REFERENCE NO.

: E54 - AUX MACH 2

1. COURSE NAME: Auxiliary Machinery 2
2. COURSE DESCRIPTIONS: The course includes the marine refrigeration cycle,
principles of refrigeration, refrigerating compressors, refrigerating
system components, refrigerating system brines, cold storage
spaces, steering gear principles, steering gear hydraulic control
systems, steering gear electrical control, hydraulic power-operated
rudder systems, hydraulic power rotary pumps, electric steering
systems, emergency steering, and deck machinery maintenance.
3. NUMBER OF UNITS FOR LECTURE AND LABORATORY:
2 LECTURE, 1 LABORATORY = 3 UNITS
4. NUMBER OF CONTACT HOURS:
2 LECTURE, 3 LABORATORY = 5 HOURS
5. PREREQUISITES: Auxiliary Machinery 1
6.

COURSE OBJECTIVE: The student will be able to explain the

function/operation/basic maintenance of auxiliary machinery such
as steering gear, deck machinery, hull equipment, air conditioning
and refrigeration plants normally installed on board ships.

FUNCTION: Marine Engineering at the Operational Level and Maintenance and

Repair
7. COURSE OUTLINE:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:
The student shall be able to
7.1. Marine Refrigeration Cycle
7.1.1 state that a refrigeration cycle operates on reversed heat-engine
cycle
7.1.2 describe the working fluids for this cycle as refrigerants
7.1.3 state that the working fluids are in both the liquid and vapour
phases during the cycle, energy levels and other properties for the
working fluid must be obtained from tables of thermodynamic
properties
7.1.4 describe the four main components of the plant as:
7.1.4.1 the evaporator, in which the low-pressure refrigerant enters
as a cold liquid and is evaporated to a cold low-pressure
vapour
7.1.4.2 the compressor, in which the low-pressure cold vapour is
compressed to a high-pressure superheated vapour
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7.1.4.3

the condenser, in which the hot-high-pressure vapour is

cooled and condensed to a cool liquid
7.1.4.4 the expansion valve, where the cool high-pressure liquid is
throttled and expanded to a low-pressure cold liquid
7.1.5 state that the energy required to evaporate the low-pressure liquid
refrigerant to a pressure vapour at constant low temperature is
transferred from the refrigerated chambers, either directly or
through a secondary coolant such as brine
7.1.6 state that the transfer of energy from the refrigerated chamber is
that which produces and maintains its low temperature
7.1.7 state that the refrigeration plant performance is measured by the
quantity of energy extracted from the refrigerated chambers per
unit energy supplied in compressor work
7.1.8 state that the input energy from the compressor is the difference
between values of the refrigerant energy at the inlet to and at the
exit from the compressor
7.1.9

Using Energy extracted in the evaporator, derived from the above objectives
Energy input from compressor

calculates the performance of a refrigerator

7.1.10 draw and labels a line diagram of a refrigeration plant, using
blocks for the main components and arrows to indicate flow of the
working fluid and indicating the energy values at important points
of the cycle
7.1.11 apply simple numerical calculations related to, and making use of
the above objectives
7.1.12 list the refrigerants commonly used in marine refrigeration systems
7.2.

Principles of Refrigeration
7.2.1 explain in simple terms the difference between refrigeration, air
conditioning and ventilation
7.2.2 state that marine refrigerating systems operate on a reversed
Ranking cycle, which is also termed the vapour-compression cycle
7.2.3 sketch a single line and block diagram of a refrigeration system,
system components and arrows to indicate flow of refrigerant,
showing the following components:
7.2.3.1 compressor
7.2.3.2 condenser
7.2.3.3 regulator valve and controlling sensor
7.2.3.4 evaporation
7.2.3.5 oil separator
7.2.3.6 drier
7.2.4 show on the diagram in the above objective the parts of the system
where the following processes take place:
7.2.4.1 removal of superheat
7.2.4.2 condensation
7.2.4.3 throttling
7.2.4.4 evaporation
7.2.4.5 compression

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7.2.4.6 expansion
7.2.4.7 charging
7.2.5 describe the requirements of a primary refrigerant
7.2.6 name common primary refrigerants currently specified under IMO
recommendation (ozone protection)
7.2.7 describe the purpose of a secondary refrigerant
7.2.8 name common secondary refrigerants
7.3.

