R. Z.

Wang
e-mail: rzwang@mail.sjtu.edu.cn

M. Li
Y. X. Xu
J. Y. Wu
H. B. Shou
Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University,
Shanghai 200030,
China

A Combined Cycle of Heating and

Adsorption Refrigeration:
Theory and Experiment
A combined cycle capable of heating and adsorption refrigeration is proposed, and the
experimental prototype has been installed. The system consists of a heater, a water bath,
an activated carbon-methanol adsorption bed and an ice box. This system has been tested
with electric heating, and has been found that with 61 MJ heating, the 120 kg water in the
bath can be heated from 22C to 92C, of while 9 kg ice at 1.5C is made. The
calculated CO P system is 0.0591 and CO P cycle is 0.41. After reconstruction to a real
hybrid household water heater-refrigerator, when 55 MJ heating is added to 120 kg of
21C water, and the condensing temperature is controlled at about 30C, the result is the
4 kg water contained inside the methanol refrigerant evaporator was iced to 2C, the
cooling capacity of the ice and the refrigerant in the evaporator will maintain the 100
liter cold box for about three days below 5C. The experiments show the potential of the
application of the solar powered hybrid water heater and refrigerator. Theoretical simulation has been done, which is in good agreement with experimental results. This research
shows that the hybrid solar water heating and ice-making is reasonable, and the combined cycle of heating and cooling is meaningful for real applications of adsorption
systems. DOI: 10.1115/1.1445442
Keywords: Solar Energy, Adsorption Refrigeration, Water Heater, Refrigerator, Hybrid

Introduction
The expanding population and the energy crisis have brought
serious problems to the world environment and sustainable development. The electric driven vapor compression refrigeration system has faced a challenge as CFCs and HCFCs are not suitable for
sustainable development. The common substitutes of refrigerant
R134a is also facing the problem of green house effect. Natural
refrigerants such as water, ammonia, methanol, etc. will be welcome for the future refrigeration and air conditioning industries.
However, good use of energy should be ensured.
The use of waste heat and solar energy for refrigeration and air
conditioning purposes has been accepted by people, and various
sorption systems have been developed and proven attractive Critoph 1, Meunier et al. 2, Wang et al. 3, Wang et al. 4, but
the real application is still limited. LiBr-water absorption systems
for air conditioning has had a big market in the last several years,
especially in Japan, China, and Korea. For energy saving heat,
gas, oil, electricity, absorption systems are now facing disadvantages as electric driven central air conditioning systems have
reached a COP over 4.5, while absorption systems are usually in
the range 1.11.25 if driven by heating.
The adsorption system is advantageous in small scale systems
if compared with absorption systems, especially for the handling
of the system and the cost. But its COP is usually smaller
than absorption systems. For solar energy utilization, a solid adsorption system is possibly the best system for refrigeration
purposes. The heating-desorption-condensation and coolingadsorption-evaporation processes are well suited for solar energy.
Solar water heaters are widely developed, and various types of
solar water heaters such as that plate type, evacuated tube type,
and heat pipes type solar collectors are used to absorb solar radiation. China has developed a good market for solar water heaters in
the last 5 years, and the total sales of solar water heaters have had
Contributed by the Solar Energy Division of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers for publication in the ASME JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING. Manuscript received by the ASME Solar Energy Division, Dec. 2000; final
revision, Jul. 2001. Associate Editor: U. Mei and J. Davidson.

70 Vol. 124, FEBRUARY 2002

a market of about 6 billion RMB Yuan in 2000 the total applied

solar collector are 4.3 million m2 in 1995, 12.53 million m2 in
2000, the annual increase is now 2.5 million m2. It is estimated
that China will have 5 million solar water heaters installed in
residential families in 2000.
The solar radiation heat source varies with seasons, the hotter
the climate, the stronger the solar radiation, which surely causes
the need for more refrigeration. Adsorption refrigeration is a good
way to utilize solar energy. This paper shows a combined cycle for
solar heating and cooling, in which a hybrid system of solar water
heater and an adsorption ice maker are incorporated. This system
is of great interest for solar refrigeration.

