Professional Documents
Culture Documents
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
DS 53.R4T68
Rhodes
in
ancient times.
Cornell University
Library
The
tine
original of
tliis
book
is in
restrictions in
text.
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PREFACE.
Much
light has
been thrown
Some
condition of Rhodes.
tions
the
first in
1837,
in
in late years
on the ancient
of inscriptions and
Large numbers of
in
fifty inscrip-
the various
statuettes,
vases,
in collections
archjeological
coins,
gems,
journals.
have
etc.
also been found there within the last thirty years, chiefly in
may be
of these
village of Siana
and the
Museum,
finest
the Louvre,
new
Apparently the only modern works dealing with the subject are these.
and
also
the
These
Brindisi.
contexts
forgetfulness
thorough
T. R.
but
it
is
of their
Paulsen, ComCBtate,
18 18,
PREFACE.
VI
political affairs.
careless
tary.
slight.
1827
is
is
are thorough
inscriptions
Rottiers, Descrip-
light.
some remarks on
almost
are
plates
of
all
its
ruins.
Hamilton,
and Armenia,
1842, Ross,
mediaeval
and
III.
IV.,
and Dis-
Hamilton
travelled
Newton
He
1837; Ross
in
fiu&in.
its
Mr
and
ancient history.
is
Liiders,
much
subject and
illustrations,
else.
for material.
many
of
865, exhausts
affairs
and
treats
The
text
was
Biliotti et Cottret,
the island.
creditable
facts
The
but
it
many of M. Biliotti's
Abb6 Cottret's eloquence.
to be feared that
of Rhodes Island
and of Mediterranean
VU
PREFACE.
Archipelago (south sheet) are admirable
itself
and of
its
neighbourhood.
maps
of the island
And
a great
work
but he
is
dead and
The
illustrations of this
possible,
far as
that
Mr
A.
add that
Murray of the
British
Museum.
my
It is
work from
only just to
CECIL TORR.
Old Buildings,
Lincoln's Inn.
19,
is
NOTE ON REFERENCES.
Inscriptions are cited
'^
B.
= Boeckh, Corpus
F.
= Foucart,
collections
Inscriptionum Graecarum.
Inscriptions in^dites de
I'lle
L._U.
= Loewy,
= Loewy,
Unediertes aus
Rhodos, in the
Archaologisch-epi-
Museum.
I.
= Ross,
W. F.=Wescher and
Inscriptions are cited
following periodicals
en Grece
et
Inscriptions Grecques
en Asie Mineure.
et
Latines
by
the page
M. = Mnemosyne.
M.
I.
A. = Mittheilungen
des
Athen.
Rev. A.
= Revue
Arch^ologique.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
I.
II.
Topography
Public Affairs
III.
At Sea
31
IV.
On Shore
53
V.
The Gods
73
Art
93
VI.
VII.
Learning
up
VIII.
Legends
139
Index
153
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate
To face
of Eros.
player
made
(ix. 7)
size.
that in the
A.
a. Its lid,
game
of i^iavrikiy^m one
little
Title.
with relief
to dis-
jeux des
anciens,
it
now
in the
'
'
115, Ii6.
I
Plate
To face page
'
Plate
To face page 58
ment
108.
of handle.
The
knife
retains
its
ivory handle.
See page
PLATES.
xi
Plate 4
To face page 76
extreme height
Plate
inches.
" relief,
Plate 6
The above
from drawings by
Mr
Robert
TOPOGRAPHY.
S.
W. by
S.
and
is
miles.
I
A chain of mountains
with
many spurs on
either side.
middle
\i[ the chain rises 4070 feet above the sea, and overtops
(the rest by some 1300 feet: this must be the Atabyros of
ijthe ancients, for it
there'.
On
the
\
flower
down
little
probably
of Athene.
Each
Little Harbour, and the southern the Great Harbour.
opened to the north, and had the shore on the west and south
and a mole on the east. The mole of the Little Harbour
1
T. R,
The
Strabo, p. 655.
I
RHODES.
was about 500 yards, and that of the Great Harbour about
300 yards in length. The Greek masonry remains in the
exposed to them.
to northerly winds'
As
it
the Great
Harbour
side of the point just north of the harbours the city walls
crossed to the west side and followed the coast to the north
end of the Acropolis they next ran along the seaward edge
of the hill and then leaving its south end made a wide circuit
:
across
At
some way
to the
highest point, the walls are of poorer work and later dati
than elsewhere. The finding there of a dedication' to Zeu
Atabyrios has probably fixed the site of his temple. Mith
its
No
it
it was weak
The temple o
Aristotle, p. 973.
<
Appian, de
Aristeides, p. 341.
lb. 27.
'
N. 346.
bel.
Mith. 26.
TOPOGRAPHY.
the south
rising
city
edge of the
cliff
temple.
vith certainty,
lalysos
coast,
By
On
its
the
men
There
sea.
is
a pillar
pillars,
Ochyroma
The
city
Achaea
(ox'jp'u/J.a.)
is thus Ochyroma
when he plays on
talking of
"
the very
Strabo, p. 655.
Strabo, p. 655.
Strabo, p. 655.
"
N. 349.
Dieuchidas, Fr.
"
Ergeias, Fr.
7.
i.
RHODES.
the temple of
finding of this
the
site.
j
'
and
Vigli,
may mark
its
site.
in
the
may
be Cretenia
called Hippoteia
mentioned
of
in
Embona
Stephanos,
^N.
s. v.
JiUXmHa.
35..
Cyrbe was
'
Apollodoros, u.
*
'
Str.ibo, p. 655.
J.
H.S.iI.p.'354.
Stephanos,
Strabo, p. 655.
>
B. C.
Stephanos,
"
s.
5.
V. 'I^iat.
in the district of
R.
I.
H.
s. v.
Kpr)Ti]vla.
iv. p. 138.
276, 277.
R. H. 43, 44.
TOPOGRAPHY.
flood'.
Cfclasios,
\stypalseeus,
Diacrios,
Rynchidas
,nd Sibythios were probably not in the territory of Lindos
ut there is nothing to shew the position of any of these,
xcept that Rynchidas may be the ethnic of Roncyos.
1
Diodoros, V. 57.
Etymologicum Magnum,
s.
v. *E.\u-
Irioi/.
Strabo, p. 655.
Ptolemy, Geographia,
N. 357.
K.
I.
V. 3.
II.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
The
race!
age shew; but the three cities alone governed the island anc
With Cos and Cnidos they formed a religious
its possessions.
league, the Doric Pentapolis holding a temple in common on
Halicarnassos had once belonged to this
the Triopian Cape.
league, then the Doric Hexapolis; but it had been expelled
in very early times, and the other Dorian cities near had
always been excluded ^ From this religious l eague arose a
pol itical alliance main ly directed against the alien states o n
the mairiland, but there is no trace of joint action here like
tliat of the twelve Ionian cities further north that formed the
,
Ionic Dodecapolis'.
The Greek
^46
B.C.
cities
Thucydides, VII.
Herodotos,
I.
57.
144.
'
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
command
fear, for
But
the Phoe-
many
years, and Rhod es was among the con There was a Persian party in the island
was natural among a rich commercial society of ffi t rrVianLs
ffho valued sec urity above liber ty, and wealthy men, like
imocreon, with a taste for court life. Leaders of this party
I'ere exiled, but there is no record of resistance to the Persian
bt
endure for
nests of Dareios"
fi
leet in
490
B.C.".
The
vere
Rhodian seamen
in the fleet of
Salamis".
Themistocles
its
way
came down
and restored
fleet,
later there
its
to
to
independ-
;nce.
The Greek
le
id Rhodes
among
When
fleet.
the pplj^pr^nnPtJ^n
the.
Athenian
Em-
it
So
firm
against their
own
colonists, the
men
of Gela'.
"
891.
'
Timocreon, Fr. i.
Thucydides, I. 99, n.
'
Herodotos,
^schylos,
Timocreon, Fr.
i.
Persffi,
3.
Diodoros, XI.
3.
Delph.
3.
9.
ei
RHODES.
others of
summer
time remained
came down
states of the
But
faithful.
in the
autumn
(412
B.C.)
Dorieus
The
oli-
garchic party in the island asked the aid of this fleet ; and the
new
on the
oligarchy.
island,
the coast.
The Spartans
and though
levied 32
their fleet stayec
to make Chalce, a:
island within five miles of Rhodes, their base
of operations
and from there they came over to ravage the
country, oncu
landing in force and defeating the Rhodians in battle
when'
they came out to protect their fields. At last the
Spartan
fleet moved ofl", and the Athenian followed
itl
The Rhodians
being thus left to themselves tried to revolt from
Sparta; but
Dorieus came down with thirteen ships to keep them
in order
1
Xenophon, Hell.
i.
5; Pausanias,
Thucydides, vni.
,=.,
41
.,
,,
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
and stayed
attempt at
and
In 407
revolt.
the winter'.
till
B.C.
command
that
On
did the
like.
to enter.
Xenophon, Hell.
I.
Diodoros,
2 lb.
Hell.
'
S, 6, II.
Diodoros,
"
direinetv,
&c.
lO
RHODES.
Ephesos,
party
Xenophon, Hell.
IV. 8.
Isocrates, p. 75.
Xenophon, Hell.
v. i.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
II
oli-
(363
B.C.),
submit.
Thus
a naval power
At
last
and the expedition retired. After this the allies with their
fleet of a hundred ships sailed about as they pleased, plundering the Athenian islands. At length Athens made an effort
to finish off the war, and fitted out sixty ships to join sixty
These went up to besiege Byzantion,
others already at sea.
but the allied fleet followed and overtook them in the HellesOne of the
pont. A general action was stopped by a storm.
Athenian admirals tried to attack, but the other two did not
support him as they thought the sea too rough; and the
The pugnacious admiral was then
affair ended in nothing.
incautious enough to fight a battle for a rebel Persian satrap
against the king's forces. It was soon rumoured that the
king would reply by joining the allies with a fleet of 300 ships.
The Athenians therefore thought it well to make peace, and
recognised the secession of the states. The war had lasted
three years*.
lb.
'
XV. 79.
Demosthenes,
K. U.
p. 191.
17.
for a
woman
Diodoros, xvi.
Demosthenes,
7,
as a ruler
21, 22.
p. 191.
RHODES.
12
Arte
The Athenians
but chiefly
in their
own
They thought
interest.
that
if
th
Vitruvius,
'
lb. p. 63.
'
lb. IV. 8.
Diodoros, xviii.
ii.
41.
oi.
11.
8.
Justin, XI.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
'
ebegan
.(Byzantion, hiif
I
[Jfeht thing to
The
3|fitted
own
)|
ii
mm
jhis
I
neutrality.
While observing this policy in their public acts,
they betrayed their sympathy with Egypt and Antigonos,
fearing they would join Ptolemy during the war, forced a
crisis by sending a squadron to plunder the Rhodian trading
vessels on their way to Alexandria,
The traders, however,
;
men
of war.
Upon
'
'
RHODES.
14
Thg
against Antigonos'.
Rome seem
for
some years
political relations of
in albancj
Rhod egjyit
have begiUL.aJaout-tlM4iie
Demetrios Poliorcetes landed in the spring of 304 B.
without opposition, and established a camp and harboi'
near the great city. His assaults were at first mainly directe'
against the harbours. The city was for a time in grave peril
but at last the Rhodian sailors inflicted such damage on th(
to
city^
I
'
Polybios,
XXX.
5.
lb.
trios, 22.
even with
Rome
Deme-
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
1$
Some
years later,
when Eumenes
'
Polybios,
Fr. 161
2
XXX.
Dio
Cassius,
8890.
Polybios, v.
'
lb.
'^
lb. xxvii. 6.
m.
-2,
IV.
46 S2.
RHODES.
l6
140,000
drachma
B.C.
in
neithe
pirate^ips were
fitted
m g^
RHo3iar[S~put
fKe
".
interest ,
o:
that
if
that great
politics of
Greece proper,
Philip
lb.
lb. xxvii. 3.
2.
made peace
(205
with the
after
B.C.)
'
lb.
xxviii.
V.
7.
24,
with his
Romans*.
The'
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
1/
tjr^m
a boat.
(jn
gfdmiral'.
Ifind
ij
in ships
of
the largest size and far superior in seamanship and they had
the best of the action. Thinking, however, that Attalos the
;
'
Polybios, XIII.
jy.
Livy, XXXI.
T. R.
4, 5;
Polyaenos, v.
2.
RHODES.
ashol
king of Pergamos had been killed when his ship went
S1|
they lost heart and did not follow up their advantage.
loss
own
their
^|
they destroyed half Philip's fleet, while
slight'.
The remains
soutt
of the Macedonian fleet went
alone, and another action w|
The Rhodian
ships sheerd
the han.|
was left in
off one by one, and their station at Lade
While the Rhodian fleet retired to Cc
of the enemy'.
cities
Philip marched through Caria, seizing the Rhodian
him
forced
winter
of
approach
the mainland. But the
^gina and
wJ
fleet
moved up
to
Tenedos
to observe
The Rhodf^
froil
Polybios, XVI.
'
Livy, XXXI. 14
29.
17.
<>
3.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
9
1
'"liccesses in
"'
Vinter
'
Livy, XXXI.
