Last assignment

17-41, 17-58, 17-61, 17-80, 17-81

17-41 Air flows through a duct. The state of the air and its Mach number are specified. The
velocity and the stagnation pressure, temperature, and density of the air are to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K and k = 1.4
(Table A-2a).
Analysis The speed of sound in air at the specified conditions is
c

kRT

1000 m 2 / s 2
(1.4 )(0.287 kJ/kg K)(373.2 K)
1 kJ/kg

387.2 m/s

Thus,
V Ma c (0.8)(387.2 m/s) = 310 m/s

AIR

Also,

P
200 kPa

1.867 kg/m 3
RT
(0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K)(373.2 K)

Then the stagnation properties are determined from

( k 1) Ma 2
T0 T 1

T0

k /( k 1)

T
0 0
T

1 /( k 1)

P0 P

(373.2 K) 1 (1.4 - 1)(0.8)

421.0 K

373.2 K

(200 kPa)

1.4 /(1.4 1)

421.0 K
(1.867 kg/m )

373.2 K
3

421 K

305 kPa

1 /(1.4 1)

2.52 kg/m 3

Discussion Note that both the pressure and temperature drop as the gas is accelerated as part of
the internal energy of the gas is converted to kinetic energy.

17-58 Air enters a nozzle at specified temperature, pressure, and velocity. The exit pressure, exit
temperature, and exit-to-inlet area ratio are to be determined for a Mach number of Ma = 1 at the
exit.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 Flow
through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and isentropic.
Properties The properties of air are k = 1.4 and cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK (Table A-2a).
Analysis The properties of the fluid at the location where Ma = 1 are the critical properties,

1
i
150 m/s

AIR

*
Ma = 1

denoted by superscript *. We first determine the stagnation temperature and pressure, which
remain constant throughout the nozzle since the flow is isentropic.

T0 Ti

Vi 2
(150 m/s) 2
1 kJ/kg

350 K

2c p
2 1.005 kJ/kg K 1000 m 2 / s 2

T
And P0 Pi 0
Ti

k /( k 1)

361.2 K
(0.2 MPa)

350 K

1.4 /(1.4 1)

361.2 K

0.223 MPa

From Table A-32 (or from Eqs. 17-18 and 17-19) at Ma = 1, we read T/T0 = 0.8333, P/P0 = 0.5283.
Thus,
T = 0.8333T0 = 0.8333(361.2 K) = 301 K
and P = 0.5283P0 = 0.5283(0.223 MPa) = 0.118 MPa
Also,

ci

and Ma i

kRT

1000 m 2 / s 2
(1.4 )(0.287 kJ/kg K)(350 K)
1 kJ/kg

375 m/s

Vi 150 m/s

0.40
c i 375 m/s

From Table A-32 at this Mach number we read Ai /A* = 1.5901. Thus the ratio of the throat area
to the nozzle inlet area is
A*
1

0.629
Ai 15901
.

Discussion We can also solve this problem using the relations for compressible isentropic flow.
The results would be identical.
17-61 Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle at a specified pressure. The back pressure that will
result in a specified exit Mach number is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas. 2 Flow through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic.
Properties The specific heat ratio of air is k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis The stagnation pressure in this case is identical to the inlet pressure since the inlet
velocity is negligible. It remains constant throughout the nozzle since the flow is isentropic,
P0 = Pi = 0.5 MPa
From Table A-32 at Mae =1.8, we read Pe /P0 = 0.1740.
Thus,

P = 0.1740P0 = 0.1740(0.5 MPa) = 0.087 MPa

Discussion We can also solve this problem using the

relations for compressible isentropic flow. The results
would be identical.

i
Vi 0

AIR

e
Mae = 1.8

17-80 Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle at a specified state. The required back pressure
that produces a normal shock at the exit plane is to be determined for the specified nozzle
2

geometry.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas. 2 Flow through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic before the shock occurs. 3 The shock wave occurs at the exit plane.
Analysis The inlet stagnation pressure in this case is identical to the inlet pressure since the inlet
velocity is negligible. Since the flow before the shock to be isentropic,
P01 = Pi = 2 MPa
It is specified that A/A* =3.5. From Table A-32,
Mach number and the pressure ratio which
corresponds to this area ratio are the Ma1 =2.80 and
P1/P01 = 0.0368. The pressure ratio across the shock
for this Ma1 value is, from Table A-33, P2/P1 = 8.98.
Thus the back pressure, which is equal to the static
pressure at the nozzle exit, must be

shock
wave
i

AIR

Vi 0

Pb

P2 =8.98P1 = 8.980.0368P01 = 8.980.0368(2 MPa) = 0.661 MPa

Discussion We can also solve this problem using the relations for compressible flow and normal
shock functions. The results would be identical.

17-81 Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle at a specified state. The required back pressure
that produces a normal shock at the exit plane is to be determined for the specified nozzle
geometry.
Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas. 2 Flow through the nozzle is steady, one-dimensional, and
isentropic before the shock occurs.
Analysis The inlet stagnation pressure in this case is identical to the inlet pressure since the inlet
velocity is negligible. Since the flow before the shock to be isentropic,
P01= Pi = 2 MPa
It is specified that A/A* = 2. From Table A-32, the Mach
number and the pressure ratio which corresponds to this
area ratio are the Ma1 =2.20 and P1/P01 = 0.0935. The
pressure ratio across the shock for this M 1 value is, from
Table A-33, P2/P1 = 5.48. Thus the back pressure,
which is equal to the static pressure at the nozzle exit,
must be

shock
wave
i

AIR

Vi 0

2
Pb

P2 =5.48P1 = 5.480.0935P01 = 5.480.0935(2 MPa) = 1.02 MPa

Discussion We can also solve this problem using the relations for compressible flow and normal
shock functions. The results would be identical.
Alternate Solution for 17-81:
The wording of this question is ambiguous. In the previous solution, the assumption is that the
shock remains at the exit plane, and the nozzle is changed so that Ae/A* = 2. It would make more
sense, given the wording, to consider that the nozzle remains the same, i.e. Ae/A* = 3.5, and the
3

shock moves upstream.

Consider location i to be the inlet, e to be the exit, x to be the location just upstream of the shock,
and y to be the location just downstream. Then, Ae/A* = 3.5 and Ax/A* = Ay/A* = 2. Since inlet
velocity is negligible:
P0 , x P0 ,i Pi 2 MPa

From Table A-15, using Ax/A*:

Mx = 2.20
From Table A-16, using Mx:
P0 , y P0 , x 0.62812
M y 0.54706

From Table A-15, using My:

Ay/Ay* = 1.268
where Ay*is the area of the hypothetical throat, i.e., downstream of the shock, the flow behaves
as if it were in a nozzle with throat area Ay*. Now, since P0,e = P0,y, all that is needed to find
Pb = Pe is the ratio Pe/P0,e. However:

Ay Ae
Ae

A y * A y * Ay
and:

Ae Ae A* Ae Ay
1.75
Ay A* Ay A A**
so:
Ae/Ay* = 2.22
Finally, from Table A-15, using Ae/Ay* and the fact that Me < 1:
Pe/P0,e = 0.9460
so:
Pb = Pe = P0,e(Pe /P0,e) = P0,y(Pe /P0,e) = P0,x(P0,y /P0,x)(Pe /P0,e) = 1.188 MPa