Hybrid System of Solar Water Heater and Adsorption

Ice Maker
Various solar refrigerators using activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration pair have been developed, mostly with plate
type adsorber/collectors Hajji et al. 5, Iloeje 6, Pons 7, Leite
et al. 8. The solar heating efficiency is of course limited due to
the heat dissipation to the environment. Evacuated tube type solar
collectors have been developed to improve heating efficiency for
solar water heaters, but will have problems if used as a solar
adsorber/collector, since the cooling of the adsorber will be difficult. If a heat pipe evacuated tube solar adsorber/collector is used,
the heating efficiency to the adsorbent bed is high, but the
cooling-adsorption-evaporation process will dissipate heat to the
outside.
If a plate type solar collector/adsorber is used for the refrigerator, good heating is needed during the day to ensure enough desorption and good cooling during the night to ensure enough adsorption. The needs for heating and cooling are in contradiction.
Normally a compromise will be used to ensure cooling effectively
at night and with small heat dissipation during the day Wang 9.
In order to get high efficiency for solar heating, an evacuated
tube collector should be used. Such an arrangement is used to
raise the temperature of water in the water tank, while the water
tank is well insulated by expanded foam. If the adsorber is immersed in the water tank, the adsorbent bed will be heated by

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Fig. 1 Schematics of a solar water heater and adsorption refrigerator. 1-Evacuated tube solar collector, 2 and 20-water
pipe, 3-water tank, 4-cover plate of the tank, 5-adsorber, 6, 9,
10, 11, 12, 15, 18-valves, 7-water filling control system,
8-condenser, 13-capillary tube, 14-receiver, 16-evaporator, 17ice box, 19-hot water reservoir.

Fig. 2 p-T-x diagram for an ideal combined heating and refrigeration system with heat recovery

Q u

T g2

M water C water dT

T a2

T g1

M a C pl dT

T a2

water through heat conduction. Heating to the adsorber is thus

well thermally insulated and the efficiency is high. During the
night, if the hot water is drained out to another hot water reservoir
or used directly, city water will then fill the water tank. The cold
water will cool the adsorber very quickly, and the coolingadsorption-evaporation process can thereby be initialized. During
the cooling-adsorption-evaporation process, the sensible heat of
the adsorber and the heat of adsorption will be transferred to water
in the tank. After the adsorption process, the water temperature in
the water tank will be higher than the filled water temperature.
This heat recovery process is important to save energy and
thereby increase the total solar energy efficiency.
A hybrid system of a solar powered water heater and ice maker
is constructed, which is simply a combination of a solar water
heater and a solar adsorption ice maker, shown as Fig. 1.
Hot water is expected to be higher than 80C, which is needed
for activated carbonmethanol adsorption refrigeration. Due to
the use of a water tank and because the adsorber is immersed into
water, the adsorbent temperature is usually less than 100C, which
makes methanol chemically stable.
The adsorber is designed as a group of tubes with a diameter of
50 mm, where each tube is embedded with activated carbon, and
the center of the bed is incorporated with a 10 mm channel for
mass transfer purpose. A total of 30 tubes with a length of 800 mm
have been filled with 22 kg activated carbon.

Combined Cycle of Solar Water Heating and Adsorption Refrigeration

Based upon the concept shown as Fig. 1, the operation of the
hybrid combined cycle can be demonstrated as Fig. 2, in which
the heat recovery and ideal operation of the refrigerator are shown
in the p-T-x diagram. In Fig. 2, the point 0 represents the filled
water temperature, 0-1 represents the temperature increase of the
water bath due to the heat recovery, and 1-2-3-4-1 represents the
ideal adsorption refrigeration cycle.
The useful heat from the collector, Q u , will contribute both to
the heating of the water in the tank and to the heating of the
adsorber, which will cause the desorption of refrigerant from the
adsorbent bed. The energy equation can be written as
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

T g2

M m C pm M a C pa dT

T a2

T g2

h d M a dx

T g1

T g2

x T,p c M a C pl dT.

T g1

(1)
The first term represents the heat added to the water bath in the
tank, and the second term is the sensible heat of the metallic tank
and adsorbent mass. Item 3 is the sensible heat of refrigerant
liquid in the adsorbent before desorption, item 4 is the heat of
desorption, and item 5 is the sensible heat of refrigerant remained
in adsorbent bed. In Eq. 1, M water and C water are the mass and
specific heat of the water, respectively. M m and C pm are the mass
and specific heat of the adsorber, respectively. M a and C pa are the
mass and specific heat of the adsorbent respectively. C pl is the
specific heat of the refrigerant in the adsorbed state. Heat of desorption can be described by
H d

T g2

T g1

h d M a dx

T g2

hdM a

T g1

dx
dT.
dT

(2)

Here h d is the heat of adsorption, which is a function of x.