18,
22,
demand
28,
46,
47,
xxxiv.
26.
'
lb.
Polybios, XVII.
2,
6; Livy, XXXII.
33, 35-
RHODES.
20
nojonger
nigrely
him in his camp before Coramust not pass the Chelidoniae by sea or by
land and that their fleet and army would stop him if he
tried.
These islands were chosen as an ancient boundary
fixed by Athens and Persia.
This bold message was put in
civil terms, and the king gave a civil answer that he purposed
no injury to them or their allies, offering at the same time to
renew the treaties between Syria and Rhodes. Just then news
came of the defeat of the Macedonians at Cynoscephalae, so
the Rhodians saw no further need for the present of opposing
the advance of Antiochos. They merely helped the cities
threatened by him, sending information of his movements
to some and auxiliaries to others". -The war did not begin k,
donians, and their envoys told
cesion that he
;
earnest
192 B.C.
till
At
first
little
share
it
their
They sent
'
Appian, de
Polybios, XXXI. 7;
reb.
Macedon,
6.
Livy, xxxiii.
18, 30.
'
jo.
>
Syria, 22.
PUELld AFFAIRS.
21
was killed. Twenty fresh ships were sent out in a few days,
and these joined the Romans at Samos, and went with them
to
make
ships
there
they had a struggle to keep off the citizens and some Syrian
After this miscarriage
troops, and so went on to Telmessos.
the design on Patara was given up. Later on the main body
During
fleet returned to Samos.
Antiochos offered to treat for peace, and the
Rhodians were ready to come to terms, but Eumenes of
Pergamos utterly refused and the matter ended'. The fleet
coming up from Syria under Hannibal was now expected.
The Rhodian ships at Samos went home to wait for it but
Syrians retired, and the
this
siege
Livy, xxxvil.
teb. Syria,
'
lb.
24,
914; Appian,
XXXVII. 15
de
18
25.
17.
his
opponents'.
Polybios,
21.
xxi.
8;
Livy,
In
the
xxxvii.
RHODES.
22
action the
Rhodians
at
fell
first
weak
off
The Romans
Roman
troops
Patara,
to
the
number of
fifty,
Romans'*.
Rome
Livy,
xxxvn.
22
24;
Appian, de
lb.
de
lb.
xxxvij. 45.
lb.
xxxviii.
39.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
23
a hold on
by way
Cilicia;
The
Senate,
The growth
Romans^
the
1
Polybios,
Livy,
XXI.
xxxvn. 52
The estrangement
14,
xxii.
17;
Polybios,
xxn.
26,
27;
Livy,
of
Polybios, xxiii.
'
lb.
polybios, XXVI.
xxvi.
7,
3.
RHODES.
24
the firm ally of
Asia Minor.
Eumenes
Then
Pergamene
force.
became head of the Rhodian government, and determined its policy for a time. Further legates who came from
Rome to secure the assistance, or at any rate the neutrality, of
just then
the
Roman
by the proper
official,
His
and
the
rious in
Rome
in the island.
1
"
'
now
<>
this,
Polybios,
XLU.
3,
'
4,
'
'
U\y
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
25
The blunder
Rome
than
Polybios,
in the
xxviii.
2,
14,
15,
19;
Dio
23,
Uvy, XLIV.
"
Polybios, XXIX. 7;
35.
l-ivy,
xlv.
3.
RHODES.
26
before they submitted; but they might have checked the eastward advance of the Romans for many years, had they joined
It was believed at
Perseus while he was still successful.
Rome that the suggestion of mediation to the Rhodians by
the Consul Quintus Marcius was intended simply to make
alliance
for
"
Livy, XLV.
10;
Dio
rebels*.
Aulus Gellius,
VI.
3;
An
Cataline, 51.
Cassius, Fr.
'^3
Rome
cf.
Sallust,
^ Polybios, xxx.
4, 5 ; Livy, XLV.
-20 25; Dio Cassius, Fr. i6i.
PUBLIC AFFAIRS.
2/
of Caunos
Roman
still
alliance
was refused
later
(164
Gracchus.
B.C.)
chiefly
Rome had
down
and
sovereign.
though
it
suffered in repute'.
Rhodes had been on good terms with Crete during the war
between Perseus and the Romans, sending envoys in 168 B.C.
to the several Cretan cities as well as to the assembled Cretans
A dozen years later
to renew their treaties of friendship.
Rhodes declared war against the Cretans as pirates but
some reverses reduced her to despondency, and she sought
foreign aid.
The Achseans were inclined to assist her, but
:
Minor
The king
whole of Asia
southward by sea was stopped
Myndos by
the Rhodians.
'
XXIX.
4,
xxxui.
"
Memnon,
RHODES.
28
Romans were
Minor by
Rhodes. The great city was at once prepared for a siege, and
was soon attacked. The Rhodian fleet was almost surrounded when it went out to oppose the landing of the enemy and
had to retire without fighting; and in the small engagements
it gained only slight advanFollowing the example of Demetrios, Mithridates
pitched his camp close to the city and made his first attacks
by
sea.
The
float-
Next year Rhodes supplied LucuUus with three ships when he went round to stir
up the allies of Rome, and then with some part of the fleet
with which he gained successes in 85 B.C. off Lectum and
again off Tenedos^ At the peace (84 B.C.) the Rhodians
received some reward from Sulla for their fidelity to the
Romans': probably the confirmation of their title to Caria
and Lycia, for Caunos was in revolt against Rhodes soon
forced the king to raise the siege'.
When Mithridates renewed hostilities with the Romans, twenty Rhodian ships served against him at the siege
after*.
of Heracleia'.
side
Appian, de
Memnon,
Florus
Appian, de
c^,; je
bel.
bel.
* Strabo, p. 651.
Mith. 2427.
Mith. 61.
Fr. 50.
III
6
bei. civ. ,11.
^6,
5,
..>
1
.
/
PtTBLIC AFFAIRS.
29
enemy
lost
harm
to the city or the people: but he seized all gold and silver,
clearing the temples and the treasury and even the wells and
tombs
in
Appian, de
Auhis Hirtius, de
11 IS.
^5
de
bel.
Alexand.
RHODES.
30
Under the Empire Claudius withdrew their independence in 44 A.D. because they had crucified Romans, but in
53 he restored if*; and after that it was several times forfeited
for intrigues against Rome and then regained by services in
war^ At last Vespasian placed Rhodes among the Roman
the grant'.
provinces''.
1
Dio
Appian, de
bel. civ.
IV.
6o
74;
Claudius, 25.
Appian, de
Eutropius, VII. 19
"
Dio
bel. civ. v. 2.
Cassius,
LX.
24;
patian, 8.
Suetonius,
Suetonius, Ves-
III.
AT
SEA.
fifth, holding it
fnr fwpn<-3^-#Hs<'=-y^nr-'i nbniit
This probably means that the power standing next
900_RC.'
below Rhodes
dosgx.^>i*acy
to
is
the West.
Eusebios,
anno
p. 181.
'
Strabo, p. 654.
iioo.
Syncellos,
'
II.
The
place
RHODES.
32
into the
city,
state.
Palaeopolis.
On
south of the
Lago
The Rhodian
and
is
well known.
for a time
When
Greek colonists
first
came
little
to
more
'
Strabo,
p.
6^4.
'
'
Aristotle, p.
I.
39.
840; Strabo,
p.
654;
AT
SEA.
33
the Acropohs was called
his followers.
pay^
now
Girgenti,
was founded by
the Geloans in 582 B.C., and the Dorian customs that their
fathers
The statement
city'.
mount Atabyros
It
Its ruins are not far from Vittoria.
a colony of Syracuse, but the colonists revolted
Hippocrates,
against their parent state and were expelled.
was
at
first
from Syracuse.
and Hiero, the brilliant despot of Syracuse, were descended from a native of Telos near Rhodes who had come
age,
Thucydides, VI.
3,
VII. 153.
^
Thucydides, VII.
'
lb. VI. 4.
T. R.
57.
4;
Herodotos,
Pliny,
dar, Ol.
VII. 87;
to Pin-
PolyKnos, v.
Epistles of Phalaris,
4,
119.
cf.
RHODES.
34
They found
Selinos.
Many
when
the Selinuntines
any other
distant
colonies
of
Sizeboli,
Naucratis.
Apollonia,
now
is
The
Teh
ruins of
Barud in the
Delta of the Nile. The city seems to have been founded in
the reign of Psametik I. (666 612 B.C.) by a body of MileIt was never a colony in the usual sense, but merely
sians'.
Miletos had no exclusive claim on the
a trading station
place and was not among the nine cities that were presidents
of the market and founded the chief temple there, the HelFour of the nine cities were Doric Rhodes, Cnidos,
lenion.
Halicarnassos and Phaselis'. As to these four: Cnidos and
Halicarnassos belonged to the Doric Hexapolis Phaselis was
Naucratis have lately been found near
el
153
Thucydides,
VI. 5;
156; Diodoros,
Herodotos,
XI. 76.
VII.
'
Stephanos, s.v.'AwoWavla.
Strabo, p. Soi.
'
Diodoros,' V, 9.
Herodotos,
II.
178.
150.
AT
SEA.
35
The
colony*.
now
island of Megiste,
Lycian coast seems from the types of its coins to have been
but this only after
very closely connected with Rhodes
408 B.C. when the great city was founded. It is not clear
whether Corydalla and Megiste were true colonies of the
Rhodians or merely places held by them. The southern
:
'
Ammianus
Strabo, p. 794.
'
lb.
p.
"
nos,
I.
I,.
<
Polybios,
56.
5
Athenffios, pp.
s.
v.
KXa;
cf.
297, -JgS
Stepha-
Aristophanes,
A-
charn. 606.
Kopi)5aXXa.
'
Stephanos,
'
Etymologicum Magnum,
s.
v.
5.
T"^'-
Strabo, p. 671.
32
1.
Va.-
RHODES.
36
Roman
In the
and ^antion
the
in
Troad
is
them'.
In the .^gean the Rhodians justified their claim to the
Asia Minor".
'
Pliny,
XXXI.
Seneca,
20;
Nat.
Polybios, XXXI.
" lb.
^
Dio Chrysostom,
18.
Livy, XXXVIII.
39^
Pomponius Mela,
Pliny, v. 33.
'
7.
Polybios, XXII. 27
'
p. 620.
"
I.
16.
Strabo, p. 57.
JDiodoros, V. 54.
'^
Appian, de
"
Pliny, V. 36.
bel. civ. v. 7.
AT
SEA,
37
SoIce;
is
fruitful territories,
had
less
reason to seek
when
but the naval power of Rhodes did not rise till the new
was founded (408 B.C.) and culminated two centuries later.
In the Catalogue of the Ships Rhodes^ sends only nine out
of 1 186 sent by all the Greeks, while Syme sends three, and
Nisyros, Carpathos, Casos, Cos and Calymna send thirty between them. Thus at the date of the Catalogue Rhodes could
have been no stronger than the neighbouring islands; and these
must all have been weaker than the Greek states in Europe.
When the fleet of Xerxes was numbered at Doriscos on its
way to Salamis in 480 B. C. there were present 307 trieres sent
by the Greeks of Asia and the islands but of these the
Dorians of Asia and the islands, including Rhodes, sent only
Thus Rhodes and her neighbours were still weak.
thirty'.
It is said that Xerxes prepared the trieres and the Greeks
merely manned them^ Rhodes may, however, have sent
some of the three thousand smaller vessels of the fleet. When
the Peloponnesian War broke out in 431 B.C. Rhodes was
paying money to Athens instead of supplying ships^; but she
tion,
city
may have
'
'
Diodoros, XI.
Homer,
"
Thucydides,
Herodotos,
"
Iliad, n. 654.
vii. 93.
3.
II. 9.
RHODES.
38
In 454
certain.
B.C.'
449 B.C.^ and the lalysians the same sum in 450 B.C." and
447 B.C.* The Lindians paid 600 in 445 B.C.^; and the same
sum was paid by the Lindians and by the Camires in 443 B.C.",
by the Lindians in 442 B.C.', and by the Lindians, by the
The Pedieis from
lalysians, and by the Camires in 441 B.C.*
Lindos paid I drachma 4 obols in 445 B.C. and 441 B.C. The
Lindians again paid 1000 in 436 B.C.'; and also in 428 B.C.",
although the lalysians and the Camires paid only 600 that
The Pedieis paid something over 80 in 428 B.C. In a
year.
list
Lindians paid as
500: the Pedieis paid 100 and the Diacrioe in Rhodes paid
They
levied
are out of
all
In 412
B.C. the
They may
be a
Spartan admirals
multitude of
in
B.C.'",
all
K.
lb. 237.
"
lb. 231.
lb. 238.
'2
Harpocration,
'
lb. 230.
lb. 239.
13
Thucydides,
I.
226.
lb. 262.
s.
w.
iireiireTi',
VII. 28,
lb. 233.
lb. 244.
14
lb.
lb. 235.
lb. 256.
15
Xenophon, Hell.
vm.
vni. 44.
I.
5,
6.
44.
&c.
AT SEA.
39
cities had*.
the separate
fleets
Among
Rhodes after the great earthquake about 227 B.C. were ten penteres fully equipped from
Seleucos, and timber for building six others from Ptolemy'.
