Sewerage

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Sewerageistheinfrastructurethatconveyssewageorsurfacerunoff(stormwater,meltwater,rainwater).Itencompassescomponentssuchasreceivingdrains,manholes,pumpingstations,storm
overflows,andscreeningchambersofthecombinedsewerorsanitarysewer.Sewerageendsattheentrytoasewagetreatmentplantoratthepointofdischargeintotheenvironment.Itisthesystem
ofpipes,chambers,manholes,etc.thatconveysthesewageorstormwater.
Accordingtothisdefinition,sewerageandsewagearetwodifferentterms.However,atleastinAmericanEnglishcolloquialusage,bothtermsaresometimesusedinterchangeably.[1]

Contents
1 Designaspects
1.1 Effectonwatertable
2 Maintenanceandrehabilitation
3 Regulations
4 Seealso
5 References
6 Externallinks

Designaspects
Themainpartofaseweragesystemismadeupoflargepipes(i.e.thesewers,or"sanitarysewers")thatconveythesewagefromthepointofproductiontothepointoftreatment.
Typesofsanitarysewersystemsinclude:
Combinedsewer
Effluentsewer
Sanitarysewer
Simplifiedsewerage
Stormdrain
Vacuumsewer

Effectonwatertable

Seweragesystemsoftenreducethewatertableinareas,especiallyindenselypopulatedareaswhererainwater(fromhouseroofs)isdirectlypipedintotheseweragesystemasopposedtobeing
simplyallowedtobeabsorbedbythesoil.Incertainareasithasresultedinasignificantloweringofthewatertable.IntheexampleofBelgium,aloweringofthewatertableby100metershasbeen
theresult.[2][3]Thefreshwaterthatisaccumulatedbytheseweragesystemisthenpipedtothesea.
Inareaswherethisisaconcern,vacuumsewersmaybeusedinsteadduetotheshallowexcavationthatispossibleforthem.

Maintenanceandrehabilitation
Severeconstraintsareappliedtosewerage,whichmayresultinprematuredeterioration.Theseincluderootintrusion,jointdisplacement,cracksandholesformationleadingtoasignificantvolume
ofleakagewithanoverallriskfortheenvironmentandpublichealth.Forexample,itisestimatedthat500millionm3ofcontaminatedwaterperyearcanleakintosoilandgroundwaterin
Germany.[4]Therehabilitationandreplacementofdamagedsewersisverycostly.AnnualrehabilitationcostsforLosAngelesCountyareabout400million,[5]andinGermany,thesecostsare
estimatedtobe100million.[6]
Hydrogensulfide(H2S)isindirectlyresponsibleforbiogenicsulfidecorrosionandconsequently,sewerageneedrehabilitationworks.VariousrepairsoptionsareavailabletoOwnersoveralarge
rangeofcostsandpotentialdurability.Oneoptionistheapplicationofacementitiousmaterialbasedoncalciumaluminatecement,afteracleaningofthecorrodedstructuretoremoveloose
materialandcontaminantsinordertoexposeasound,roughandcleansubstrate.Dependingoftheconcreteconditionandcontamination,thecleaningcanrangefromsimplehighpressurejetwater
cleaning(200bar)uptorealhydrodemolition(2000bars).
OnemethodtoensuresoundconcreteisexposedistoverifythatthesurfacepHissuperiorto10.
Asforanyconcreterepair,thestateoftheartrulesmustbefollowed.Afterthiscleaningstep,thecementitiousmaterialisappliedtothesaturatedsurfacedrysubstrateusingeither:
Lowpressurewetspray:thismethodisthemorecommonbecauseitdoesnotproducedustandvirtuallynomaterialislostbyrebound.Itutilizesclassicalfacaderotorpump,easilyavailable
inthemarket.Themaindrawbackisthelimitedpumpingdistancethatcannotexceed75meters.
Spinningheadwetspray:thismethodissimilartothefirstbutthemanualsprayingisreplacedbyaspinningheadprojectingthemortarontotherepairedsurface.Thismethodisfastand
especiallysuitedforcylindricalchamberslikemanholes.Whenastructureissoseverelycorrodedthatmanentryisarisk,spinningheadapplicationpermitsanunmannedconsolidationof
themanhole.
Highpressuredryspray:thismethod,alsocalledshotcreteorguniteisallowingafasterrateofrehabilitation,andalsotomakeathickerapplicationinasinglepass.Themaininterestof
dryshotcreteisthecapacitytopumpthemortaroveralongdistanceandthisisneededwhentheaccesspointsaredistant.Longestdryshotcretedistancetheauthorsareawareisajobsitein
Australiain2014where100%calciumaluminatemortarwasairtransportedover800metersbeforebeingsprayed.Themaindrawbackwithdryshotcreteisthegenerationofdustand
reboundthesecouldbelimitedandcontrolledwithappropriatemeans(premoisturering,adaptedaggregategrading,experiencednozzleman,watermistcutoffwalls,etc.).

Regulations
InmanyEuropeancountries,citizensareobligedtoconnecttheirhomesanitationtothenationalseweragesystemwherepossible.Thishasresultedinlargepercentagesofthepopulationbeing
connectedtoaseweragesystem.Forexample,theNetherlandshave99%ofthepopulationconnectedtotheseweragesystem,and1%hasanindividualsewagedisposalsystemortreatmentsystem,
e.g.,septictank.Othershaveslightlylower(thoughstillsubstantial)percentagese.g.,96%forGermany.

Seealso
Historyofwatersupplyandsanitation
Listofwatersupplyandsanitationbycountry
Sanitaryseweroverflow(SSO)
Sanitation
Sewagecollectionanddisposal

References
1."seweragedefinitionofsewerageinEnglishfromtheOxforddictionary".oxforddictionaries.com.
2."Beleidtegenwatertekortdringtzichop".deredactie.be.
3."PublicatiesVlaamseMilieumaatschappij"(PDF).vmm.be.
4.Kaempfer,W.,Berndt,M.,2009.Estimationofservicelifeofconcretepipesinsewernetworks.
Durabilityofbuildingmaterialsandcomponents,8,3645.
5.Sydney,R.,Esfandi,E.,Surapaneni,S.,1996.Controlconcretesewercorrosionviathecrownspray

5.Sydney,R.,Esfandi,E.,Surapaneni,S.,1996.Controlconcretesewercorrosionviathecrownspray
process.WaterEnvironmentResearch,68(3),338347.
6.Kaempfer,W.,Berndt,M.,1998.Polymermodifiedmortarwithhighresistancetoacidcorrosionby
biogenicsulphuricacid.In:ProceedingsoftheIXICPICCongress,Bologna,Italy,pp.681687

Externallinks
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