For the adsorption working pair, the adsorption equation of activated carbonmethanol can be described by Wang et al. 10:

xx 0 exp k

T
1
Ts

(3)

where x is the adsorption capacity, k and n are the characteristic

parameters of adsorption refrigeration pair, x 0 is the adsorption
capacity at TT s and P P s where T s is the saturation temperature at pressure P s , and T is the adsorption temperature. Typical
parameter values for the activated carbon-methanol pair are: x 0
0.284, k10.21, n1.39, T s 288.3 K, where Shanghai YK
coconut shell type activated carbon is used. h d can be calculated
based upon the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the theoretical
value of h d can be written as:
h d RA

T
Tc

(4)

where T s T c condensing temperature, R is the gas constant, and

A is the constant of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.
In the evening, the hot water in the tank is drained into another
storage tank or is used directly. Cold water fills the tank to cool
the adsorber. The sensible heat of the adsorber and the heat of
adsorption will cause the filled water to rise in temperature for
several degrees, so this energy will not be lost. The adsorption
FEBRUARY 2002, Vol. 124 71

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temperature, T a2 , is determined by the energy balance between

the filled cold water and the adsorber to be cooled.
The sensible heat for cooling the adsorber bed from T g2 to T a2
is
Q c

T g2

M m C pm M a C pa dT

T a2

T a1

h a M a dx

T a2

T g2

x dil M a C pl dT

T a1

T a1

xM a C pl dT

Table 1 Simulation parameters of the hybrid solar water

heater and ice maker
Mass kg

Materials

Specific heat Jkg"K

Adsorbent carbon
M a 28
C pa 900
Adsorber stainless steel
M m 5
C pm 902
Water in the tank
M water 50
C pwater 4180
Methanol: C pl 750(J/kgK), x 0 0.284 kg/kg, k10.21, n1.39
T s 288.3 K, A4413, Le1102 kJ/kg.

(5)

T a2

where item 1 is the sensible heat of the adsorber mass and adsorbent, item 2 is the sensible heat of refrigerant in the adsorbent bed,
item 3 is the heat of adsorption, which can be calculated as

T a1

T a1

dx
H a
dT,
h a M a dx
haM a
dT
T a2
T a2

(6)

Qc
M water C pwater

(7)

which is also the adsorption temperature for the refrigerator.

The desorbed refrigerant is condensed in the condenser and
flows into the evaporator. When the adsorbent bed pressure is
lower than the evaporation pressure, the refrigerant liquid in the
evaporator will evaporate, which causes the refrigeration effect.
The refrigeration effect is
Q re f xM a L e

(8)

xx conc x dil

(9)

where L e is the latent heat of vaporization, x conc is the adsorbent

capacity before desorption, and x dil is the adsorption capacity after desorption.
Some of the cooling effect will be consumed to cool the refrigerant liquid from the condensing temperature, T c , to the evaporation temperature, T e
Q cc M a xC pl T c T e .

(10)

The refrigeration cycle COP can be written as

CO P cycle

T g2

M m C pm M a C pa dT

T a2

T g1

x conc M a C pl dT

T a2

T g2

h d M a dx

T g1

T g2

xM a C pl dT

T g1

(12)

and item 4 is the sensible heat of the adsorbent during adsorption

process. The sensible heat for cooling is transferred to the filled
cold water in the tank, which may cause the temperature of the
water in the tank to increase by several degrees.
If the filled water has a temperature T 0 , then the water temperature after adsorption is
T a2 T 0

Q g Q u Q water

Q re f Q cc
Qg

(11)

where Q g is the heat for the regeneration of the adsorption bed,

which is shown as

T
Q water T g2 M water C water dT
a2

is the sensible heat to heat the water

in the tank, where the sensible heat to heat the tank is neglected.
In a normal solar powered ice-maker, the plate type adsorber is
used which is also a solar collector. In this case, Q water is zero,
and Q u is the whole contribution of heating to the adsorber. The
energy Q c must be taken away in the evening and the night to
furnish the refrigeration effect. Cooling by normal convection to
the adsorber is difficult to release Q c .
The hybrid system has two useful outputs, one is refrigeration,
with a solar efficiency of
CO P solar

Q re f Q cc

(13)

G t dt

and another is heating the water in the tank, with a solar efficiency
of

solar

Q water

(14)

G t dt

where G(t) is the solar flux density, G(t)dt is the total solar
energy during the day.