In the difficulty with Byzantion in 220 B.C. the Rhodians sent
out ten ships, but four of these were supplied by their allies.
Later on in the same year they sent three of the six ships
their fleet".
the gifts to
The
allied fleet of
but
the allies".
Roman
"jj
in
ships,
not known
Next year three Rhodian
it is
tetreres
joined the
Romans
in putting
down
In 191
Nabis'".
B.C.,
the
first
year
Diodoros,
"
Xenophon, Hell.
Arrian, Anabasis,
"
lb.
xiii. 70.
IV. 8.
II.
20.
'
Polybios, V. 89.
'
'
lb. xvi. 1.
"
Livy,
xxxiv.
26.
xxxi.
22,
46,
x.xxii.
16,
RHODES.
40
tetreres
the
and 4
Romans
trieres
at the
single year.
Forty ships were fitted out in 171 B.C. for the war with Perseus, but only five of them went on service": and only five
trieres served with Attalos during the war with Crete in
154 B.C.* They did not use a large fleet against Mithridates
in 88 B. C.^
Black Sea
Twenty
in
74
b.C.
In the'
Pompey
in
49
Roman
B.C.,
Civil
War
they
fitted
a contest
the naval
fifty
Sicily;
As
At
fifty, trieres*.
and penteres
are of
The
In late
dicrotce seem to be dieres, ships with two banks.
times there were in the dockyards ships with as many as
seven and nine banks". It is not clear that trieres were used
by Rhodes before about 400 B.C., when they had been three
centuries in use, and tetreres and penteres were first being
Nor is it clear that Rhodes had any ships larger than
used.
till
some penteres were given her about 227 B.C. The
trieres
pentecontoroe were vessels of fifty oars, presumably in one
bank.
'
16,
2,
23,
-24,
9, II, tt,
26, 30.
Dio Chrysostom,
p. 620.
45, 56.
n.
Polybios, XXXIII.
'
fifty
daughters, the
Memnon,
'
Appian, de
Suetonius,CIaudius, 21 ;DioCassius,
Fr. 50.
LX, 33.
'"
Aiisteides, p. 341.
2.
AT
SEA.
41
class.
boats'.
'
9.
'
XVI. 21.
"
RHODES.
42
in the stern or
needed
for
striking
him deep.
One
pentere, however,
left
'
Polybios, XVI.
'
4, 5.
Syria, 27.
5
Livy, xxxvil. 11
Syria, 24.
Appian, de
reb.
AT
SEA.
43
ever, the
fleet,
But
his
huge
fighting.
arising
king's transports
squadron went ashore and broke up. This is the only case of
the loss of Rhodian war ships through bad weather; and also
the only case in which a Rhodian squadron was commanded
by a foreign admiral. In one of Csesar's actions off Alexandria that same year four Rhodians, which had engaged the
enemy
to give time for the rest of his fleet to get into line,
once more used their old tactics with success in the action off
Myndos in 43 B.C. till Cassius, having 80 ships to 33, closed
'
Appian, de
lb.
de
bel.
"
Memnon,
"
Fr. 50.
in.
26,
27;
Mem-
Mith. 2426.
"
RHODES.
44
in
plan'.
unmanageable; and an engine that he afterwards built threefold the former in height and width foundered in a squall
before it came into action. Deck-houses with portholes were
fitted on the strongest galleys for the long-ranged catapults
and the Cretan archers. And to protect the engines from the
Rhodian ships a long raft was built with an iron-plated bulwark along it. On the first day of the attack the Rhodians
drove the raft and engines out to sea by means of fire-ships.
week
best
ships
rammed the raft to bits, sank two of the engines and damaged
many of the enemy's ships. All this was done under a heavy
fire,
towers
The
lost.
by the
The
city
floating
The
Appian, de
it
to the
AT
But
city walls.
SEA.
45
effected nothing,
it
and
at last collapsed'.
In 43 B.C. the Roman ships were able to attack the walls for
they had towers on board that took to pieces and were put up
and
his
earthquake.
The sheds were thus like those at the Peiraeus those at Syracuse and some other places held two trieres each. Besides
:
building for themselves, the Rhodians built ships for Antigonos; but he supplied his own timber'". Long afterwards
lb.
de
Lucian, Amoies,
<
Vitruvius,
11.
41.
8.'
27.
'
'
Aristeides, p. 341.
Strabo, p. 653.
"
Polysnos,
"
v. 17.
RHODES.
46
Herod of Judsea had a large triere built at Rhodes'. Immense quantities of ship timber were presented to Rhodes
after the great earthquake about 227 B.C., and fifty years later
Perseus presented morel
The presents for the dockyard
the earthquake also comprised iron, lead, pitch,
after
tar,
1000
suits of
wine".
partly in
money
in
fleet
In the
Pausistratos'.
list
and
265. 3 for
some other
time.
to
to
for
If
'
Polybios, XXVI.
7.
8890.
'
lb. V.
<
Frontinus,
Aristeides, p. 355.
I.
7.
i.
14.
'
N. 343.
Polybios, v. 89.
"
M.
1852, p. 79.
AT
SEA.
47
and son; for self and daughter; for self, children and wife
and father: and one child gives for self and grand-
self
for self
papa.
going as
Roman Empire;
the
and
sailed
Rhodian
an
officer to
command
Rhodian
fleet
in their tactics
commonly had
Dio Chrysostom,
<>
F. i; N. 353;
p. 621.
R.H.
23; B. ^525.
''
Polybios, xxx.
F.
'
5.
i.
'
Strabo, p. 653.
Aristotle, Tolitics, V. 3, 5.
Diogenianos, Parcemioe.
B. 2524.
"
Aristeides, p. 346.
RHODES.
48
At
men
swam home
if
their
own
It is notable that
made
alliances with
directly he
was
free
Polybios, XVI.
Aristeides, p. 342.
'
Strabo, p. 654.
"
PoIyKnos, V. 27.
7.
"
11.
33.
'
M. 1852,
"
Suetonius, Cresar,
p.
79.
4. 74.
AT
SEA.
49
with the aid of the Rhodians crushed the pirates a few years
later {^"j B.C.) he could not crucify twenty thousand prisoners;
and he
Solce'.
settled
lowed
Thus
Strabo, p. 67
in
1296, i97-
r.
'
Lycurgos, p. 150.
Demosthenes,
T. R.
by leave of the
169 B.C. leave was
Rome made
pp.
xhucydides, VIII.
35;
Diodoros,
xiv. 79.
12S4,
1285,
RHODES.
50
Wine was
largely exported
some magistrate
is
the names of
often added.
it
certify
for
Cilicia,
the
their
recognized
Polybios, xxviii.
'
'
Polyrenos, iv. 6.
XXXI.
47,
XXXIV.
i.
26,
54; Alhenffios,
AT
policy of neutrality brought
SEA.
many
51
in the island'.
brought to
earth
by the merchants
Romans
It is said that
when
the
the whole
residing there'^
of Athens
he could escape
at
Rome by
liability at
Rhodes a son
father's debts
long
renouncing the
inheritance^
new
standard,
commonly
cisto-
coins
that
circulated
Greece now that the Rhodian standard had fallen. These are
sometimes a trifle heavier than the corresponding Athenian
coins: and in a certain payment made at Tenos shortly before
167 B.C. 100 Rhodian drachmae seem to have been reckoned
equal to 105 Athenian'. The Rhodian standard fell still
further, for at Cibyra in 71 a.d. a Rhodian drachma was
1
"
Sextus, Hypotyposes,
'
Lycurgos,
Festus,
'
p. 149.
Dio Chrysostom,
p. 602.
'^
s. v.
B. 2334.
Talenta.
i.
149.
RHODES.
52
Roman
is
certainly Rhodian.
"that
all."
if
This
is
the
cargo be jettisoned
make good
This principle
obtains
among
all
Navale Rhodioriim
'
B. ad. 4380,
a.
is
'^
Pandects, xiv.
II. 9.
'
lb. xiv.
II.
i.
IV.
ON SHORE.
The
Peloponnesian War.
occupied before.
It
The
strange
is
that
its
site
was not
as a citadel
serve
;
and
the architect
the
notable that a
Deigma
man
to
Peiraeus'.
it.
whom
It is
was
found
it
crossed the
women and
strait,
the old
down
to
one
Strabo, p. 65+.
place,
'
''
lb.
XX. 83,
RHODES.
54
is
The
suburbs
passes
all
lb.
'
Polybios, V. 88
XX. 83,
Two
90.
we cannot
call
any
its
it
so sur-
equal,
much
"
Justin,
"
B. C.
'
Appian, de
Strabo, p. 652.
H. u.
4.
617, V.
33i;L.U.
9.
ON SHORE.
55
in a
wave
then
fires
the great siege of 304 B.C. The aliens that refused to bear
arms had been expelled they were chiefly merchants who
:
If this
at
The
slaves
were armed for the siege. Many, no doubt, had gone away
with their alien masters, and many would not be trusted
still, if half the able bodied slaves were armed, they added
some 16,000
Egypt: and
reinforcements were
150
later on,
Arisleides, p. 396.
'
RHODES.
S6
the sailors*.
built
the
Colossos of siege
Plutarch puts
Its size is
by 72 broad:
Diodoros at 150 feet by 75: Vitruvius at 125 by 60, and
gives its weight as 125 tons.
It moved on wheels, going very
steadily though with much creaking and straining and was
propelled by a body of soldiers underneath. There were
portholes for discharging shot at each story of the tower, and
huge tridents were carried for breaking away obstacles. On
either side of the Helepolis were four shelters to cover the
miners and two others with huge battering rams like ships'
prows. These shelters also moved on wheels, and were connected by a covered way for the men working them. At the
:
it
at
99
feet high
'
ON SHORE.
architect in place of Diognetos,
who
much
57
It
it
cenaries.
They attached
the slaves
by a decree
that all
who
'
Ammianus
97;
Marcellinus, XXIII. 4.
Plutarch,
48;
RHODES.
58
for a slave'.
It is said
all his
the city walls with scaling ladders while his ships attacked
the harbours.
lighted the
manned
fire
But the
citizens
Among
Egypt during
the
service with
and
in the
They
had obtained the cords and lead from the villages they passed'.
Some sling bolts lately found in the island are about an inch
in length and shaped like filberts, bearing in low relief an
arrow head on one side and on the other their owner's name,
Bagyptas. In later times the Rhodians kept mainly to the
sea.
The
force with
'
100.
^
Valerius Maximus, v.
Appian, de
bel.
7,
Ext.
Mith. 26.
2.
"
'
ill. 3, 4.
ON SHORE.
59
197 B.C.
the
fleet
the best
under him'.
By
be demanded for service off Crete and two hundred heavy armed Cretan soldiers for service in Rhodes.
Transport for these was to be provided by the Rhodians and
pay from the date of arrival at the rate of nine obols (15^'.) a
trieres could
day a man and two drachmas (201^.) a day for officers commanding not less than fifty men. Hierapytna was to aid
Rhodes in levying mercenaries in Crete, and Rhodes was to
do the like for Hierapytna in Asia Minor" The forts in the
Rhodian possessions in Asia Minor were garrisoned with
foreign mercenaries'.
strongest
commanded Cretan
mercenaries in Hyrcania'.
In 190 B.C.
M.
1852, p. 79.
Dio Chrysostom,
'
Aulus Hirtius, de
p. 611.
Xenophon, Anabasis,
'
Polybios, X. ig.
'
ill. 5.
60
RHODES.
who commanded
the
Persian
fleet
commanded
sister of
Mem-
Then he obtained
some wealthy citizens on the security of certain
revenue shortly due: but when this revenue was paid he felt
bound to apply it to the pressing needs of government, and
the citizens had to be content with a promise of interest while
Another Rhodian, Aristoteles, when
their loan remained.
cost of a month's provision for the army.
a loan from
put them
in
whom
politi-
to
he addressed were
that purpose
'
II.
Anian, Anabasis,
I.
I.
n,
ao,
23,
'
lb.
ON SHORE.
pending
and by
suits
6l
it
or be barred
and by taking
bribes from both sides at the trials he greatly augmented the
revenue. When Antimenes the Rhodian was warden of the
highways arourld Babylon under Alexander the Great, he discovered an obsolete right to a tithe on imports and suddenly
revived it when certain high officials and others well able to
pay were expected, to the great advantage of the treasury.
Then he insured slaves at eight drachmae {6s. Sd.) a-head per
annum for whatever sum their owners chose to name. This
brought in a good revenue; and when a slave ran away, he
fining those litigants that did not appear
'
Friend of the
Romans
'
'.
the able king of Galatia, and his son and grandson held royal
dignity. This son unluckily made political charges against Dei-
No
command both by
B. C.
The
prytaneis,
by land
These prytaneis were at the
sea and
head of the state. They probably held office for a year. One
was president during the first six months and another during
the last six. There were probably more than two, but it is
not clear
how many
there were.
Aristotle,
Economics,
ii.
15,
ig,
They
presided at assemblies
rege Deiotaro,
J.
2
Quintus Curtius,
Appian, de
bel.
IV. 8.
^
'
j,
11.
R.
RHODES.
62
ambassadors
altar.
