achieved first criticality.
January 23,
: It was syncronised to grid on March 28, 2010 and goes commercial
2010
operations on March 31, 2010
November 11, Unit 5 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) achieved first criticality.
:
2009
It was syncronised to grid on December 22, 2009
November,
: Nuclear Recycle Board (NRB) formed
2009
September 30, India and France signed agreement on cooperation for peaceful uses of
:
2008
Nuclear Energy
Low power critical facility at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
April 7, 2008 :
attained first criticality
DAE and University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT), Mumbai
March 13,
: signed MoU to establish a new DAE-UICT Centre for Chemical Engineering
2008
Education and Research
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and Electronics Corporation of
September
India Limited (ECIL)developed a 32 metre diameter Indian Deep Space
:
2007
Antenna System IDSN 32 for providing steering, tracking and science data
reception support for ISROs Moon Mission Chandrayaan I
August 31,
Units 3 & 4 of the Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) dedicated to the
:
2007
Nation
India and USA signed agreement on cooperation for peaceful uses of
1 August, 2007 :
Nuclear Energy
The first Opencast Uranium Mine of Uranium Corporation of India Limited
(UCIL) was inaugurated at Banduhurang. A Uranium Ore Processing Plant,
June 25, 2007 :
also of UCIL inaugurated at Turamdih in Singhbum (East) district of
Jharkhand
India exported the first consignment of 720 kg Alfonso and Keasr mangoes
April 26, 2007 : to the US after being irradiated at BARCs KRUSHAK plant at Lasalgaon,
Nashik.
February 26, : Unit 3 of the 220 MWe Kaiga Atomic Power Project in North Karnataka
2007
attained criticality. The criticality was achieved in less than 5 years, the first

December,
2006

August 4,
2006

May 21, 2006 :

March 2006

December 17,
:
2005
December 5,
2005

November 15,
:
2005
June 3, 2005

July 10, 2004 :

2003
October 22,
2003
November
2002
October 31,
2002
September18,
2002
September,
2002
March 31,
2002
March 30,
2002 &

:
:
:
:
:
:

pour of concrete having been done in March 2002. It was syncronised to grid
on April 14, 2007 and commercial operations started on May 6, 2007.
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, Honourable President of India dedicated Bhabhatron
II to the cancer patients at the Indian Red Cross Society Cancer (IRCS)
Hospital, Nellore
APSARA the first nuclear research reactor in the whole of Asia completed
50 years.
The 540 MWe Unit 3 of Tarapur Atomic power Project (TAPP 3) attained
criticality. It was syncronised to grid on June 15, 2006 and goes commercial
operations on August 18, 2006.
Bhabhatron I, the first indigenous Teletherapy unit was installed at
ACTREC, TMC, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai
Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT) Indore dedicated in the memory of
Dr. Raja Ramanna. The centre was renamed as Raja Ramanna Centre for
Advanced Technology (RRCAT).
India was admitted to the International Thermo-nuclear Experimental
Reactor (ITER) venture. Other parties in this venture are China, European
Union, Japan, South Korea and United States. India signs agreement on
November 21, 2006 to join ITER project.
New Supercomputing facilities building of Computer Centre, BARC was
inaugurated at Trombay.
Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI) with a Deemed to be University
status has been established.
Crystal and Mat Laboratories was inaugurated at Trombay.
1.7 MeV Tandetron Accelerator and the demo facility Lead Mini Cell
(LMC), for reprocessing of FBTR carbide fuel on lab scale, are
commissioned at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR).
Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam (BHAVINI) was set up at Kalpakkam,
Tamil Nadu.
UCIL's Turumdih Mine, Jharkhand was inaugurated and Technology
Demonstration Pilot Plant becomes operational at Jaduguda.
Waste Immobilisation Plant and Uranium-Thorium Separation Plant(both at
Trombay), and the Radiation Processing Plant Krushak at Lasalgaon, district
Nasik, Maharashtra, are dedicated to the Nation.
First pour of concrete of Unit-5 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS)
5 & 6.
Medical cyclotron facility of BARC was commissioned at Parel, Mumbai
(TMC campus)

: First pour of concrete of Unit 1 & 2 of Kudankulam Atomic Power Project.

:

First pours of concrete respectively of Unit-3 and Unit-4 of Kaiga Atomic

Power Project 3 & 4.