Performance Simulation
A hybrid system of a solar water heater and refrigerator has
been invented. The system parameters and the parameters for
simulation are listed in Table 1. In the concept design, a stainless
steel tube type adsorber filled with activated carbon with a diameter of 230 mm had been tried, and the mass of the adsorber and
the activated carbon were 5 kg and 28 kg, respectively Wang
et al. 11.
The solar heat flux density is taken from the solar source in
Shanghai, and the total radiant energy to the collector is assumed
to be G(t)dt20 MJ/m2 per day, with a solar collector effi-

Table 2 Simulated results of the hybrid system for the whole year.
Seasons

Jan.-March

April-June

July-Sept.

Oct.-Dec.

Filled water temp. T o C

Condensing temp. T c C
Evaporation temp. T e C
Adsorption temp. T a2 C
Generation temp. T g2 C
CO P cycle
CO P solar

10
20
10
19.6
86.6
0.48
0.042
0.372
7.9

15
25
10
23.7
93.1
0.44
0.044
0.361
6.3

25
35
10
31
100
0.32
0.038
0.341
3.05

10
15
10
19.5
84.9
0.51
0.046
0.370
8.7

solar

Ice made per day kg

72 Vol. 124, FEBRUARY 2002

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Table 3 Hybrid system performance of heating and ice-making

Experiment
date

Heating
energy
MJ

kg

kg

CO P 60

CO P cycle

CO P system

61

92

120

1.5

9.0

0.129

0.41

0.0591

0.575

44.5

81

120

1.2

6.0

0.113

0.386

0.0548

0.665

39.4

72

120

1.2

4.5

0.095

0.37

0.0475

0.635

April 10-11,
1999
April 1519, 1999
April 20-21,
1999

Hot water

Ice

ciency of 46 percent depending on the product. A solar collector

of vacuum tube heat pipe type is selected 2 m2 efficient area, and
its performance parameters are based on the product performances. Table 2 shows the simulated results for the typical climate of four seasons in Shanghai in a year.
In the simulation, a fixed solar heat flux density of 20 MJ/m2
per day has been assumed, this value will be changed for the real
four seasons. However the simulation results show that about
6 10C temperature increase in the water bath will be generated
by the sensible heat and adsorption heat in the adsorbent bed,
which will spare the energy for solar heating. It is also found that
the refrigeration effect is strongly influenced by the condensing
temperature; it would be suggested to put the condenser partly or
fully in a water bath to decrease the condensing temperature, especially in summer time.

water in the tubes is used for ice-storage, which is directly

immersed into the methanol bath in the evaporator. The refrigeration will cause the temperature of methanol in the evaporator to
drop, which causes a refrigeration effect in the refrigerator box
and water-ice transformation in the evaporator could also be
initialized.

Experimental Research
An electric heater is used to simulate solar heating. For a solar
collector, an average accepted radiation power of 500 W/m2 is
assumed, thus a 1500 W electric heater can simulate a 3 m2 evacuated solar collector. The performances of a hybrid system of an
electric water heater and an adsorption refrigerator are
Q re f Q cc
Qu

(15)

Q re f Q cc
Q h Q g

(16)

CO P system
CO P cycle

Q water
Qu

(17)

The experimental system was filled with 120 kg of water, however a market system will be good for 60 kg of hot water output
with a refrigeration capacity of about 5 kg of ice per day. Table 3
shows some experimental results, where CO P 60 represents the
system COP when the hot water output is 60 kg. CO P 60 is calculated based upon the experimental data and is defined as
CO P system

Q re f Q cc
Q u Q 60

(18)

where Q 60 is the heat of the subtracted 60 kg of water.