In later
Roman Emperor
were directed to
them'. There were probably seven treasurers, tamiae, and
five intendants, episcopoe the latter with a secretary^ There
were officers of revenue, poletae, and guardians of foreigners
times despatches from the
and
prostata;
slaves,
"the prostatas;
and
secretary'.
buildings, astynom^e^
XV.
Polybios,
XXVII.
XXIX.
6,
23,
5;
XVI.
Livy,
9,
15,
'
B. ad. 2416, b.
xlii.
45;
B. C.
B. 1524.
R. H. 23.
2
R.
N. 343
I.
M.
I.
A.
M.
I.
A.
II.
275
;
II. p.
124.
p. 224.
M.
u W.
I.
H.
A.
1885, p. 106.
p. 224.
11.
251.
B. 2524.
^2
Appian, de
'
Polybios, XVI. 9.
"
Livy, XLI.
F. 59; B. C.
"
Polybios, XXXI.
H.
V. p. 337.
bel. civ. v. 7.
6.
7.
ON SHORE.
years.
63
'
the
By sending
Rome
to
to
by the Commons on behalf of all Rhoand the like oath was to be administered
by the prytaneis to the envoys from Hierapytna at an
Envoys from abroad were heard before the
Assembly".
Senate as well as before an Assembly of the citizens in the
Theatre, and various honours were granted them'. Honours
granted to Rhodians by foreign states with which they had
by
five
men
dians of
full
elected
age
'
Cicero,
"
'
Livy, XLIV.
i.
i.
5.
Macedon,
9.
'
Dio
Cassius, LVII.
IIJ Suetonius,
Tiberius, 32.
=
Polybios, XXX.
'
M.
'
5.
1852, p. 79.
W.
251.
RHODES.
64
val of Helios'.
in several cases in
After the great earthenvoys were sent to nearly all the Greek
states to ask for assistance and the same course was proposed
after the earthquake of 157 A.D.
But the immense gifts sent
in response were received in a patronizing way, quite as a
favour to the givers'. Still the Rhodians occasionally made
some return for the gifts that were always being sent to them,
even from sovereigns as remote as Herod of Judaea'. During
the siege by Demetrios they captured the ship bringing his
royal wardrobe, and sent it to their ally Ptolemy^ When the
wife of Seleucos was taken by the Gauls and brought to Rhodes
B.C.
Rhodes
for
He
at Athens".
dedicated a statue
in the great
city
at
as did
Delphi
for
180
B.C. inscribed
Philophron, a
'
R.
'
I.
93.
Demetrios,
Plutarch,
22.
B. 3047.
'
B. 2905.
Polybios, V.
'
19
8890;
Aristeides, p.
361.
*
Josephus, de
bel.
Jud.
i.
21
de
D;o-
"
B. 2526.
i'
W.
1^
B. C.
F.
18.
H.
v. p. 403.
i-,.
ON SHORE.
Beside the Senate in the great
65,
city, the
Senates of the
Camyn-
and
Pedieis,
who were
citizens
Nettidae,
of places in
CEiatae, Pagice
the territory
who were
citizens
Very
itself*.
about 100
B.C.
in
of the
uprightness
the
R. H.
N. 346; R.
23.
I.
275;
M.
I.
A. n.
SalluBt,
'
listhenes,
224.
N. 345 F. 6.
N. 357; R. A. 21, 24; F. 68.
m.
cf.
2.
Pseudo-Cal-
33.
Aristotle, Politics, V. 3, 5.
"
Demosthenes,
>
de repub. ord.
p.
194.
T.
R.
RHODES.
66
to upset the
democracy established
the other'.
in
As
late as
meeting daily
for
Later
still,
deliberation,
democracy*.
The revenue was large. About 170 B.C. the harbour dues
reached a million drachmae (;^40,000) a year. Most of Lycia
and Caria was at this time tributary the cities of Stratoniceia
;
state
slaves were
There were
M.
Dio Chrysostom,
1852, p. 79.
"
Dio Chrysostom,
p. 567.
'
Polybios, V. 88.
"
R.
'
Polybios, XXXI.
7.
I.
278.
city,
ON SHORE.
67
them
manage
described as 'son of so-and-so, but by adoption son of so-andso.' Pliny in one instance has evidently mistaken the Rhodian
phrase Ka0' vodecriav by adoption for Kad' inr66e(Tiv by hypoand has founded a curious story on his blunderl
Public life brought many dangers.
Cassius and Arte-
thesis
war with Perseus the citizens tried to exonerate themby executing the leaders of the anti-Roman party.
There was civil war in the island soon after the great city was
founded.
A little earlier the leading aristocrats had been
driven into exile by Athens. Dorieus, the most famous of
these, retired to Thurii and there fitted out ships to serve
against Athens during the Peloponnesian War.
His men
were devoted to him and when Astyochos once raised his
the
selves
at the
island
'
N. 346.
Pliny, XXXVI.
his days'".
4.
Xenophon, Hell.
i.
Pausanias,
RHODES.
68
Emperor
The
Titus'.
down
to the time
At
Acropolis a gallery about two feet wide and six high runs
under the surface for about 230 yards in a straight line,
supply and not for drainage, as the bases of the shafts are
the
hill
to a spring.
feet
high
name
presumably only
The Rhodian
senator of Rhodes'.
made
Rome
sides,
and
columns'.
that
it
many
had a colonnade on
facing the
"They
citizen
and
for
officer
all
of the
the four
They judged
H.
man by what
Aristeides, p. 354; R.
Pliny, XXXVII. 62.
B. 3426.
Strabo, p. 652.
Polybios, V. 83.
Plutarch,
'
ate.
R. A. 26.
'
'
23.
he
rle ciipid,
divit. j.
ON SHORE.
connoisseur in
was
fish
at
69
and
calls
(.'
(.'
its fish
{?
sea-perch)
mands
Roman gentleman
B.C.
'
^lian, var.
'
hist.
"
'
Athenaeos, p. 652.
Pliny, XIV. 4; Macrobius, Sat.
6; Pliny, IX.
16.
28.
I.
Varro, de re rust.
11.
79.
^
"
Theophrastos,
hist,
plant,
iii.
'
Strabo, p. 316.
"
Vergil, georg.
lius, xiii. 5.
11.
II.
RHODES.
70
Rhodian
very curious
for
Their fighting
and cock-fighting was common.
cocks rivalled those of Tanagra, and became favourites at
Rome^
sumptuary law could not be enforced even
against shaving^ And in many ways the austerity of these
Dorians was tempered with Oriental luxury'. The Rhodian
youths disturbed Diogenes by appearing at the Olympic
Games in more costly attire than any of the Greeks': and in
stakes*;
Roman
Roman
is
satirists
On
the
attracted
'
'
Pliny,
XIV. 10,
12;
Cato, de re
rust. 112.
^
"
II. 2,
Athenaeos, p. 464.
* lb. p.
Juvenal,
444.
III.
58,
17;
vi. igS,
rence, eunuch.
III.
i,
113; Te-
viii.
115.
'"
Plutarch, de cohib.
"
Horace, Odes,
I.
10.
ira.
7, i
Martial, iv.
Athenaeos, p. 565.
^*
^"*
Suetonius, Nero,
Columella, viii.
2,
11.
"
129, 352.
^
/EHan, var.
Tacitus, hist.
II.
7, 34.
2.
6.
ON SHORE.
71
his return
city.
Roman
officials
to the
Amid
severity
Pollux,
Pliny, X. 41.
'
Suetonius,
sense.
Tacitus, annales,
22.
Tiberius,
11
14,
62;
Hnd
Dio
I.
RHODES.
72
the island, just as they kept the public executioner out of the
city
and held
trials for
walls.
The
rest of
The every-day
them to order\
word that elsewhere meant a jester,
It is
at
significant that a
Rhodes meant a
Hesychios,
s..
v. TryXatatrrT/s.
liar^
V.
THE GODS.
Helios was the great god of Rhodes. The whole island
was sacred to him, as Cythera was sacred to Aphrodite or
Delos to Apollo.
The people
His
race'.
was
priest
in his likeness,
first
the ancient
place.
cities.
A
of Helios was yearly, in September ^
team of four horses was then sacrificed to him by casting
them into the sea'. Horses were sacrificed to him in many
places but not in teams of four, nor were they cast into the
sea.
The team was in this case referred to the chariot of the
sun and within the temple was a statue of the god standing
But every ninth year in
in the chariot with its four horses\
devoted to Poseidon
was
horses
four
Illyricum a team of
The
festival
'
Diodoros, V. 56.
'
Festus,
Pliny,
s.
v.
October.
xxxiv.
19.
RHODES.
74
Hippios and cast into the sea^: and at Lindos Poseidon was
worshipped as Hippios I Thus the custom may have arisen
from some blending of the worships. The ancient sacrifice
HeHos
to
island'.
white poplar^
The
and great
The
for
was a wreath of
prize
for
men and
Nemea
piades, thought
still
From
dedicated'.
Roman
in his praise
was
Even
her eclipse by
after
B.C.
She was worshipped " with flamewould seem, was made ready and the
Fire,
it
The sacrifice
fire was not set to the altar".
and the victims were eaten within the temple".
A rock-cut inscription on the Acropolis records the planting
of a grove of olive trees there in honour of Athene". The
ruins shew that the temple consisted of a cella, measuring
externally some sixty feet by twenty-five, with two columns
in antis in both pronaos and posticum, and probably a portico
of four columns at each end. The order cannot be traced, but
Acropolis, but the
was
daily,
'
'
R. A.
R. H. 45.
7,
^'
Athenseos,
Ephesos, v.
12.
561;
p.
Xenophon
of
11.
Gorgon, Fr.
3.
1"
"
Pindar, 01.VIi.48;Diodoros,v.56.
'
^'
Suidas,
'
"
L. U. 55;
'
Appian, de
reb.
Macedon.
9.
xv.
1 1
s.
v. 'Podliov
xp^^t^^'
Anthologia Palatina,
THE
was presumably Doric.
GODS.
75
of the Acropolis
19,
R. A.
28
3, 4,
'
B. C.
F. 17.
H.
V. 337.
lb. 71.
Hesychios,
Spas, 'EpidliMio!.
<>
naidf, "EvSei'-
S.
11.
354.
'"
vv.
H.
N. 353
'
s.
J.
'
Appian, de
" Scholia
"
F. 59.
bel.
Mith. 26.
to Pindar,
Porphyry, de
p. 655.
Ol
vii. S7.
abstineiitia,
II.
54.
RHODES.
76
Athamidse
may
human
point to
at Alos.
sacrifices
may
in the
deme
be';
At
his festival at
sacrificed to
festival
him
when
The
in the island'.
Pagladia, a Rhodian
child of
festival of
The Roman
pomp
Trieteris,
every third
which was
also
kept in the island, did not fall at the same time ".
Hermes was worshipped in Rhodes as Epipolaeos, protector
of traders '^ and as Chthonios, guide of the dead".
'
H.
Plutarch,
F. 71.
"
N. 343.
'
Strabo, p. 652
Aristeides, p. 399.
^^
Gorgon, Fr.
'
R. H. 47.
"
J.
S. IV. p. 352.
Hesychios,
s.
vv.
na7Xii5ta,
Qvu
Mas.
i
;
Lucian, amor.
8.
B. 2525, b.
" R.
I.
277.
2.
THE GODS.
-j-j
averter of death,
modern
of
272; R. A. 7; F. 65.
R.
'
Macrobius, Sat.
J.
I.
H.
I.
"
R. A.
6, 8,
15; R.
I.
'-
H.
'^
Porphyry, de ahstinentia,
^^
Hesychios,
B. C.
Stephanos,
"
F. 71.
'
Strabo,
V. 337.
p.
s.
v. 'l^^ac,
613; R.
272; F.
B. C. H. IX. 100.
S. IV. 351.
I.
R. H. 43, 44.
276, 277;
s. v.
'"
F. 67.
^'
Suidas,
"
Diodoros, V. 58.
Strabo, p. 57.
Strabo, p. 605.
'*
'
'"
R. A.
2"
F. -I.
4,
17.
s.
EyTrop^a.
v. 'Acri^iSeXos.
7, 12.
II.
54.
RHODES.
78
of
Hera Telchinia
Nymphs
at lalysos
Telchiniae at lalysos
"Rhodians
at their sacrifice"
became
a pro-
the
ex-
Rhodes
tinct at
Cos and
5;
at
tius, I. 21.
F. 71.
g_ Q^
ji3_ II,
F. 59.
'
N. 343.
'
Diodoros, V. 55.
'
Conor), Nar.
'
fj. V. 337.
Hesychios,
5ig.
11
Philostratos, imag.
ApoUodoros,
II.
11.
74; Lactan-
"
s.
vv.
Qvaiav.
Aristeides, p. 396.
i.
THE GODS.
that of Helen Dentritis':
and
many
Among
79
all
parts of Greece,
Acheloos^
It is
of Tlepolemos stood.
some festival of the millers, at Camiand a promontory near there was sacred to him". In
like manner another promontory was sacred to Pan"; and a
third to a certain Thoas, of whom nothing is known 'I There
was also in Rhodes a worship of the Macrobioe, the elderly
nymphs".
Egyptian gods of course found followers in Rhodes.
