Quasi-1D Nozzle Review

Example: Want to find P,T,M, etc. given Po, Pe, and nozzle shape.

Quasi Area is allowed to vary along x coordinate, but flow variables are functions of x
only.

Start out with governing conservation equations:

Mass:

t dV U ndS
V

Momentum:

UdV U n UdS pdS fdV Fviscous

t
V
S
S
V

Energy:

U 2
U 2
q

dV

U ndS pU ndS dV f U dV

t V
2
t
2
S
S
V
V
Assuming:
1. steady
2. inviscid
3. no body forces
4. 2D flow
Quasi-1D: Area is allowed to vary but flow variables are a function of x only

A, u,

A+dA,u+du, +d

Mass:
uA u du d A dA 0
uA uA udA duA d uA higher order terms 0
divide by through uA
dA du d

0
A
u

or
d uA 0

Momentum:
PdA

u 2 A d u du u du A dA PA P dP A dA 2

u 2 A u 2 A u 2 dA u 2 Ad uAdu uAdu PA PA PdA AdP PdA

u udA uAd Adu uAdu AdP

dP udu
dP dP d
dP

udu a 2

d
d s
d
u
2 du

a
Substituting equation into to get:
dA du u

du 0
A
u a2
which can be rearranged to get:
dA du
u 2
dA du

1 M 2 0

2
A
u
a
A
u
dA du

M 2 1

A
u
which can be used to determine general flow behavior in a converging-diverging nozzle,
as below:
M
<1
subsonic
<1
>1
supersonic
>1

Energy:

dA
<0
>0
<0
>0

du
>0
<0
<0
>0

dA <0 --> converging

dA >0 --> diverging
du <0 --> decelerating
du >0 --> accelerating

We will not go through the derivation for the energy equation but,
applying analysis as before will give:
dh udu 0 or c P dT udu

Total-Static-Mach Relations
Isentropic Relations:

T2
P2 2

P1 1
T1

Static-Total
From Energy Equation with uo=0 (total)
c PTo c PT1

u12
2

Rearranging
To
u2
1
T
2cPT
using cP R 1 ,
To
1 u2
1
T
2 RT
Inserting a RT and M u a gives
To
1 2
1
M
T
2

Po
1 2 1
1
M
P
2

o
1 2 1
1
M

2

Given Eq.s ,, and we can now:

Find any static property in an isentropic flow given Mach #, Po,To,o.

Use/control known total conditions to find mach # through nozzle

Area-Mach Relations
From mass

u A uA

at A M

u
1 u a , giving

a
2

a
A

A
u
or
2

o a
A

A
o u
using isentropic relations for the density terms

1 2
1 2
A
M
2
1
M 1
2
A
Mach # is a function of this area ratio only. Must find A*.

Completely Subsonic Flow

Pe Patm
From isentropic relation

2 Po
Me
1

Pe

Can now determine A* and entire Mach # distribution

Po
1 Then: M e 0, A e , A 0 NO FLOW
If:
Pe
A
Po
A
As
increases, Me increases, e decreases, A* increases
Pe
A

1
1

Note that A/A* < 1 is not physically possible. That is, after 1st critical is reached, must
have Amin = A*

Supersonic Flow
Subsonic Flow ahead of throat. Follow supersonic A/A* branch after throat.
A At
A
M e f e
A

2 1
Pe Po 1
Me
2

Suppose we pick Po so that Pe = Patm

If we decrease Po, then Pe < Patm because Me is unchanged. Need weak oblique
shocks to get a small pressure jump.
As Po decreases, need stronger oblique shocks until normal shock at exit, 2nd
critical.

As Po decreases, shock moves up the nozzle. Eventually get to 1st critical.

Increasing Po from 3rd critical, Pe > Patm. Get Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan to get
pressure decrease

Summary:

For our nozzle:

Po ,3 rd 60 psig
Po ,2 nd 20 psig
Po ,1st 8 psig