It should be indicated that the hybrid system of the solar water
heater and ice maker has been simulated with an electric water
heater and refrigerator, which can meet the demand of family use.
Fig. 3 shows the new system with the combined cycles. The water
heater incorporated with the adsorber is as before Wang
et al. 11, but here an ice box has been replaced by a refrigerator
box. The measurement would not focus on heating and ice making, but on heating and cold storage.
In order to ensure a good condensing effect, the condenser has
been partly immersed into a water bath, which dissipates heat to
its surroundings by natural convection. The evaporator has been
changed from an ice making device into an ice storage evaporator.
Seven closed stainless steel tubes ( 50410 mm) filled with
water were installed into a box-like evaporator. The total 4 kg
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

Fig. 3 Hybrid system of the water heater and refrigerator

Fig. 4 Arrangement of temperature sensors. 1-6-Pt100,

7-evaporator, 8-support plate 1, 9-support plate 2, 10refrigerator box

FEBRUARY 2002, Vol. 124 73

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Fig. 5 The adsorbent temperature and water bath temperature

versus cycle time

Fig. 6 The temperatures in the refrigerator box varied with

time when subjected to one heatingrefrigeration cycle

Fig. 7 p-T-x diagram for the adsorption refrigeration cycle, in

which the sensible heat and heat of adsorption are recovered
by the water bath heat input 55 MJ

For the measurement, there are 6 platinum resistor temperature

sensors with accuracy of 0.1C, shown in Fig. 4, distributed in a
450380580 mm refrigerator box. Sensor 1 is mounted on the
evaporator surface, sensors 2 and 3 are located at 90 mm distance
74 Vol. 124, FEBRUARY 2002

Fig. 8 Cooling load test of the refrigerator

down the evaporating surface, sensors 4 and 5 are at a distance of

250 mm to the evaporating surface, while sensor 6 is at the bottom
of the refrigerator box.
Typical runs are: 120 kg of water in the water tank with a
temperature of 20C, a condensing temperature 30C, and the
electric heat inputs of 55 MJ, 50 MJ, and 40 MJ, respectively.
Figures 57 show the experimental result for the 55 MJ heat
input. It is shown in Fig. 5 that after 5 hr of heating, there is a
temperature drop, which represents the start of desorption desorption valve open. The desorption process needs heat input, so
if there is not enough heat input, then the adsorbent bed temperature drops. After 10 hours of heating, the heating-desorption is
stopped, the hot water is drained out, and city water is filled in.
The temperature of the water bath and also the adsorbent bed is
rapidly reduced. After the adsorbent bed pressure is lower than the
evaporating pressure, then the adsorption process could be started.
At 15 hours of operation, the beginning of adsorption may causes
rapid temperature rise due to the strong adsorption heat release.
Figure 6 shows the temperature changes in the refrigerator box
when subjected to one heating/refrigeration combined cycle. Sensor 1 shows the temperature of the evaporator surface. After adsorption starts, this temperature goes down rapidly to 1.5C, and
then rises up to 0.1C. In the following 4 hours, this temperature
kept in the range of 0 to 1.0C this process is water-ice transformation process. When the 4 kg of water inside the tube in the
evaporator is iced, the temperature of sensor 1 still goes down to
2C. At 24 hours of operation, the heating/refrigeration operation was stopped, and the temperature variations in the refrigerator
box were observed. A typical example is for sensor 1, where the
temperature rises up and stabilizes at about 0C, the refrigeration
box will be kept cold depending on the 4 kg of ice in the evaporator. It is seen that during the 1570 hr period the cold box
temperatures sensors 1 6 are maintained below 5C, which
proves that this refrigerator box is suitable for cold storage. One
operation of the heating and refrigeration cycle will guarantee
food storage for 55 hours.
Figure 7 shows the recorded cycle in a p-T-x diagram corresponding to a 55 MJ heat input with a filled water temperature of
T 0 20C. The energy recovery by the water bath is well shown,
the adsorption temperature T a2 reaches 27.3C due to the sensible
and adsorption heat recovery, and the recovered heat is about 3.7
MJ, which is 6.7% of the total heat input. The recorded data agree
well with an ideal p-T-x diagram in which the cycle consists of
two isotersis heating and cooling and two isobars desorption at
condensing pressure and adsorption at evaporation pressure.
Figure 8 shows the cooling process when the refrigerator box
has a 250 ml water cooling load, and where the water container is
located at the position of the plate 4 and 5 shown as Fig. 4. After
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solar collector for both water heating and adsorption refrigeration. One solar collector can be used for two purposes,
which is reasonable for family use as both heating and refrigeration output are available.
2. In construction: a solar water heater and adsorption refrigerator are connected only with one tube for refrigerant flow,
and the adsorber is immersed into the water tank. In this
case, high efficiency solar collectors such as evacuated tube
type and evacuated tube with heat pipe type can be used.
The hybrid concept has solved the problem for good heating
and good cooling to the adsorber.
3. In energy efficiency: the hybrid system has had good use of
solar energy, the sensible heat and adsorption heat of the
adsorption bed is obviously recovered, which is used again
to heat the water bath in the water tank, and thereby saved
solar energy.
4. Such a hybrid system with a combined cycle of heating and
refrigeration is very suitable for peak-shaving electric water
heating in connection with adsorption refrigeration.