Sarapis was worshipped in the great city" and at Lindos".
Mylanteia, presumably
ros';
Scholia to
"
Homer,
II.
xxiv. 6i6.
'"
Hesychios,
Stephanos,
=.
v.
MuXas.
v. M-vXavTla.
"
Ptolemy, geographia,
^2
Strabo, p. 655.
'
i'
Hesychios,
'
"
F. 71.
'
N. 349.
"
R. A.
Polyzelos, Fr.
i.
s.
12.
s.
v.
v. *.
80
RHODES.
The temple
of
Isis in
the
and
this
built
on each side of
it
Long
mained
afterwards
it
re-
to his
Athenasos, p. 696.
'
A. Z. 1878,
B. C.
p. 163.
IX. p.
it
The
in the
dispute
expulsion of Halicarnassos
".
H.
fixed
ended
109.
'
R. A. ix; R.
I.
'
Hesychios,
vv.
s.
277.
'ETrur/cd^ia,
Te-
Xeadla.
'
Herodotos,
i.
144.
1:
THE GODS.
At the Olympic games Leonidas
greatest of all runners.
He was
8
of
No
won
Acusilaos also
trainer.
woman
at
bribe offered
of Agesistratos
the
men
of Lindos set
it
up^
who
had thrice offered the sacrifice of him v/ho had slain a hundred
foemen: and he was himself a huge man and 6ft. 5in. in
height'.
He was also victor four times at the Isthmia, twice
'
Aulus Gellius,
T. R.
III.
15.
7,
13;
cf.
"
R. A. 25.
'
82
RHODES.
Nemea and
often elsewhere'.
him I
Isthmia, the
'
B. 4535.
Pausanias, vi.
B. 4702.
'
F. 14.
"
Pausanias, X. 18.
<
B. 2860.
'
B. ad. io6o,
c.
7.
ad. 4807, d.
"
"
B. ad. 2416, b.
a=,
THE GODS.
83
Rhodes*.
The
were not a caste; except perhaps in the worAt Lindos they were to be
chosen from the Lindians alone, and probably there was the
priests
In late times
had died out and others had grown too poor to hold the office,
this rule must often have brought several priesthoods to one
man or the same priesthood to several members of one family.
Thus at Lindos a man was priest of five deities', and in the
great city a man and his two sons successively held the priesthood of Helios*. Most priesthoods were held for a year, but
in one case at Lindos a man held the office for thirteen
months', and in late times it may have been held for life".
The priesthood of Helios was at one time obtained by lot'.
Perhaps a retired priest had some status in a temple, for the
public secretary in the great city, who had been priest of Zeus
Atabyrios, dedicated to that god on behalf of the masters of
the public slaves ^ At Camiros there was an Archiaristas, or
Exieristes, a chief purifier; and presumably other purifiers'.
At Lindos", and in the great city", there were Hierothytse:
fiifteen of them at Lindos with an Archierothytes.
They had
a hall there, the Hierothyteion, and maintenance in it was
granted by the Lindians just as maintenance in the Prytaneion was granted by other cities '^ There was also a hall of
feasting, the Histiatorion, in the temple of Alectrona near
lalysos".
In most places the Hierothytae were attendants
who slew the victims, but in Rhodes they apparently formed
a board appointed
by the
manage
state to
public worship.
M.
'
1852, p. 79.
N. 357.
R- A. 7.
F. 16.
B. C.
F. 71.
'
B. C.
H.
H.
N. 346.
N. 353; B. C. H. V. p. 337.
N. 35j; F. 6,. R. A. 9, 16,
R. I. ^^l B. C. H. IX. p. 112.
9
10
17;
IX. p. 108.
11
F.
12
R. A.
I.
I,
21, 21.
13
IX. p. 96.
N. 349.
" N. 351,
B. C.
H.
353,
357;
R.
I.
V. 337.
62
276;
RHODES.
84
The Hieropoeoe
who saw
that the
Didymaeon
In one instance
Lemnos and
to the
Miletos,
and an undersecretary^.
The
Ctoenatae
of the
I
Hieropceoe.
THE GODS.
each Ctoena elected an
officer,
8S
These Mastrce
Thus at lalysos
statues to
honour of
to the sacrifices'.
at
the
made "with
Certain
to
an Episcopos". At Lindos there were again three Episand thirty men were elected to aid them in carrying
tats,
by the
election
'
N.
47;R.
A. 26; R. H.
N. 353
'
Hesychios,
F.
R. A.
R. A. 15
s. v.
R. H. 47.
luuTrpoi..
9.
I.
^^6.
357.
n.
"
1.
R.
'N.
271.
345, 352
F. 6.
B. 2625, b; B. C.
H.
L. U. 61.
v. p. 331.
86
RHODES.
These guilds were the Heliastae and Heliads, the Diosatabyriastas, the Diosxeniastee, the Athenaistae, the Panathenaista,
the Athenaistae Lindiastae, the Poseidoniastae, the guild of
astae,
the Pyrganida, the Nacoreioe, the Lemniastae, the Samoand the Lapethiastas". These guilds broke up into
sitae,
thraciastae
groups probably named from their founders: the Diosatabyriasts of Euphranor; the Dionysiastae of Chaeremon
the
;
Soteriastae of Lysistratos
who went
members might be
entire
respectively: the
to a certain
great city
The
officers of a guild
Grammateus,
the
treasurer; the
the
the
secretary
the
there
for
Hierotamieus,
and the
that of Epistates.
The
festivals,
called
the
Logistae,
and
Eranistae,
be held
could
office
quite
distinct
from
pro-
B. 2525, b,
1864, p.469; B.
2528;N.
C.H.
IX. p.122; L.
U.
I,
I ;
J.
H.
2
S.
II.
p.
354; Rev.A.
ad. 2283,
c.
'
F.
i.
THE GODS.
87
and perhaps every month. The Epiwas another of their ceremonies. Land
was held by guilds and by unions of guilds for their festivals
and also for the burial of their members. Thus, an eranist
gave his guild a piece of land 50 yards by 32 in extent as a
month
of gold, of
young
a proclamation at
his
rewards
the
in Hyacinthos (July
August), and that his good works and
rewards be proclaimed at the yearly synods for evermore;
and for this it provides a sinking fund, trustees, and a separate
motion should be of no
effect.
The
dedication in a temple
>
B. 2525, b;
N. 358;
J.
H.
S. 11. p.
354; B. C. H.
IV. p.
138, v. p. 331.
88
RHODES.
whose
in
The end
was
Commons
of the city
established'.
"that it may be manifest to all that may herebe born that the Lindians make a memorial of their
worthy men to all time." The Mastroe and Lindians who
decree puts
it,
after
sacrifices, to
be
the three
men conducting
A. 1864,
p.
469; L. U.
I.
282; F.
I,
20, 52; J.
H.
S.
II.
p. 354;
Rev.
THE GODS.
Some
89
it is
sacrilege
And
B.C.
they
At Lindos and
the Csesars and their wives" and the officials of the province'
Romans
or Byzantion.
their
old
statues.
used up
the
old
'
II.
p. 354;
'
614.
^
'
Cicero, in Vetrem,
"
'
Vitruvius,
II.
41.
11.
2, 65.
RHODES.
90
Thus
tions.
girl's
statue
was
set
sister,
games or
at the
in the
more.
similar group
honours served
mons
was granted
Commons
Such
Thus the Com-
of Rhodes".
In 201
B.C.
its
cf.
R. A. 20.
F.
'
R. H. 23; B. 1570.
"
N.
R, A.
II.
21,
22; R.
B. 3598.
'
5,
xxxi.
353.
I,
68, 69,
H.
23; F.
4,
'
Polybios, v. 88.
'J
R. A.
10,
THE GODS.
91
Many
On
stone hillock.
it
that
there
way
and above
the base, and from the highest of these rose twenty-one en-
ostentatiously
marked by the
The monument
but there
is
is
nothing to shew
its
age.
often that
but they
made no
offering,
When
RHODES.
92
many
Chaldseans there,
who gained
a livelihood by casting
About this time Diogenes the grammarian disputed only on the seventh day".
This points to the Jewish influence, that might be expected
And the Jewish community in
in a great commercial city.
horoscopes and teaching astrology'.
Maccabees,
Acts,
xxi.' i.
I.
xv. 23.
VI.
ART.
The
Rhodes
fall
Diodoros, v. 55.
RHODES.
94
up
abroad'.
was the
it
breasts^
is,
of
on her
made
Tradition said
silver.
gift
The
There was
also
work of the
Athene Lindia
statue of Hera at Samos was
Phoenicians in that
was a
city.
The
earliest statue of
a plank.
Tradition ascribed
its
Greek
statues,
for
list
it
There
was draped.
extant a subscription
lia.
^
'
Diodoros, v. 58.
Callimachos,
V. 58.
Fr.
105
Diodoros,
H.
If this statue
B. C.
"
'
Cedren,
"
Diogenes Laertius,
Herodotos,
IX. p. 85.
p. 322.
II.
182.
I.
89.
2.
:::
ART.
of
9S
Cleobulos
working
was glass
is
The
The
arm
in the
days of
uplifted,
when
right
notion
in stone.
Among
must have
Olympia was a
strik-
On
his
right
the right as
if
in prayer.
The
It
The
cleitos.
Megara
Zosiraos, V. 24.
Pausanias, VI.
6,
7:
Scholia
to
Pausanias, X.
" Pliny,
xxxiv.
9,
18.
18.
::
RHODES.
96
in
precious metals.
The Colossos
As
ancient times.
attracted
comparatively
a work of art
by
earlier
and was
statues
owed
its
in repute.
and
notice
in
among
the
little
it
was
aftervvards surpassed.
rivalled
It was,
celebrity in
But the
it
list
list
of the Seven
Artemision
at
at
and
in
XXXVI.
Vitruvius,
Polybios, V. 88
II.
4.
41.
;
R. A.
19.
xxxiv.
Pliny,
''
Auctor ad Herennium,
19.
IV. 6.
ART.
97
Ptolemy
for rebuilding
it
in the spring of
303 B.C.
It
is,
however,
fine finish
There
is
its
actual height,
and that
Chares only doubled his charge when they doubled the height,
and was driven by his miscalculation to bankruptcy and
suicide*.
given as 90 and as
a somewhat
120
rhetorical
It
feet.
may
it
also
is
be gathered from
in
that
it
city,
The Deigma was in the lowest part of the city by the water'.
There is now a piece of very low ground near the south-west
XXXIV.
'
Pliny,
Polybios, V. 89.
18.
'
Pliny,
p. 652.
tern miraculis, 4.
'
107.
T. R.
RHODES.
98
The
it
years in build-
There was a
which threw down the
greater part of the city walls and of the dockyards, and the
upper part of the figure broke away at the knees and fell.
It was still lying on the ground in the time of Strabo and of
the elder Pliny; and its subsequent restoration is most improbable.
Pliny describes it as marvellous even after its fall:
few men could clasp its thumb in their arms: its fingers were
larger than most statues vast caverns yawned in the broken
limbs, and within was seen the massive masonry that had
ing,
great
earthquake
for
only
about 227
fifty-six years.
B.C.
supported
Rhodes
It is said that
itl
when
The
in the
about 227
political
more than
them were men of foreign birth who
migrated to Rhodes, and whose sons worked there after them.
From Salamis probably the island near Athens there came
Simos, son of Themistocrates ^ and Onasiphron, son of
Cleionseos".
From Miletos there came Archidamos'. From
Many
of
'
Pliny,
Strabo, p. 652.
'
Cedren, p. 431.
"
Pliny,
R.
F. 15; L. B. 165.
'
F. 64; L. B. 200.
I.
xxxiv.
18.
279; L. B. 163.
ART.
Laodicsea there
came Charinos,
From
99
" to
whom
Cilicia there
whom
charmos, "to
was Pythocritos of Rhodes, son of Timocharis" perwho was famous for his statues of
athletes, hunters, warriors and priests'.
From Lucania there
came Botrys, whose signature (ej^jaX/coypYT/o-e) marks him as a
there
worker
He was
in bronze'.
From
Islanders to a
dence.
It is
The absence
R. A. 7; F. 4; L. B. 179, 180.
B. ad. 2283, c; L. B. 178.
'
R. A. 2; L. B. 190.
"
'
R. A. i; F. i; L. B. 191, 193.
"
R. A. 6; L. B. i8i.
R. A. 8; L. B. 198.
12
R. A.
"
R. A. 3; R. H. 37; F. 63; L. B.
"
"
"
B. ad. 4684, e
170 173'
'
Pliny,
B. C. H. IX.
XXXIV.
19.
p. 399.
of
L. B. 182, 183.
F- 2; L. B. 185, 186.
;
L. B. 187.
'^
L. B. 193.
17
R. A. 9; F. 11; L. B. 194196.
72
RHODES.
too
Rhodes
itself there
worked a
whose
certain Leochares^,
sig-
a certain
who
bronze
in
his
the Rhodians".
is
said' to have
Athamas
statue of
at
in
which
somewhat
Athanodoros
is
not
Rome and
The only
group
difficulty
that
is
it
is
in six
blocks,
B. 2488
L. B. 196, ^.
R. A. 10; L. B. 199.
R. A. 11; L. B. 197.
'
"
^
Pliny,
XXXIV. 40.
in
single block
this,
xxxvi.
are
not easily
Pliny,
'
4.