May 10, 2002

February 12,
India signed the contract with the Russian Federation for the Nuclear Power
:
2002
Station at Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu.
March 18,
Units 3 & 4 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) was dedicated to the
:
2001
nation.
Unit-4 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) attained criticality. It was
November 03,
: synchronised to grid on November 17, 2000 and goes commercial on
2000
December 23, 2000.
Unit-1 of Kaiga Atomic Power Station attained criticality. It was
September 26,
: synchronised to the grid on October 12, 2000 and goes commercial on
2000
November 16, 2000.
May 1, 2000 : BARC Safety Council was formed
April 21, 2000 : Folded Tandem Ion Accelerator (FOTIA) delivered first beam on target.
March 10,
: Unit-3 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) synchronised to the grid.
2000
March 8, 2000 : Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS)- 3 & 4 rises up.
2000
: Boron Enrichment Plant was commissioned at IGCAR, Kalpakkam.
January 1,
BRIT's plant for radiation processing of spices was commissioned at Vashi,
:
2000
Navi Mumbai.
Unit-3 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station attained criticality. It was
December 24,
: synchronised to the grid on March 10, 2000, and becomes commercial on
1999
June 1, 2000.
October 01,
: Indias first Nuclear Power Plant Simulator was upgraded.
1999
Unit-2 of Kaiga Atomic Power Station attained criticality. It was
September 24,
: synchronised to the grid on December 02, 1999, and becomes commercial on
1999
March 16, 2000.
July 1999
: Solid Storage and surveillance Facility at Tarapur was commissioned.
450 MeV Synchrotron Radiation Source Indus-1 achieved electron beam
April 22, 1999 : current of 113 milli-ampere superceding the design value of 100 milliampere.
August 10,
The 500 KeV industrial electron accelerator developed indigenously by the
:
1998
BARC was commissioned for its first phase of operation.
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) Unit-2 was recommissioned after
May 27, 1998 :
enmasse replacement of coolant channels.
May 11 & 13,
: Five underground nuclear tests were conducted at Pokhran Range,Rajasthan.
1998
Jadugudda Mill was expanded to treat 2,090 tonnes ore per day.
December
: PRYNCE(95% Neodymium Oxide) Plant was commissioned at Rare Earths
1997
Division.
March 31,
: Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) Unit-1 was recommissioned after

1997
October 20,
1996

repair of OPRD valve.

Kalpakkam Mini Reactor (KAMINI), with Uranium-233 fuel, attained
criticality at Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam,
:
Tamilnadu. On September 17, 1997 Research Reactor KAMINI attained full
power level of 30 kWt.
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KARP) was cold commissioned. It was
:
dedicated to Nation on September 15, 1998.
: Narwapahar mine was inaugurated.

March 27,
1996
January 995
August 12,
: Technology Offer Centre was inaugurated at DAE, Mumbai.
1993
September 03, Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KARP) - Unit I attained criticality. Its Unit
:
1992
II attained criticality on January 08, 1995
First ECR heavy ion source of the country becomes operational at the
May 16, 1991 :
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre.
November 09, Research Reactor PURNIMA-III, a Uranium-233 fuelled reactor, attained
:
1990
criticality
March 12,
Narora Atomic Power Station Unit I attained criticality. Its Unit II attained
:
1989
criticality on October 24, 1991
March 1, 1989 : Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) commenced operations.
January 3,
: Regional Radiation Medicine Centre (RRMC) was inaugurated at Kolkata.
1989
December 30,
: 12MV Pelletron Accelerator was inaugurated.
1988
December
: Mosabani Uranium Recovery Plant commissioned.
1986
Dredge Mining, Mineral Separation and Synthetic Rutile Plant at OSCOM,
1986
:
Orissa was commissioned.
October 18,
: Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) at Kalpakkam attained criticality.
1985
August 08,
Research Reactor DHRUVA (100 MWt) attained criticality. It attained full
:
1985
power on January 17, 1988.
March 05,
: Waste Immobilisation Plant (WIP) at Tarapur was commissioned.
1985
Research Reactor PURNIMA-II, Uranium-233 fuelled homogenous reactor,
May 10, 1984 :
attained criticality.
March 08,
Plutonium- Uranium mixed Carbide Fuel for fast breeder test reactor was
:
1984
fabricated in BARC.
Centre for Advanced Technology at Indore( Madhya Pradesh) inaugurated
February 19,
and later renamed by Honourable Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh on
:
1984
December, 17 2005 to Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology
(RRCAT)