Refrigerating Compressors
7.3.1 state the types of compressor in common use
7.3.2 describe in simple terms the application of the types of compressor
in the above objective
7.3.3 state that cylinder block of a reciprocating compressor can be
either in line or in a vee
7.3.4 describe with aid of simple sketches, a rotary gland seal
7.3.5 describe how excessive pressure in the cylinder is relieved

7.4.

Refrigerating System Components

7.4.1 state the function of the expansion valve
7.4.2 describe how the expansion valve is controlled
7.4.3 sketch an expansion valve in section s a single line diagram
7.4.4 describe briefly how an oil separator works
7.4.5 states the function of liquid receiver
7.4.6 describe how the system can be controlled automatically using the
temperature of the cold room
7.4.7 describe in simple terms a condenser
7.4.8 describe in simple terms an evaporator

7.5.

Refrigerating Components
7.5.1 state the operating conditions which indicated that the system is
functioning correctly
7.5.2 describe the effect of variations in seawater temperature on the
running of refrigerating system
7.5.3 explain how a deficiency in refrigerant charge is detected and
rectified
7.5.4 describe the effect in refrigeration circuits of:
7.5.4.1 air
7.5.4.2 moisture
7.5.4.3 oil
7.5.5 describe how air can be removed from the circuit

7.6.

Refrigerating System Brines

7.6.1 describe the composition of a brine
7.6.2 explain how the density of brine is varied to suit the temperature of
operation
7.6.3 determine the density of brine samples
7.6.4 states that a brine density should be sufficient to give a freezing
temperature below the lowest temperature required

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7.6.5 states that a brine should be maintained with an alkalinity between

pH 8 and 9 to minimize corrosion
7.6.6 determine the pH value of brine samples
7.6.7 explain the precautions to be taken if a brine has to be made with
sodium chloride
7.6.8 describe the process of making a brine
7.7.

Cold Storage Spaces

7.7.1 describe the principles of insulation of storage spaces
7.7.2 state that range of temperature for spaces containing:
7.7.2.1 frozen meat
7.7.2.2 vegetables
7.7.2.3 fresh fruit
7.7.2.4 milk
7.7.2.5 butter
7.7.3 Maintain Steering Gear (Supervised Student Activity)
7.7.3.1 telemotor transmitter
7.7.3.2 telemotor receiver
7.7.3.3
hydraulic power pumps
7.7.4 Refrigeration Maintenance (Supervised Student Activity)
7.7.4.1 Compressor
7.7.4.2 Evaporator
7.7.4.3 Condenser
7.7.4.4 expansion valves
7.7.4.5
oil separator

7.8.

Steering Gear Principles

7.8.1 state that the gear is vital to the safety of a ship; it must function
correctly and be properly serviced and maintained
7.8.2 state that there must be two independent means of steering
7.8.3 state that alternative control of the steering gear must be provided
in the steering gear compartment
7.8.4 draw a line and block diagram to represent the major component of
a steering system showing;
7.8.4.1 the steering-wheel transmitter located in the bridge space
7.8.4.2 the rudder-control receiver unit-located aft in the steering
compartment
7.8.4.3 the systems conveying the transmitter signal to the receiver
7.8.4.4 the power system which moves the rudder
7.8.4.5 the rudder-control feedback to the system
7.8.5 state that the function of the receiver is to act on the signal from the
transmitter and through a control element to operate the rudder
power system
7.8.6 state that the rudder power system can be hydraulic or electrical
7.8.7 identify the particular requirements of oil tankers

7.9.