R. A. 21; L. B. 546.
ART.
lOI
detected.
made
de consilii
sententia
of the
Senate and
in
Commons
itself
but
still
very notable.
2
'
Pliny,
J.
H.
Pliny,
XXXVI.
S. II. p.
XXXIV.
4.
354; B. 2525,
19,
b.
40; xxxvi.
4.
R. H. 36; L. B. 303.
Polybios, xxxi. 16.
'
102
RHODES.
On
Lysippos.
in
marble, as
relief,
sculpture.
The same
subject
is
Pompeii
Pliny,
XXXIV.
i8.
'
L. B. i86.
Pliny,
XXXV.
40.
ART.
103
Deeming himself
the
in lightness of heart as
he worked'.
In striking contrast to
'
Pliny,
543, 687.
xxxv. 36
Atlienseos, pp.
RHODES.
104
He was a native of
Caunos on the mainland opposite Rhodes, but had settled in
the island. The Rhodians did not, however, appreciate the
great man who was among them till Apelles arrived and told
everyone that he was buying Protogenes' unsold pictures for
fifty talents (;^ 1 2,000) to sell as works of his own.
The
story of the contest between these masters is well known.
When Apelles landed he went at once to see Protogenes
and failing to find him at home, drew a very fine coloured
line across a large panel that was standing on an easel.
On
of diet might stay him in his painting.
returning, Protogenes
at
line
in reply
he
drew a still finer line upon the first with another colour, and
then went out. Apelles called again and with a third colour
drew a third line upon the second, making it so fine that
there was no space for a fourth.
Protogenes then saw that
he was beaten, and hurried down to the port to call upon his
The panel was preserved for centuries afterwards
visitor.
with only these lines upon it\ The masterpiece of Protogenes, the lalysos, on which he worked for seven years, so
amazed Apelles that his voice deserted him but after a
while he managed to observe that though the work was
:
marvellous in
its
laborious finish,
it
made
his
also reported
he gave
Pliny,
XXXV.
36.
ART.
into
the
105
but finished,
besiegers'
Demetrios to
hands
a masterpiece'.
But another story is that it was the Satyr on which Protogenes was working during the siege.
He went on painting
placidly in the midst of the fighting and when Demetrios
;
asked
how he ventured
he knew the king was at war with the Rhodians and not
with the Arts.
After that courtly answer Demetrios set a
guard for his protection and often found time to watch him
The satyr stood by a pillar, holding a pair of
at his work.
the partridge
at
them chirp
to the picture.
At
last
by leave of the
priests
Demetrios, 22;
cf.
XXXV. 36
Pliny,
Pseudo-Anacveon, xv.
'
31.
'
Pliny,
xxxv.
Plutarch,
p. 652.
36.
3.
I06
RHODES.
''
'
"
Pliny,
Athenaeos, p. 489.
'
Pliny, xix.
'^
xxxv.
i.
36.
ART.
107
traces
who dedicated
on the
this head,
statue'.
capture of the
great city in 43 B.C. Cassius carried off all the statues except
this^:
but
it is
way during
a campaign.
still
The
Roman
passion for
to
of
collecting*.
Dodona
statue of
was burnt
in the riots of
House.
When
that
escaped the melted lead from the roof and the falling masonry: and Cedren apparently saw this statue of Athene at
late years
have
sites of lalysos
early period of
XXXIV. t8,
'
Pliny,
Valerius Maximus,
sius,
XLVII. 33.
19,
I.
xxxvi.
5;
4.
'
Dio Cas-
^
^
xxxiv. 17.
Dio Chrysostom, pp. 644, 645.
Pliny,
RHODES.
I08
be products of those
districts
and
in that case
the vases from lalysos, which shew the style of this period
at
its best,
light
found
in
islands,
etc.
and especially
that are
in
Crete
commonly found on
cartouche of Amenhotep
the type
the
these
III.,
gems and
a scarab with
Dynasty, were found at lalysos with these objects of the Mycenaean period. The rock-cut chambers that form this group of
tombs open into one another, and all the objects found in them
date.
If the cylinder
and scarab
ART.
109
to the
An
ivory cylinder
Ashur
is
lalysos,
But many
Rhodes
and a standing
As-
perfect agreement.
Some
reliefs
Their
heads are like those in Egyptian wigs on other plates, and
in one case the border of the plate takes the form of an
Egyptian gateway with sloping sides but the centaurs them:
no
RHODES.
selves are of the early Greek type with human forelegs, and
have no kinship with the beast-footed monsters of the East,
them in their own country, they would hardly have used the
Greek flower and spiral patterns. The group of tombs at
lalysos also contained some rude terra-cotta figures of the
Mycenaean type among them a goddess with an almost
featureless face and a body like a post with stumps on either
:
side that
might be
somewhat heavier
either
wings or arms.
Similar figures of a
and as rude as
were found at Camiros but in these the heads, which
have been moulded apart, are the same Phoenician renderings
of heads in Egyptian wigs that occur on the little gold plates.
With them were found terra-cotta figures of a closely draped
female figure which belong to a class found at Sidon and
this,
of Phoenician
ART.
1 1
is
merely
and the
favoured spaces are filled with geometrical patterns in which
the lines are generally straight, or with a stiff drawing of
This
an animal surrounded by little angular ornaments.
geometrical decoration was also employed by the islanders
themselves, for it occurs on the polygonal masonry of an
ancient Greek fort by the church of Aghios Phocas not far
from the modern village of Siana. The importation of vases
from Athens seems to have been checked for a time by the
rise of a local style at Camiros.
This style is marked by
the use of the lotos for decoration.
But this lotos pattern
is not derived from nature or from any Egyptian rendering
of it, and differs materially from the lotos pattern on the
vases from Naucratis
it was
rather derived through the
Phoenicians from Assyria, and in fact closely resembles the
lotos pattern on the pavement of the North Palace at Kou-
painted brown or
left
yunjik.
left
in the
is
often drawn, but the other animals and the angular ornaments
vases.
On
one dish
hand
them
pick out
some
marked by
The drawings
fine lines
are,
how-
RHODES.
112
ever,
weaker
creatures,
modern
the
face.
village of Siana,
district,
but of a reddish clay painted white at the surand maroon upon black on
its
its
maroon on a
The
dull
objects in
Some pieces of
may have been part
The
ART.
1 1
yielded a
in
brown on the
is
a rough and
The
down
to about
relief,
which can be of
little later
brightly coloured,
is
in
date.
very low
limbs.
T. R.
RHODES.
14
Attic alphabet
The
style.
is
this
from the metal vases of the Phcenicians and the huge lotos
flowers growing up in the upper frieze (Plate VI. A, a) and
the lotos pattern above and below it must have been borrowed
from that people while the Cretan goats in the lower frieze
In the centre of the
recall the vases of the Camiros style.
;
upper
in
left.
Their names are written beside
them, and curiously the initial letter of Glaucos seems hidden
behind that hero's hand and the final letter of Cebriones
behind a horse's head, although the names were certainly
dates from about 600 B.C.: and as the subjects of the other
surviving metopes
of
temple belong
that
to
the
heroic
The
some
earlier
work of painting or
The
of some interest.
It is of
somewhat
On
later date
and
are
in the
VI. B, b)
ART.
Cycnos
is
patron,
Athene
supported by his
;
sire,
1 1
And
to his son.
this
practice
action as bodily in
its
who
presided over an
midst.
and Cycnos.
is
Geryon, who
On
seen attacking
is
lies
It is said that
century,
in
heroic age
the club and lion skin in his combat with Geryon, and in his
combat with Cycnos wears the lion skin and fights with
sword and shield. The Athenian vases found in Rhodes are
generally
much
less elaborate
in Etruria,
in their careless
5th century
B.C.,
delicate colours
on a flying swan.
in
date
it
can well
is
be.
is
painted in
The
other
is
Peleus
most of the
82
RHODES.
Il6
breaks the
first
suggests that
With
this
it
was a
direct
picture.
I.
A)
A, b) Thetis riding on a
dolphin across the waves and holding out in her right hand a
helmet, part of the armour the Nereids were carrying to
Achilles before Troy and at the other end (Plate I. A, a) a
winged Eros leaning against a pillar and with his extended
hands forming a noose with two cords for the game called
Protogenes had painted his
i/j,avTekiyfi.6v by the Greeks.
Satyr standing by a pillar; and his picture may have suggested the attitude of this Eros. Figures riding on dolphins
were not uncommon, and were to be seen from the 6th
century onward on the coins of Tarentum. The somewhat
obtrusive rings surrounding these figures seem borrowed
together with the form of the box from gold reels for thread
(Plate I. B) on which they are appropriate enough.
The earliest Rhodian coins belong to the end of the 7th
bearing in relief at one end (Plate
I.
century
B.C.
The
known belong
to
the
its
first
types
ART.
117
Roman
detail.
On
nearly in
full
down
On
all
Rhodian coins
to the
the reverse
is
poStov
magistrate
is
in
whole.
in her hair
The heads
Hermes, Dionysos and some uncertain
female deities, which sometimes occur on the obverse, and
of Poseidon and Sarapis, which sometimes occur on the
reverse, are always in profile, as are those of Helios and
Medusa on late coins. In rare cases the rose flower is on
both sides. A silver coin of Camiros, which can hardly be
and often winged
of Zeus,
Apollo,
later
city,
Thus
from
from a
rose flower
coins.
city
is
fig leaf
on the
earlier
The emblems on
very various
are
Athene holding
These same
emblems with the name of some eponymos magistrate and of
one of the months are found stamped on the handles of the
Rhodian wine jars in oblong cartouches. Circular stamps
like coins, with the head of Helios or the rose flower in the
centre and the name of the magistrate and sometimes of the
ships
dolphins,
eagles,
rats,
butterflies
month running
RHODES.
Il8
is retained on the
have a head of Artemis on obverse and
the rose flower on reverse. The silver coins of Megiste with
the head of Helios or the head of Artemis on obverse and
the rose flower on reverse are distinguished from the Rhodian
by the letters /ue in place of po. The group of the infant
Heracles strangling the serpents which appears on the obverse of some silver Rhodian coins bearing the rose flower on
the reverse appears also on the obverse of silver coins of
Ephesos, Samos, Cnidos, and lasos bearing on the reverse
the respective types of those cities. These coins belong to
the beginning of the 4th century, and the letters a v v on
them may refer to a political alliance between these states
after the battle of Cnidos in 394 B.C.
their common type is
borrowed from the coinage of Thebes.
During the 2nd
century B.C. Rhodes and several other states of the yEgean
struck coins bearing the types of Alexander the Great the
head of the youthful Heracles on obverse, and Zeus enthroned
with eagle and spear on reverse.
The name 'AXe^dvBpou
appears on the reverse, and also something to mark the place
of coinage in the Rhodian examples, the rose flower, the
letters fio or Si, as an abbreviation for pSSiov, and sometimes
the name of some eponymos magistrate.
Gold and silver
were not coined in the island after the accession of Augustus,
but there are copper Rhodian coins of various emperors
down to Commodus. The imperial heads on the obverse are
generally radiate, but sometimes only laureate.
There is
sometimes the head of Helios or the head of Dionysos on
the reverse
some
full
In
cases there
is
VII.
LEARNING.
The central
made
it
position of
at
library at Alexandria'.
but rhetoric.
Homer was
islands'.
Next
after
known
of this Pisinosl
of some interest
it first
'
Athenffios, p. 3-
Suidas, s.v.
"OjU7//)os.
2.
VI.
Strabo, p. 688.
Pausanias,
nias,
''
93.
X. 24;
II.
37.
;
Pausa-
Diogenes Laertius,
I.
89
RHODES.
I20
When
men went
dedicated a maxim
the wise
economically
wisdom,
his offering
The maxim
was
"
maxims
like the
in
apiece as the
moderation
is
iirstfruits
of
",
oi
'rfX.elcnoi Ka/coi,
in Rhodes
but the story of its origin has perished, for it
was long and Athenseos was too lazy to repeat it.
The
extant songs are much alike and demand gifts of a basket
of figs, a beaker of wine, and other things which are not the
:
common
therein rested
to task for
on
saying of a
maxim
his
that
silly
men
man."
should
make companions
of their
for
his
besides
novels^
Among
the
'
Suidas,
s.v. Mu/:ci.
LEARNING.
121
Greek
He was
comedy.
man
He seems
in later
Timocreon of
comic
more
little
lalysbs,
He was
man
of position
from
(so run
Timocreon's verses) by
talents.
But
was
this
He
fell
foul of
Persians
left over.
As an
this,
he remained hitting
air,
athlete he
had conquered
pentathlon*.
refers to a
ttotI
>
Athenseos, p. 445.
'
Timocreon,
Fis.
rav fxarep'
'
i,
3;
Plutarch,
hist.
were
in the
Plato
ecpa,
Timocreon, Fr.
Atlienseos,
I.
27.
p.
10.
416;
/Lilian,
var.
':
RHODES.
122
lies in
finding
some new thought to shew the world men who keep their
wisdom to themselves have no judge of what it's worth."
