Topics of Neuroanatomy:

v Central nervous system:

v Protection of the brain
v Ventricle system and CSF
v Cerebral (Cerebrum)
v Brain stem: mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata
v Cerebellar (Cerebellum)
v Spinal cord
v Vascularisation

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Topics of Neuroanatomy:
v Peripheral nervous system
v Cranial nerves
v Spinal nerves

v Anatomical pathways
v Ascending tracts
v Descending tract

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Embryonic development of the brain

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Embryonic development
of the brain

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Protection of the brain

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PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN

v Structures which protected the brain are:
v SCALP: Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurotic Galea,

Loose connective tissue and Pericranium

v Skull (cranium)
v Meninges
v Cerebro-Spinal Fluid

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SCALP AND MENINGES

Figure 1. Meninges around the brain.

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MENINGES
The meninges are composed of three membranous

connective tissue layers:

Dura mater: though, thick external fibrus layer

Arachnoid mater: thin intermediate layer

Pia mater: delicate internal vasculated layer

Arachnoid mater and pia mater are continous

membranes that collectively make up the leptomeninx

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MENINGES

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MENINGES

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DURA MATER
v The dura mater (dura), a two layered membrane that is

adherent to the internal surface of canium, consist of:

v

An external periosteal layer

An internal meningeal layer

v Reection or reduplication of the meningeal layer of

dura:
v

Falx cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

Falx cerebelli

Diaphragma sellae

v Blood suply: middle meningeal arteries.

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DURA MATER

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DURAL SINUSES
v Superior sagittal

v Cavernous sinus

sinus

v Inferior sagittal sinus

v Straight sinus

v Intercavernous sinus
v Superior petrosal

sinus

v Transverse sinus

v Inferior petrosal

sinus

v Occipital sinus
v Conuence of sinuses

v Basilar plexus sinu

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DURAL SINUSES

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DURAL SINUSES

Figure2. Meninges around the brain.

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MENINGEAL SPACES
v The dura-cranium interface (Extradural space or Epidural

space ) is not natural spaces between cranium and external

periosteal layer of the dura mater because the dura is
attached to the bone. it becomes a space only
pathologically.

v The dura-arachnoid junction or interface (Subdural space) is

likewise not a natural space between the dura and the

arachnoid. a space may develop as a result of trauma.

v Subarachnoid space: the space between arachnoid mater and

pia mater. its real a space thats contains CSF, trabecular

cells, cerebral arteries and superior cerebral veins.

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POTENTIAL SPACES

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Head injuries and intracranial hemorrhage

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MENINGEAL SPACES
v Cisterns : areas of subaracnoid space where the brain countour

is greatly changed such that the pia and arachnoid diverge

from each other.

v Major subarachnoid cistern include the:

v Posterior cerebellomedullary cistern (Cisterna Magna)
v Lateral cerebellomedullary cistern
v Pontocerebellar cistern (cisterna pontis)
v Quadrigeminal cistern
v Chiasmatic cistern
v Interpeduncular cistern (cisterna basalis)
v Lumbal cistern
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CISTERNS

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LUMBAL CISTERN

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Ventricular System and

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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VENTRICULAR SYSTEM AND

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
v There are four ventricle in the brain:
v The two lateral ventricles are in the cerebral hemispheres
v The third ventricle is in the diencephalon; the cerebral

aqueduct is in the midbrain; and

v The fourth ventricle is in the pons and medulla regions of

the brain stem.

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Ventricles of the brain

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Lumbar Puncture

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Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

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CEREBRUM
v The cerebrum has two hemispheres (rigth and left) which

separated by longitudinal ssure.

v There are gyry, sulci and ssures on the surface of

cerebral hemisphere.

v Each hemisphere has ve lobes:

v Frontal lobe
v Parietal lobe
v Occipital lobe
v Temporal lobe
v Insula
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CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUM
v Principle ssure or sulci on the lateral view of the

cerebrum:

v Lateral ssure (of Sylvian)

v Central sulcus (of Roland)

v The cerebrum is composed of a supercial cerebral cortex

of gray matter, the cerebral white matter internal to it,

and the deep gray matter of the cerebrum within the white
matter (Basal ganglia).

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CEREBRUM

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CEREBRUM
v Special features on the lateral view of the cerebrum:
v Precentral gyrus the primary motor cortex
v Postcentral gyrus the rimary sensory cortex
v Superior temporal gyrus the primary auditory cotex
v Occipital pole the primary visual cortex
v Triangular part and opercular part of inferior frontal

gyry Brocas speech area

v Angular gyrus and suramarginal gyrusWernickes

speech area

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Functional areas of cerebral cortex

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CEREBRUM
v Outstanding landmarks on the medial view of cerebrum:
v Corpus callosum
v The fornix
v The septum pellucidum
v Anterior commisure

v Principal ssures and sulci on the medial view of cerebrum:

v Calcarine ssure
v Cingulate sulcus
v Parieto-occipital ssure
v Inferior temporal sulcus
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CEREBRUM

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The medial view of cerebrum

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CEREBRUM
v Lobes on the medial view of cerebrum:
v Frontal lobe cingulate gyrus and paracentral lobule
v Parietal lobe rostrally: frontal lobe, posteriorly:

parieto-occipital ssure

v Occipital lobe is divided into cuneus and lingual gyrus

by calcarine sulcus.

v Temporal lobe

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Functional areas of cerebral cortex

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Body maps in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory

cortex of the cerebrum.