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Key Fundamental
Research Program under the contract No. G2000026309 and The
Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education
under the contract No. 2000024808. The support from the Teaching & Research Award Program for outstanding Young Teachers
in High Education Institutions of Ministry of Education, P. R.
China is also appreciated.

Nomenclature

C pwater
COP
CO P cycle
CO P solar
G(t)
ha
Ha
hd
Hd
k
Le
Ma
Mm
M water
n
Qc
A
C pa
C pl
C pm

Fig. 9 p-T-x diagram for the adsorption refrigeration cycle, in

which the sensible heat and heat of adsorption are recovered
by the water bath. a: Heat input 50 MJ, b: Heat input 40 MJ

2 hours of cooling, the water temperature drops down from 18C

to 6C, and after 6 hours the water temperature is very close to the
temperatures of sensors 4 and 5.
For comparison with the experiment above, another two operation conditions with 50 MJ and 40 MJ heat input have been tested.
Fig. 9 shows the p-T-x diagram of the adsorption refrigeration
system with heat recovery by the water bath. It is clear that the
larger heat input yields a larger closed cycle area in a p-T-x diagram. This is because of the increased desorption.
The experimental results have shown that for the case of 55 MJ
and 50 MJ heat input, the lowest temperature of the evaporator
surface is about 2C, and the 4 kg of water in the evaporator is
cooled by the methanol and iced completely. One such operation
will yield a 100 liter cold box at 4C for more than 55 hours. For
the 40 MJ heat input, the refrigeration effect is obvious, but the 4
kg water can not be fully iced. It is proved that it is still possible
to keep the 100 liter cold box with a temperature below 4C for
more than 24 hours. From the comparison of the above three
experimental results, 50 MJ heat input is more suitable to achieve
good performance of heating and cooling.

Discussions and Conclusions

Based upon the proposed new idea of the combined cycle of
heating and adsorption refrigeration, a hybrid solar powered water
heater and refrigerator has been constructed and tested. This work
shows
1. In application: a solar collector for water heating and a solar
collector for adsorption refrigeration can be unified as one
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering

Q cc
Q re f
Qu
T
Ta
T a1
T a2
Tc
Te
T g1
T g2
Ts
T0
x
x dil
x conc

constant of Clausius-Clapeyron equation

specific heat of adsorbent (kJ/kgK)
specific heat of refrigerant liquid (kJ/kgK)
specific heat of metallic adsorber (kJ/kgK)
specific heat of water (kJ/kgK)
refrigeration COP
refrigeration cycle COP
solar power refrigeration COP
Solar heat flux density W/m2
heat of adsorption kJ/kg
Integrated heat of adsorption kJ
heat of desorption kJ/kg
integrated heat of desorption kJ
Characteristic parameter of adsorption pair
latent heat of refrigerant kJ/kg
mass of adsorbent kg
mass of metallic adsorber kg
mass of water in the tank kg
Characteristic parameter of adsorption pair
heat to cool down the adsorber and adsorbent bed
kJ
cooling consumed to cool down refrigerant from
condensing temperature to evaporation temperature
kJ
Refrigeration effect kJ
heat transferred to the water tank kJ
temperature C
environmental temperature C
temperature to start adsorption C
adsorption temperature C
condensing temperature C
evaporation temperature C
temperature to start desorption C
desorption temperature C
saturated temperature C
filled water temperature C
adsorption capacity kg-refrigerant/kg-adsorbent
adsorption capacity at desorbed state kg/kg
adsorption capacity at adsorbed state kg/kg
FEBRUARY 2002, Vol. 124 75

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x 0 adsorption capacity at a saturated pressure p s corresponding to T s (kg/kg)

solar solar heating efficiency
x adsorption capacity difference between adsorption
phase and desorption phase
xx conc x dil (kg/kg)

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274.
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