:
To
was
his distinctive
quite a horrid
man
work
but
'
loves
the
there
is
nothing
in the
fragments
The
Simonides,
1
first
Timocreon,
Frs.
Suidas,
(/lociis,
7,
Aristo-
down by
li/xoKp^wv,
'Apurro-
'AvTi0an;!.
Some
creature.
LEARNING.
123
man without
drides himself
is
who
Anaxan-
them\
tall,
with
And
there
is
report
made
is
Alexandrine age^
prelude
Aristotle,
Rlietoric,
'
m.
Nicom. Ethics,
VII. 10;
Suidas
and
Eudocia,
s.
v.
'Ava^ap-
Homerum,
Eustathios, ad
Gorgon, Fr.
3.
14.
p. 327.
'
Strabo, p. 655.
'
27.
Spidijs.
'
RHODES.
124
fourth, the cries
fifth,
the dying
commonly
called the
Apollonios,
itself,
and
in his
Strabo, p. 421.
Athenceos, p. 283.
Suidas,
s.v.
KaXX//.axos,
Suidas,
s.
v.
'ATroXXcirios,
Vita;
Apollonii.
cf.
An-
Maximus
'
LEARNING.
Homer
asked whether
memnon
deeds, and
Agamemnon's
12$
was asked
in return
whether Aga-
he
is
duly
commended by
trust the
when
cooking
Athenasos,
Corymbia,
Atabyria,
Oloessa,
Macaria,
Ophiusa,
Pelagia,
The
little
He evaded
soon after asked for Rhodian and for Lesbian
sound wine and pleasant", said he tasting the
disciples asked
him
to
name one
to succeed him.
wine.
"A
Rhodian
good, but
(apparently quoting
"
And on
Lesbian."
preferred to
'
Athenaeos,
Pausanias,
^
his death
Eudemos
p.
340;
Vite
Suidas,
s.vv. 'ISatos,
i.
10, 10.
"
both thoroughly
sweeter is the
"
i. 2.
race, satires,
Alexis)
Euoffos,
Ho-
^ Strabo, p.
653 ; Pliny, V. 36;
mianus Marcellinus, xvii. 7.
*
Aulus Gellius,
XIII. 5,
Am-
RHODES.
126
expound
Able as he was, he
was content to make himself a mere echo of his master'.
But the voice of the echo was sometimes weaker and less
And in the last book of
distinct than the original voice.
the Eudemian Ethics, which are presumably the work of
Eudemos, the disciple falls to a more commonplace sphere
than in the previous books in which he was inspired by the
Nicomachsean Ethics of the master himself. The original
draught of the Metaphysics was lent to Eudemos but he
died while editing it, and the manuscript disappeared. The
work as it now stands is mainly a patchwork from Aristotle's
writings to
Aristotle's views.
work of
known
as a
Pasicles, a brother of
eXarrov
is
Eudemos and
Simplicius,
physica,
um,
279.
^
p. 5.
'
Diogenes Laertius, X.
Cicero, de
fin.
11.
13.
3, 6,
iv. 18, v.
B. 5783.
LEARNING.
licon,
all
a collector at Athens.
The
school gained
full
new
life
27
from
of their reach
of blunders, for
In 84
B.C.
there
to-day'.
There
is
first visit
to Plotinos,
The Rhodian
Stoics
Strabo,
p.
608
Plutarch,
Sulla,
i.
acad. prior.
11. 6.
Porphyry, Plotinos,
Strabo, p. 655.
4.
RHODES.
128
He
softened
down
him for the material for some other works*. Among the
Rhodian disciples of Panaetios were Hecato, a copious writer
on philosophy and a man of some weight with the Roman
Stoics^ a certain Plato' and Stratocles': but he was suc-
to
Cicero, de
fin.
IV. 9, 28
de
off. II.
Tusc.
I.
33; de re pub.
I.
21
ad Att.
IX. 12.
Cicero, de div.
I.
3; disp. Tusc.
I.
32.
'
Cicero,
acad. prior.
11.
disp.
Cicero, de
II'- III-
'
"
off. III. 1.
15-
LEARNING.
29
in
the school at
War^
He
suffered
in 6"]
and again
discoursed to
him from
his sick
visited
how
him
Rhodes^
at
paroxysms of
evil'.
his
attack to
Suidas, s.v.
Strabo, p. 316.
Iloa-eiSciij'toj.
Au.
I.
3,
Suidas,
Suidas,
'"
Strabo, p. 655.
"
"
'
T. R,
s.v. Iloo-eiSci^'io!.
vn.
31.
'"
"
44
i.
s.v. 'lairw.
ad
RHODES.
130
arc to determine
its
length*, but
from his own calculation of the circumpolar circumference which was based on a false estimate of the arc
between Alexandria and Assouan and he put the arc at
his result
by putting the
The
is
below
it,
is
really
Curiously
westward
to India
this parallel
Poseidonios,
in the Lipari
it
might have subsided in some volcanic change^ Mount Atabyros in Rhodes was among the mountains whose vertical
height was calculated by Dicaarchos, apparently the earliest
His result was fourteen stades; just
student of this problem.
double the true height^ Geminos uses several observations
certain
made at Rhodes, and perhaps resided there".
Bacorus of Rhodes is named as a geographer'. And a catalogue of notable geographers includes two Rhodians who
Timosthenes, the inventor of the
were otherwise famous
As admiral
Pythian melody, and Eudoxos, the historian.
to Ptolemy Philadelphos, Timosthenes was able to explore
the western Mediterranean when it was as yet little known
and he wrote technical works on Islands,
to the Greeks
on Distances afterwards edited by Eratosthenes and on
:
'
Strabo, p. 125.
Cleomedes,
Strabo, p. 95.
cycl. theor.
i.
ro.
Geminos,
1,
2, 4, 5, 14.
LEARNING.
Harbours'.
the Greeks,
ranean,
till
131
He
coast at Cadiz.
and neap
He
also
tides
on the
relative position of
made a sphere
moon and
planets
to
is left
many
of the
histories written
by Rhodians.
in this he embodied
wide travels.
Each writer who
quotes it finds it a quarry for facts on his own subject.
Athenaios can quote him on the frugality of the Romans
and the luxury of the Syrians and of the Parthian kings
on the sacrificial feasts of Etruria and the surfeiting of
Alexandria
and on barbarian feasts, at which the Celts
would alternately listen to their bards and fight, and the
Carmani would pledge their friendships in cups of each other's
made during
the notes
histories
and
his
blood^
him
for details
Marcellus,
fault with
him
for errors in
From
temple at Jerusalem'.
a touch of the
is
in Libya,
Marcianus
Heracleotes,
p.
63;
Strabo, p. 411.
^
'
'
Cleitophon, Fr.
Athenjeos,
'
II.
i,
34.
152-4,
246,
Plutarch, Fab.
g, 19, 20,
i.
pp. 45,
Josephus, in Apionem,
II.
1.
7, 8.
RHODES.
132
their
The
enemies\
histories of India
and of Galatia by
by Diodes',
history of ^tolia
Cleitophon'', the
the local
from
its
Gorgon" on
the sacrifices,
Athenseos,
p.
369;
Strabo,
pp.
"
Diogenes Laertius,
^^
Ergeias, Fr.
^^
Eucrates, Fr.
^^
''
Cleitophon, Frs.
Diodes, Fr.
'^
Polyzelos, Frs.
Suidas,
^^
Zeno, Frs.
i, 3.
6.
s.v. "Eivayopas.
"
Eudoxos, Frs.
'
Sosicrates, Frs.
'
Antipater, Fr.
i,
2.
9.
t.
r,
i.
115.
i.
i.
4.
i, ,
"
Theognis, Fr.
''
Gorgon, Fr.
"
Athenseos, p. 360.
^^
Philemnestos, Frs.
"i.
i.
i,
2,
LEARNING.
133
Zeno seems
to be the
'.
He
is
very precise
and 24
feet broad,
first
masters than of
With
the
the festivals of
one of the
lists
B.C.,
his chrono-
facts
was so quickly
what danger he had been, and
was not duly grateful to his physician
And Cleomenes of
Lindos discovered strange and drastic remedies for horses ^
On the other hand Chrysippos of Rhodes was the physician
who aided Queen Arsinoe in her attempt to poison Ptolemy
Philadelphos ". Timachidas of Rhodes was the author of a
huge epic poem entitled Dinners, and Parmenon of Rhodes
wrote the School of Cookery ". Pythion and Epigenes the
called Acharistos, thankless
know
in
'.
'
Polybios, XVI. 14
'
B. 2905.
Callixenos,
pp. 196
10.
Frs. I,
206.
Socrates, Fr.
Plutarch, Brutus, 2.
i.
^,
Athenreos,
"
'
Eusebios, Chron.
"
Hierocles, hippiatrica,
I.
41, 48.
I.
9.
23,27, 30.
"
Athenseos, pp.
6, 308.
RHODES.
34
or Theodores, the
nately
it
is
Varro, de re
'
**
Theodores, Fr.
rust.
Strabo, p. 655.
^lian,
I.
i.
'
Strabo,
p. 655.
Varro,
de
ling.
lat. X. 4.
1.
'"
Strabo, p. 655.
i^vaios
tact. i.
'AXe^avdpeu^, Tvpayvluv.
liipparchos, ad Phcenom.
^^
Dionysios, gram.
^^
'
"
Suidas, s.v.'A^pi^v.
1.
i,
&c.
i.
LEARNING.
Asiatic.
But
135
from those two great schools, and was at most eclectic. Thus
Cicero derives both the Asiatic and the Rhodian styles from
the Athenian and distinguishes them only in this, that the
;
named
The speech which the Rhodian envoy Asty-
''
'
Cicero, de orat.
jEschines,
Pliny,
chines,
n;
epist. II.
1,
5;
III.
fals. leg. i.
^
56
Plutarch,
Quintilian,
;
Schoha
8.
3;
^s-
'
Vita Apollonii.
XI.
Philostratos,
Dionysios of Halicarnassos,
narchos,
to yEschines,
de
Dei-
RHODES.
136
'.
The Rhodian
style of the
facts
and
century seems to
ist
have been formed by two disciples of the graceful and epigrammatic orators Hierocles and Menecles of Alabanda, who
were then at the head of the Asiatic schooP.
Apollonios
surnamed Malacos had migrated from Alabanda to Rhodes
before 120 B.C., when Scaevola heard him, and found that he
smiled at philosophy and spoke with less gravity than wit '.
The more famous Apollonios surnamed Molon came from
Cicero
He
calls
of Dolabella in 79
B.C.
It is stated that
".
Pompey heard
the
Hermagoras at Rhodes in 62 B.C. But Hermagoras of Temnos was then dead, and the younger Hermagoras
was not yet born. And a preceding statement that during
rhetorician
Pompey heard
all
presented them each with a talent (^^240) does not make the
Brutus and Cassius both studied
more credible'.
tale
rhetoric
in
the
island
And when
Cassius
afterwards
'
Polybios,
'
Cicero,
XXX.
Brutus,
xxxi.
4,
95;
xn.
7.
Strabo,
in
pp.
655, 661.
'
6.
Csesar,
Plutarch,
3;
Suetonius,
Csesar, 4.
Cicero, de oratore,
I.
Valerius Maximus,
II.
Cicero, Brutus, 89
91
17, 28.
2.
;
Quintilian,
Pompey, 42.
'
Plutarch,
'
Appian, de
67
70.
LEARNING.
37
kings
And when
Rome when the emperor was a boy
he founded the sect of orators opposed to that of Apollodoros
of Pergamos, the teacher of Augustus, Tiberius declared
Empylos the writer was also a
himself a Theodorean .
Castor the chronographer was a rhetorician
rhetorician *.
and a writer on rhetoric '. Evagoras the historian " and a
And even
certain Athenodoros ' also wrote on rhetoric.
viously at
'.
^'',
Rhodian Orations.
tained
".
it
When
was
Nero,
of fifteen
^ Among
in
by
the rheto-
Roman
'
Quintilian,
iii.
berius, 57.
Suetonius, Ti-
'
Harpocration, s.vv.
11
Seneca, suas.
"
Quintilian, x. 6.
^^
"
'
Quintilian,
^^
'
Strabo, p. 147.
3.
II.
17.
^"^
aTreiTre?!/,
18.
"
&c.
Aulus Gellius,
VI, 3.
Polybios, XXXI. 7.
Suetonius, Nero, 7.
leg.
RHODES.
138
Aristeides
inflicted
orations', the
first
'.
the
last.
epvalfii.o<;,
change of
and
rrepi^oXiPfocrai,
that in
and
Rhodes
fjb
for
occurs on
Rhodian inscription' in
Athenaos* remarked
TrepifioXv/SSoScrai.
j3pd/3v\a
was used
many expressions
and
in Thessaly.
And
Etymologicum Magnum,
7ai.
3
* Aristeides, p.
401.
s. v.
Ta-
Strabo, p. 613.
R.
'
N. 351.
'
lb. p. 485.
I.
276, 277
R. H. 43, 44.
VIII.
LEGENDS.
Most
in
of the
latest
events
occur about a
thousand years before our era and the date of the earliest
can be measured only by generations of the gods\
The
Rhodian historians
whom
col-
however,
is
them
together.
