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Introduction
Free Vibrations
System oscillate under the action of inherent forces present in the system (No external forces)
Natural frequencies are dynamic characteristics of system based on mass and stiffness
Forced Vibrations
All dynamic systems are subject to dissipative forces (friction, structural resistances)
Generally, damping in structural systems is small and has little effect on the natural frequency
However, damping has a large effect on minimizing the resonance of any structural system
Harmonic Analysis
Rotating machines exert steady, alternating forces on bearings and support structures.
These forces cause different deflections and stresses depending on the speed of
rotation.
Spectrum Analysis
Building frames and bridge structures in an earthquake prone region should be designed
to withstand earthquakes.
Random Vibrations
Spacecraft and aircraft components must withstand random loading of varying
frequencies for a sustained time period.
Causes of Vibration
Vibration is a result of dynamic forces.
1. Imperfections in the Machine:
a) Design
b) Manufacture
c) Assembly
d) Installation
Causes of Vibration
2. Common Machine Problems that generate vibrations
Misalignment
Unbalance
Worn Belts & Pulleys
Bearing Defects
Gear Problems
Bent Shafts
Rubbing
Certain Electrical Problems
Housing Distortion
Hydraulic Forces
Aerodynamic Forces
Reciprocating Forces
Causes of Vibration
3. Common Machine Problems that Amplify vibrations but do not cause it !!
A. Resonance
B. Looseness
On Human beings
FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE
The modal analysis technique is used to determine the vibration characteristics (i.e.,
natural frequencies and mode shapes) of linear elastic structures.
Gives engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different types of dynamic loads.
No loads (forces, displacements, pressures, or temperatures) are allowed; i.e., free vibration.
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Substructure coupling
Structural damage detection
Active vibration control
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Note:
Ideally, the sum of the effective masses in each direction should equal total mass of structure, but will
The ratio of effective mass to total mass can be useful for determining whether or not a sufficient number
of modes have been extracted.
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Harmonic loads (forces, pressures, and imposed displacements) of known magnitude and
frequency.
Output
Harmonic displacements at each DOF, usually out of phase with the applied loads.
The entire structure has constant or frequency-dependent stiffness, damping, and mass effects.
Acceleration, bearing, and moment loads are assumed to be real (in-phase) only.
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All
loads
sinusoidally
and
at
displacements
the
same
vary
known
damping is specified, or
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contact behavior will differ for the nonlinear contact types, as shown below:
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Case study
16
Case study
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Case study
Description
Number of teeth
Speed
rpm
First gear
68
403
457
Second gear
73
689
838
Third gear
64
1108
1182
Forth gear
56
1592
1486
Mode
Ansys
Frequency
Experimental
Frequency
915
868
1212
1275
1583
1543
Fundamental
fx2
fx3
fx4
fx5
fx6
1856
1775
457
914
1371
1828
2285
2742
838
1676
2514
3352
4190
5028
1182
2364
3546
4728
5910
7092
1486
2972
4458
5944
7430
8916
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Case study
Mode
10
8555
2113
2769
4491
4786
5394
5757
5913
6166
6808
6851
6555
2112
2768
4489
4787
5398
5759
5919
6167
6814
6852
4555
2110
2732
4478
4786
5389
5749
5918
6161
6730
6844
8455
2113
2769
4491
4786
5392
5749
5907
6161
6808
6850
6455
2110
2721
4470
4784
5344
5745
5904
6157
6728
6843
4455
2110
2721
4470
4784
5344
5745
5904
6157
6728
6843
8545
2112
2768
4484
4786
5392
5757
5911
6166
6796
6850
6545
2110
2731
4469
4786
5389
5745
5916
6160
6721
6844
4455
2110
2721
4470
4784
5344
5745
5904
6157
6728
6843
8554
2110
2761
4471
4787
5394
5758
5897
6166
6805
6850
6554
2110
2759
4462
4788
5404
5762
5903
6165
6805
6848
4554
2108
2724
4456
4787
5388
5749
5903
6160
6728
6843
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