January 27,
Madras Atomic Power Station - Unit I at Kalpakkam started commercial
:
1984
operation. Unit II goes commercial on March 21, 1986.
November 15,
: Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) was constituted.
1983
Rakha Uranium Recovery Plant of Uranium Corporation of India Limited
February,1983 :
(UCIL) was commissioned.
November 19,
: Power Reactor Fuel Reprocessing Plant at Tarapur was commissioned.
1982
November 18,
: Plutonium-Uranium mixed oxide fuel was fabricated at Trombay
1979
Variable Energy Cyclotron becomes operational at Variable Energy
June 16, 1977 :
Cyclotron Centre (VECC)Kolkata.
September
Surda Uranium Recovery Plant of Uranium Corporation of India Limited
:
1975
(UCIL) was commissioned.
Commercial production of by-products - Molybdenum and Copper
May 1975
:
concentrates started
Commercial production of Uranium Mineral Concentrates from Copper plant
March 1975 :
tailings at Surda, Hindustan Copper Limited commenced.
Peaceful underground Nuclear Experiment was conducted at Pokhran,
May 18, 1974 :
Rajasthan.
1974
: Radiation sterilisation plant (ISOMED) commenced at Trombay
By-product Recovery Plant of Uranium Corporation of India Limited
1974
:
(UCIL) at Jaduguda was commissioned.
November 30, Unit-1 of Rajasthan Atomic Power Station at Kota began commercial
:
1972
operation. Unit II goes commercial on November 1, 1980.
May 18, 1972 : Research Reactor PURNIMA-I attained criticality.
February 3,
: Formation of DAE Safety Review Committee
1972
February18,
Plutonium fuel for Research Reactor PURNIMA-I was fabricated at
:
1971
Trombay
September 06,
: Uranium-233 was Separated from irradiated thorium
1970
October 02,
: Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) starts commercial operation.
1969
May 01, 1969 : Heavy Water Projects was constituted. Later, it becomes Heavy Water Board.
March 12,
Reactor Research Centre was started at Kalpakkam. Renamed as Indira
:
1969
Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR). on December 18, 1985.
December 31,
: Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) was set up at Hyderabad.
1968
May 1968
: Uranium Mill at Jaduguda, with a capacity of 1,000 TPD, commenced
commercial production of Magnesium diuranate (yellowcake). Jaduguda

October 04,
1967

June 1, 1967

April 11, 1967 :

January 22,
1967
January 22,
1965
January 14,
1961
July 10, 1960
February 19,
1960
January 30,
1959
August 19,
1957
January 20,
1957
August 04,
1956
August 01,
1955
August 03,
1954
December 24,
1952

Mine Shaft was commissioned in November 1968.

Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL) was established with
headquarters at Jaduguda for mining and milling of uranium ores.
Formation of Power Projects Engineering Division, Mumbai, which was
subsequently converted to Nuclear Power Board on August 17, 1984. It
became as Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited on September
17,1987.
Electronics Corporation of India Limited was set up at Hyderabad for
producing electronic systems, instruments and components.
Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) was renamed as Bhabha
Atomic Research Centre.

: Plutonium Plant was inaugurated.

Research Reactor ZERLINA attained criticality. It was decommissioned in
1983
: CIRUS the 40 MWt research reactor attained criticality.
:

: First lot of 10 Fuel Elements for CIRUS reactor was fabricated at Trombay
: Uranium Metal Plant at Trombay started production
: Atomic Energy Establishment Training School started functioning.
: Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) was inaugurated
:

APSARA - first research reactor in Asia, attained criticality at Trombay,

Mumbai.

: Thorium Plant at Trombay goes into production.

: Department of Atomic Energy was created.

Rare Earths Plant of IRE at Alwaye, Kerala, was dedicated to the nation and
production of Rare Earths & Thorium - Uranium concentrate commenced.
Uranium Deposit at Jaduguda was discovered by AMD. Drilling operations
April, 1951
:
commenced in December 1951.
August 18,
Indian Rare Earths Limited was set up for recovering minerals, processing of
:
1950
rare earths compounds and Thorium - Uranium concentrates.
Rare Minerals Survey Unit was set up. Later, this unit becomes Atomic
July 29, 1949 : Minerals Division. It was renamed as Atomic Minerals Directorate for
Exploration and Research on July 29, 1998.
August 10,
: The Atomic Energy Commission was constituted.
1948
:

April 15, 1948 : Atomic Energy Act was passed

December 19,
: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) , Mumbai was inaugurated.
1945
March 12,
Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha writes to Sir Dorabji Tata Trust for starting
:
1944
Nuclear Research in India.