This scheme,
may
The
whose parent
cities,
be neglected.
state
Thus
in
his
sway
in
Diodoros, v. 55
59.
their sons
RHODES.
140
In grievous wanderings he
threatened him.
and there
his followers
made
came
to
Rhodes,
tribes'.
It
These leaders from Rhodes and Cos were the only Heraclids
1
Homer,
'
Pausanias, u. 22.
Iliad, ii.
653
670.
2334.
Strabo, p. 653.
"
Dexippos, Fr.
"
3.
LEGENDS.
141
who
659.
'
Homer,
'
Iliad, V.
657
654;
'
Pausanias,
Diodoros,
III.
19.
RHODES.
142
An
first
to
make
and
is
the
left
that their
isle
Now
in.
Crete
is
home
the
Wherefore he
of Helios.
and then he
who
isle
of
sailed
desired
on to Rhodes
sailed
him.
Conon,
'
Conon,
Strabo, p. 653.
"
Philostratos, imag.
'
Aristeides, p. 396.
'
ApoUodoros,
Hesychios,
"
Lactantius,
narrat. 47.
s.v. Ai^oSwpte??.
narrat. 11.
i.
II. 5.
11.
11.
24.
LEGENDS.
143
The
".
of the people.
and he slew the dragon and all the serpents'. This killing
of the dragon is very curious, for the legend recurs in the
island in the time of the Knights concerning the slaying of
the dragon by Deodato de Gozon.
The mediaeval dragon
seems to have been a crocodile. Another Rhodian legend
refers to Phorbas.
When Triopas was dead some of his
followers returned to Thessaly, but many went with Phorbas
to
Then
Camiros.
his sister
safe to shore at
one,
And
home, sending
to his
his slave
Wherefore
free
men
'
Diodoros, v. 81.
I.
lb. V. 58.
''
Polyzelos, Fr.
i.
RHODES.
144
Dorians.
Phoenician.
Dieuchidas, Fr.
7.
p. 654.
Herodotos,
II.
182.
9.
LEGENDS.
145
sire.
To escape this abominafrom Crete, and many of the people
he came to Camiros and dwelt there
Althsemenes
tion
fled
But
ism.
in spite
survivals of
Totem-
Diodoros, V. 58.
'
Apollodoros, in.
'
Diodoros, V. 59.
Stephanos,
T. R.
2.
s.v. Kpip-Tji/fa.
10
RHODES.
146
ments
leged
in Crete to
cities in
Rhodes
little
when
Iphiclos the
laid siege to
them.
4.
Polyzelos, Fr.
2.
LEGENDS.
Phcenicians to depart in
buried
much
147
at a loss.
And
they
it
up, but
much
of
it
they
left to
Iphiclos.
mother and did many evil things to the people. And Poseidon buried his sons beneath the earth because of the deed
they had wrought, and they were accounted dsmons of the
eastern lands.
But Halia cast herself into the sea, and the
people worshipped her as an immortal under the name Leucothea. Afterward the Telchines, foreseeing the deluge that
is
down
work
iron
'
Ergeias, Fr.
'
i.
Eustathios of Thessalonica, ad
merum,
p. 772.
10
37.
Ho-
RHODES.
148
and the sickle for Cronos; and they were the first to fashion
images of the gods. They discovered certain of the arts and
gave to mankind other things advantageous to life. But they
were wizards and sorcerers. The charges against them are
for the most part general: rain and cloud, hail and snow
obeyed their will they changed their own shapes and so
forth.
There is but one specific charge they sprinkled sulphur in the water of the Styx with intent to destroy animals
and plants and did in fact by watering the fields therewith
:
make
barren the
of fruitful Rhodes'.
soil
Still,
chines^
Peloponnesos'.
who dwelt
in the
age of the
eastward parts of
in the
and
Spartseos, Cronios
bore to Zeus".
The
in the island of
bones
and Cytos,
whom
nymph Himalia
The discovery
of living men may
the
lost.
than those
by
'
rise to that
Helios,
Stesichoros,
Fr.
of the giants'.
Strabo, p. 654.
9.^;
Calli-
Anthologia
Stephanos,
s.w.
'Aripvpoy,
Mv-
'Kavria..
Syncellos, p. 149.
Diodoros, v. 55;
T^^s; liesychios,
"^
Stephanos,
s.v. 'lYJiip-e!.
s.v.
LEGENDS.
t49
and Macar fled to LesCandalos to Cos, Actis to Egypt and Triopas to Caria,
where he dwelt on the cape named from him Tn'opion. But
Their plot was afterward found out
bos,
wherefore they divided the land between them, and each built a city called after his own name'-
In
legend Macar
flees to
is
father of Leucippos
is
lemos Electryon
is
Ochimos
had
But Cercaphos
the maid persuaded the herald (for it was a
Ocridion.
'
VII.
Diodoros, v.
7176.
56,
'
RHODES.
ISO
made
forgot to bring
fire,
The
and straightway
on the
The
may
who
settle in
the Curetes: the Curetes are very closely related to the Cory-
bantes
in a
Hierapytna in Crete
which Corybas founded was also called Cyrbe and Camiros^
This suggests that Cyrbe where the Heliadae dwelt in Rhodes
was Camiros under another name, and Camiros is connected
with the Telchines through Atabyrios and Mylas. Achaea,
the city of the Heliada, was in the district of lalysos, and the
temple of Alectrona was there*: and the Telchines are also
But both Telchines and Heliadae very
called lalysian'.
curiously resemble the Phoenicians.
In the legend of Phalanthos the Phoenicians are established at Achsa, in that of Cadmos they settle at lalysos, in that of Phalas they occupy both
lalysos and Camiros, and in that of Althaemenes they come
from Crete to Camiros or Cretenia at the foot of Mount Atabyros and found the temple of Zeus Atabyrios on its summit.
Praesos in Crete, are sons of Helios ^
51.
Philostratos, imag.
Strabo, p. 472.
II.
27.
Stephanos,
N. 349.
Ovid, metamorph.
'
s.v. 'Ic/jaTnirra.
vil. 365.
LEGENDS.
151
cities founded by the Heliadse is of a Phoeand the charges of sorcery against the Telchines
are such as simple rustics might make against the civilized
PhcEnicians in the
cities.
The
who
traders
The
among
this.
Three
cities
peopling of
by Phoenicians
itself
formed.
lots again
but this he suffered not, for he
beheld within the surging sea that land arising from below to
men and
flocks.
Straightway he bade
Lachesis proclaim the gods' great oath and join with Zeus in
granting him that
be his realm'.
isle,
when
it
was born
air,
to
it
To
evade
RHODES.
152
this difficulty
myth is
the
'
Diodoros, v. jS.
INDEX.
Academics, 127
Atabyros, Mount,
Acanias (harbour), 2
145
Athene,
Achsa,
3, 146,
149
i,
33,
i, 4,
Acheloos, 79
Acragas, 33, 75
Athene Lindia,
Athenian
Admirals,
3,
75,
76,
77,
150
107, 123
63
Adoption, 67
iioff.
art,
jEschines, 135
Agrigentum, 33, 75
Black Sea,
Alcibiades, 9
Alectrona,
3,
ij, 34,
50
Bryaxis, 95
Building, 68
Alexandria,
29,
35, 43,
50, 6r,
119,
124
Althffimenes, 79, 141, 145
Cadmos,
94, 144
Cakes, 6g
Camarina, 33
Camiros, ruins
Antirrhodos, 35
Apollo,
Argos,
4, 77,
Chalce,
Assyrian
Astyra,
art,
5, 8, 36,
84
96
Chersonese, Rhodian, 36
Chios, battle
48
78,
88
Christianity, 92
109
ff.
4, 116,
28,
126
Artemis, 75, 77
Artemisia, 11, 12, 45, 89,
Asclepiadas, 78, 142
2,
26, 27,
Asclepios,
68, 90, 91
62,66
78
139145
6,
at, 4,
118
Circumnavigation, 130
36,
INDEX.
54
Cleobulos,
Cnidos,
7i
of, 9, 51,
Coins,
14I
riS
ri8
37
116
Colonies, Rhodian, 31
Colossos, 96
league
82; gods
in, 58,
108
98
Epaminondas,
Confederacies of Delos,
Epicureans, 126
11,38
Consuls, 64
Corn, 9, 25, 49
Coronisma, 120
II,
Exports, 50
18,
36,
51,
42,
39,
95,
141
16,
73,
74,
76,
Fighting cocks, 70
Figs, 69
Cretenia, 4, 145
Cronios, 148
Cronos, 75
Fish, 69
Ctcense, 84
77, 79,
8082,
84
Cyrbe,
10, 51
Cos, 6,
of,
11
9,
80; art
ff.
of, 79,
17,
Rhodians
37 4i 47
Floods, 53, 54, 149, 152
Fleet,
4, 5, 149,
150
Gambling, 70
Damagetos, 7, 67, 81
Danaos, 40, 94, 144
Gela,
'Dareios, 7, 121
Deigma
Delos,
66,
86
35
General average, 52
etc., 61, 62
27,
7, 32, 33,
Gems, 108
see
99,
Generals,
Confede-
racies.
Geographers, 129
131
Giants, 148
Demes,
Demetrios Poliorcetes,
13,
Gnetes, 148
Gods, foreign, 82
Gold ornaments,
Democracy,
12, 65,
66
Despots,
7,
81, 120
Grammarians, 134
Diagorid^, 8r, 95
Diogenes, 70
Dionysos, 2, 76, 88, 106
Grapes, 69
Dragons, 143
106
Guilds,
8588
Gymnasion, 68
142,
151
Haemon, 143
Halicarnassos,
95, 141
Hannibal, 21, 22
INDEX.
Harbours of the city of Rhodes,
i, t,
44,
12
20,
14, 16
23
27
45
Helen, 79, 94, 141
Mastroe, 85, 88
HeUos,
ISS
Macedonian Wars,
Mausolos, II
151
Memnon,
107
59,
60
Hera, 76, 78
142
Hermes, 76
Heracleidse, 139
Herod of Judsea,
Monotheism, 91
46, 64, 70
Hestia, 78
Hexapolis, 6, 34, 80
46,
Myndos,
88
Hippodamos of
Naples, 32, 93
Miletos, 53
133
Honours, 90
Human
Nero,
Historians, r3i
sacrifices, 75
Hypereides, 135, 137
Netteia, 4, 5, 88
Nymphs,
lasos, 62
Ignetes, 148
Inessa {fountain},
Isis,
'It
78, 79
Inscribed
ff.
stelse,
5,
87
Oligarchy, 7
34
89
12
80
36
105
Ixia or Ixise, 4, 77
Parrhasios, 103
Jettison, 52
Jews, 92
Peloponnesian War,
7, 8, 9, 37,
38
Pentapolis, 6, 80
Lade, battle
of, 18,
42
102,
106
Per^a, Rhodian,
of, 5,
at, 3, 74,
Peripatetics, 125
75, 91
65; colonies
of,
territory
9,
38
Lysippos, 96
43
127
121
Phalas, 146
66
Pharos, 35, 97
Phaselis, 34, 35
Philosophers, 125
Phoenician
Macareus,
58
24, 27,
Phalaris, 33, 75
70, 72
Lysander,
Phalanthos, 146
37
Luxury, 68
15, 17
102
Lindopolitse, 65
Lindos, ruins
129
art, 94,
109
ff.
151
INDEX.
156
Phorbas, 79, 124, 143, 144
Physicians, 133
Slingers, 58
Snakes, 143
Social
Pistis,
War,
11, 39, 41
80
Poets, 119
49
Sparta and Rhodes, 7
125
Spart^os, 148
Pompey,
Statuettes, 109,
10,
no, 113
102
Stoics, 127
Praxiteles, 95, 96
Syracuse,
Priests, etc., 83
at sea, 41
Ransoms,
57, 58
44
Rhetoric, 134
of,
Themistocles,
ruins
53
of,
55;
i,
2,
91; ac-
population
of,
of,
S4-58
Rhodes (island), position and
names for, 125; legend of,
Rhodos (nymph), 82, 147, 148
size,
151, 152
-i,
11,
118
I2i
Geots on statues, 89
Theophiliscos, 17
Thermydron
(harbour), 4, 142
141
44, 45
10, 51
Trierarchs, 47
143
Sculpture, Rhodian school
Triopian Cape,
3,
of,
98
6,
80
102
Seamanship, 43, 47
Vines, 69
Ship-building, 45, 46
Ships of war, 37 41
Wine,
Shot, 44, 56
Siana, excavations
116
50, 69, 70
112
3234,
54,
88
Totemism, 145
Trade, 15, 16, 49 51, 128
Tree worship, 79, 141
Sacrilege, 89
Sarapis, 79
Schedia (harbour),
7,
Tombs, 91
Toro Farnese,
Sicily, 15,
50
44
55; sieges
Sambuca,
Tactics, naval, 41
138
(city),
at
22, 25,
Revenue, 66
Rome and
80
Ramming
Romans
7, 8,
Ptolemy Soter,
count
129
85
103
Protogenes,
Rhodes
67
40, 49,
50
123
CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED EY
Polieus,
i, i,
76, 145
&
AT THE UNIVERSITY
SON,
3,
75,
33, 75
PRESS.