Steering Gear Hydraulic Control Systems

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7.9.1 describe the transmitter, receiver and associated pipes and valves,
etc. as a telemotor system
7.9.2 state that for reasons of safety, two independent pipe systems are
used between the transmitter and the receiver
7.9.3 describe a telemotor system using single line diagrams, showing
how:
7.9.3.1 fluid is displaced by movement of the steering wheel
7.9.3.2 fluid displacement at the receiver affects the control element
of the rudder power system
7.9.4 describe the properties required of telemotor fluid
7.9.5 explain how, in telemotor system:
7.9.5.1 deficiency of fluid is made up automatically and manually
7.9.5.2 excess pressure is relieved
7.9.5.3 an imbalance of pressure can be corrected
7.9.5.4 tests are made for leaks
7.9.5.5 air and other gases are bled from the system
7.9.6 explain the importance of maintaining the system free of air and
other gases
7.9.7 explain the importance of maintaining the system leak-free
7.10. Steering Gear Electrical Control
7.10.1 describe the principles of operation of an electrical control system
7.11. Hydraulic Power-Operated Rudder Systems
7.11.1 explain that the systems can be principally cylinders and rams or a
radial-vane motor
7.11.2 sketch, using lines and block diagrams, the system of cylinders and
rams, showing how, with a pair of rams in line and two rams in
parallel hydraulic pressure actuates the rudder through a crosshead
or trunnion and tiller-arm assembly
7.11.3 state that, in a radial-vane-type system, hydraulic pressure acts on
radial vanes attached to the rudder stock, this producing movement
of the rudder
7.11.4 describe normal operation of rudder drive pumps and system
indicating which valves are open and which are closed
7.11.5 state the materials normally used in the main components in the
above objectives
7.12. Hydraulic Power Rotary Pumps
7.12.1 state that rotary positive-displacement pump is used to obtain
displacement of fluid and produce movement of the rudder
7.12.2 state that the pump in the above objective is driven by an electric
motor
7.12.3 describe the principle of operation of a radial cylinder pump
7.12.4 describe the principle of operation of a swash-plate pump
7.12.5 describe how the pumping action is controlled:
7.12.5.1 by linkage to the telemotor receiver and
7.12.5.2 by linkage to the rudder, for feedback control
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7.5.13 describe with the aid of single line sketch, how the pump is
controlled to move the rudder from one position to another
7.5.14 state that the fluid in the system must be the correct mineral-base
oil which is clean and free of moisture
7.5.15 explain how the reserve of fluid in the system is checked and how
make-up is achieved
7.5.16 explain how shocks to the system from wave action on the rudder
are absorbed
7.5.17 explain the conditions which may require the use of one or two
pumps in normal operation
7.5.18 describe how a steering system is tested prior to leaving port with
reference to IMO recommendations
7.13. Electric Steering Systems
7.13.1 describe how the control system incorporating transmitter and
receiver can be based on a Wheatstone bridge
7.13.2 explain how movement of the steering wheel or rudder will produce
an out-of balance current in the bridging circuit
7.13.3 state that the out-of-balance current can be used directly or
indirectly to produce power in the motor driving rudder
7.13.4 explain the principle of the Ward-Leonard system
7.13.5 explain the principle of the single-motor system
7.14. Emergency Steering
7.14.1 describe how the systems can be controlled from:
7.14.1.1 a local position in the steering compartment at the rudder
head
7.14.1.2 an emergency steering position on deck
7.14.2 describe alternative systems of steering that can be used in an
emergency
7.15. Deck Machinery Maintenance
7.15.1 lifeboats davits and gear
7.15.2 mooring winch
7.15.3 windlass
7.15.4 winch
7.15.5 crane
7.15.6 Structure Maintenance
7.15.6.1 hatch-closing
7.15.6.2 watertight door
8. EQUIPMENT,MATERIALS, CHEMICALS, TEACHING AIDS:
The equipment, materials, chemicals, teaching aids needed in this
course is listed in the attached appendix 1.
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9. REFERENCES:
9.1 Hind, J. Anthony. Ship Gears.
9.2 Althouse. Refrigeration and Air conditioning.
9.3 Morton, T.D. Motor Engineering knowledge for Mar. Engineers.
9.4 Jackson, L. and Morton, T. General Engineering knowledge for Marine
Engineers.
9.5. Millan, Mario D. Auxiliary Machinery 2.
9.6. Whitman. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. 1989.
9.7. Dossat, R. Principles of Refrigeration. 1991.
9.8. Reids. Heat and Heat Engines for Engineers, Vol. 3
9.9. Lagnay, J. Marine Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.

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