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Cerebral white matter

v Underlying the gray matter of the cerebral cortex is

the cerebral white matter.

v It is via the many bers that form the cerebral white

matter that the various areas of the cerebral cortex

communicate both with one another and with the
brain stem and spinal cord.

v Most of these bers are myelinated and bundled into

large tracts.

v The bers are classied as commissural bers,

association bers, or projection bers.

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White fiber tracts of cerebral

hemispheres

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White fiber tracts of cerebral

hemispheres

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Deep gray matter of cerebrum

(Basal Ganglia)
v Deep within the cerebral white matter lies a group of

brain nuclei collectively called the basal ganglia :

v Caudate nucleus
v Lentiforme nucleus:
v Putamen
v Globus palidus

v Claustrum
v Amigdala

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BASAL GANGLIA

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Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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DIENCEPHALON
v The diencephalon is composed of the epithalamus,

thalamus, and hypothalamus, encloses the 3rd

ventricle.

v The thalamus a paired egg-shaped group of brain

nuclei, is the gateway to the cerebral cortex.

v The thalamus is a major relay station for sensory

impulses ascending to the sensory cortex and for

impulses from all brain regions that communicate
with the cerebral cortex.

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DIENCEPHALON AND THE BRAIN STEM

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DIENCEPHALON
v The hypothalamus, a series of brain nuclei, is the

brains most important visceral control center.

v The hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles, hunger,

thirst, body temperature, secretion by the pituitary

gland, the autonomic nervous system, and some
emotions and behaviors.

v The small epithalamus contains the pineal gland,

which secretes a hormone called melatonin that is

involved in the nighttime stage of the sleep-wake
cycle.
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DIENCEPHALON

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DIENCEPHALON (THALAMUS)

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The Brain Stem

Mesencephalon, Pontine and Medulla Oblongata

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BRAIN STEM
v The three basic subdivision of brain stem are:
v Midbrain (Mesencephalon )
v Pontine (Pons)
v Medulla oblongata

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Ventral of the brain showing the three parts of the brain stem:
medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain

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BRAIN STEM

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BRAIN STEM
(MESENCEPHALON)
The midbrain is divided into a tectum and paired

cerebral peduncles, with the latter containing the

pyramidal motor tracts in the crus cerebri.
In the tectum, the superior and inferior colliculi

mediate visual and auditory reflexes.

The red nucleus and substantia nigra participate in

motor functions.
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BRAIN STEM
(MESENCEPHALON)

v The periaqueductal gray matter elicits the

fear response.

v The midbrain also contains motor nuclei of

cranial nerves III and IV, nerves that control

eye muscles.

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BRAIN STEM (PONTINE)

v In the pons, nuclei of cranial nerves VVII lie near

the fourth ventricle.

v The ventral region of the pons contains the

pyramidal tracts plus the pontine nuclei that project

to the cerebellum.

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BRAIN STEM (PONTINE)

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BRAIN STEM
(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)
v The medulla oblongata contains the pyramids and

their decussation, all formed by the pyramidal tracts.

The olives contain relay nuclei to the cerebellum.

v Nuclei of cranial nerves VIIIXII lie near the fourth

ventricle.

v Centers in the medullary reticular formation regulate

respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and other

visceral functions.

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BRAIN STEM
(MEDULLA OBLONGATA)

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Cerebellum

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CEREBELLUM
v The cerebellum smooths and coordinates body

movements and helps maintain posture and

equilibrium.

v Its main divisionsthe paired cerebellar

hemispheres and the vermisare divided

transversely into three lobes: anterior, posterior, and
occulonodular.

v The cerebellar surface is covered with folia (ridges)

and ssures.

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CEREBELLUM
v From supercial to deep, the main regions of the

cerebellum are the cortex, the arbor vitae, and the

deep cerebellar nuclei.

v The cerebellum connects to the brain stem by the

superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles,

thick ber tracts that carry information to and from
the cerebellum. All these bers are ipsilateral.

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CEREBELLUM

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Vasculature of Brain

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Vasculature of Brain
v The blood supply to the brain is from the internal

carotid and vertebral arteries.

v The internal carotid arteries arise in the neck from

the common carotid arteries and enter the cranial

cavity with the carotid plexus of sympathetic nerves
through the carotid canals.

v The terminal branches of the internal carotids are

the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

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Circle of Willis

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Circle of Willis
v A circular anastomosis formed by:
v The posterior communicating arteries
v The posterior cerebral arteries
v The internal carotid artery
v The anterior cerebral arteries
v The anterior communicating arteries

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Circle of Willis

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References :

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