DIRECTOR, B.A.R.C.Dr. R. K. SINHA

GROUP OF DIRECTORS
ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS
HEAD OF DIVISIONS

GROUP DIRECTORS
ADMINISTRATIVE GROUP

Mr. S. G. MARKANDEYA,
Controller

BEAM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP

Dr. L. M. GANTAYET

BIO-MEDICAL GROUP

Dr. K. B. SAINIS

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING GROUP

Mr. S. K. GHOSH

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY GROUP

Mr. T. K. BERA

CHEMISTRY GROUP

Dr. T. MUKHERJEE

DESIGN, MANUFACTURING & AUTOMATION GROUP

Mr. MANJIT SINGH

ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION GROUP

Mr. G. P. SRIVASTAVA

ENGINEERING SERVICES GROUP

Mr. MANJIT SINGH

HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT GROUP

Dr. A. K. GHOSH

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT GROUP

Dr. R. K. SINHA

MATERIALS GROUP

Dr. A. K SURI

NUCLEAR FUELS GROUP

Dr. G. J. PRASAD

NUCLEAR RECYCLE BOARD

Mr. S. BASU

NUCLEAR RECYCLE GROUP

Mr. S. D. MISRA

PHYSICS GROUP

Dr. S. KAILAS

RADIO CHEMISTRY & ISOTOPE GROUP

Dr. K. L. RAMAKUMAR

REACTOR DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT GROUP

Mr. K. K. VAZE

REACTOR GROUP

Mr. V. K. RAINA

REACTOR PROJECTS GROUP

Mr. R. R. S. YADAV

ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS
BIO-MEDICAL GROUP (A)

Dr. S. F. DSOUZA

BIO-MEDICAL GROUP (B)

Dr. S. K. APTE

CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY GROUP

Mr. G. GOUTHAMAN

ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION GROUP (C)

Mr. R. K. PATIL

ENGINEERING SERVICES GROUP

Mr. RAM KISHAN

ENGINEERING SERVICES GROUP (V)

Mr. P. LAHIRI

HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT GROUP

Dr. D. N. SHARMA

NUCLEAR FUELS GROUP

Mr. ARUN KUMAR

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"BARC" redirects here. For other uses, see BARC (disambiguation).
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Formation

January 3, 1954[1]

Purpose/focus

Nuclear research

Headquarters

Trombay, Mumbai,

Location

India

Director

Dr. Ratan Kumar Sinha

Parent organization Department of Atomic

Energy
Budget

13.61 billion (US$271.52

million)(2008-09)

Website

barc.ernet.in

The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear researchfacility based
in Mumbai. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for
advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear
science, engineering and related areas.
BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power
generation. It manages all facets of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design of reactors,
computerized modeling and simulation, risk analysis, development and testing of new reactor
fuel materials, etc. It also conducts research in spent fuel processing, and safe disposal of nuclear

waste. Its other research focus areas are applications for isotopes in industries, medicine,
agriculture, etc.
BARC operates a number of research reactors across the country.[2]

Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 India and the NPT
3 Civilian research
4 References
[edit]History

India's first reactor (Apsara) and a plutonium reprocessing facility, Mumbai, as photographed by
a US satellite on 19 February 1966.
The Government of India created the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay (AEET) on
January 3, 1954. It was established to consolidate all the research and development activity for
nuclear reactors and technology under the Atomic Energy Commission. All scientists and
engineers engaged in the fields of reactor design and development, instrumentation, metallurgy
and material science etc were transferred with their respective programmes from the Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) to AEET, with TIFR retaining its original focus for
fundamental research in the sciences. After Homi J. Bhabha's death in 1966, the centre was

renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre on January 22, 1967. All the DIRECTORS of
BARC till date were highly qualified,doctorate in their discipline and internationally recognized,
that was crown of this prestigious research organization.[1]
The first reactors at BARC and its affiliated power generation centres were imported from the
west. India's first power reactors, installed at the Tarapur Atomic Power Plant (TAPP) were from
the United States.
The primary importance of BARC is as a research centre. The BARC and the Indian government
has consistently maintained that the reactors are used for this purpose only: Apsara (1956; named
by the then Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru when he likened the blue Cerenkov
radiation to the beauty of the Apsaras (Indra's court dancers), CIRUS (1960; the "Canada-India
Reactor" with assistance from Canada), the now-defunct ZERLINA (1961; Zero Energy Reactor
for Lattice Investigations and Neutron Assay), Purnima I (1972), Purnima II
(1984), Dhruva (1985), Purnima III (1990), and Kamini.
The plutonium used in India's 1974 Smiling Buddha nuclear test came from CIRUS. The 1974
test (and the 1998 tests that followed) gave Indian scientists the technological know-how and
confidence not only to develop nuclear fuel for future reactors to be used in power generation
and research, but also the capacity to refine the same fuel into weapons-grade fuel to be used in
the development of nuclear weapons.
BARC also designed and built India's first Pressurised water reactor at Kalpakkam, a 80MW
land based prototype of INS Arihant's nuclear power unit,[3] as well as the Arihant's propulsion
reactor.[4][5]
[edit]India and the NPT
India is not a part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), citing concerns that it unfairly
favours the established nuclear powers, and provides no provision for complete nuclear
disarmament. Indian officials argued that India's refusal to sign the treaty stemmed from its
fundamentally discriminatory character; the treaty places restrictions on the nonnuclear weapons
states but does little to curb the modernization and expansion of the nuclear arsenals of the
nuclear weapons states.
More recently, India and the United States signed an agreement to enhance nuclear cooperation
between the two countries, and for India to participate in an international consortium on fusion

research, ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) so there are signs that the
west wants to bring India in the Nuclear mainfold. India is the only country to be given such a
status due to its impeccable record of Nuclear non proliferation.
[edit]Civilian research
The BARC also conducts research in biotechnology at the Gamma Gardens, and has developed
numerous disease resistant and high-yielding crop varieties, particularly groundnuts. It also
conducts research in Liquid Metal Magnetohydrodynamics for power generation. Recruitment in
BARC is done mainly through its training school(OCES) as group A officers of the government
of India.
Many crucial decisions are taken by some privileged senior officers in this center.Trombay
council and trombay scientific council is the names given to this group of privileged officers.
[citation needed]
Safety record of the chemistry laboratory in this organisation got a jolt recently.Lured
by the media hyped reputation of this organisation two chemistry Ph D students paid a big price
with their lives.They got burnt in apparently what is claimed as an accident in the chemistry
laboratories of this institution.[citation needed]
On 4 June 2005, with the goal of encouraging research in basic sciences, BARC started the Homi
Bhabha National Institute. Research institutions affiliated to BARC(Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre) include IGCAR (Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research), RRCAT (Raja Ramanna
Centre for Advanced Technology), and VECC (Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre).
Power projects that have benefited from BARC expertise but which fall under the NPCIL
(Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited) are KAPP (Kakrapar Atomic Power Project),
RAPP (Rajasthan Atomic Power Project), and TAPP (Tarapur Atomic Power Project).

BUDGETORY ALLOCATION (Rs. in crores)

CAPITAL

PLAN

NON-

REVENUE

PLAN

NON-

TOTAL

PLAN

Budget estimates
2007-2008

Final grant 20072008

Actual exp. 20072008

Budget estimates
2008-2009

Actual exp. 20082009 (Up to May

2008)

629.1
0

610.0
0

599.6
1

630.1
0

55.53

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

PLAN

13.6
6

21.0
4

19.3
3

23.4
5

4.63

632.29

1,275.05 crore (US$254.37

million)

693.02

1,324.06 crore (US$264.15

million)

683.16

1,302.10 crore (US$259.77

million)

707.60

1,361.15 crore (US$271.55

million)

154.54

214.70 crore (US$42.83

million)

[edit]References
1.

^ a b "Heritage". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Retrieved 2012-02-10.

2.

^ "Milestones". Bhabha Atomic Research Centre. Retrieved 2012-02-10.

3.

^ "Unveiled: Arihants elder brother". The Telegraph. 2009-08-03. Retrieved

2011-01-24.

4.

^ "INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar". The Hindu. 2009-08-16.

Retrieved 2012-01-08.

5.

^ "PWR building shows indigenous capability, says Kakodkar". The Hindu. 200908-03. Retrieved 2011-03-30.