GD3106 PENGANTAR GEODESI FISIK

PENDAHULUAN
Kelompok Keahlian/Keilmuan Geodesi
Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung

PENGANTAR GEODESI FISIK

Ilmu Geodesi : geometrik dan fisik
Peranan gayaberat bumi dalam penentuan bentuk dan dimensi bumi
beserta variasi temporalnya
Medan gayaberat bumi, sistem-kerangka referensi serta koordinat
Bagaimana pengaruh dan manfaat serta apa yang bisa dipelajari dari
medan gayaberat bumi dalam ilmu geodesi ?
Penentuan parameter-parameter medan gayaberat bumi
Menghitung undulasi geoid N

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DEFINISI GEODESI
Geodesy is considered as a displine which deals mainly with mapping of the Earth
andthe monitoring of variations at its surface. From the very beginning those tasks
were connected with the gravity vector g (absolute value and direction) (Groten,
1979)
The problem of geodesy is to determine the figure and the external gravity field of
the Earth and of other heavenly bodies as functions of time, as well as to determine
the mean Earth ellipsoid from parameters observed on and exterior to the Earths
surface (Torge, 1980)
Geodesy is the discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of
the Earth, including its gravity field , in a three dimentional time varying space
(Vanicek and Krakiwsky, 1982)
Geodesy is the science which determines the figure of the Earth, its gravity field,
its orientation in space as well as their temporal changes, and contributes to open
the door to decode the complex interactions between components subsystems
of the System Earth. (from Geodesy its Challenge in the Third Millenium)
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THE THREE PILLARS OF GEODESY

NASA Solid Earth Science

Working Group report

Geodesy's Object:
The Dynamic Earth

Shape & Deformation

http://xenon.colorado.edu

Changes in the shape of the Earth

- displacements
- kinematics
- strain

Earth Rotation

http://message1wc.blogspot.com

Changes in the Earth rotation:

- polar motion
- length of day

Gravity & Geoid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid#

Changes in the gravity field of the Earth

- local gravity
- geoid
- gravity field DASL 2014

THE GLOBAL GEODETIC OBSERVING SYSTEM (GGOS)

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THE GLOBAL GEODETIC OBSERVING SYSTEM (GGOS)

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PENENTUAN BENTUK BUMI

Bentuk bumi dapat dinyatakan secara
matematis dalam bentuk elipsoida yang
didefinisikan oleh :
Semi-major axis = equatorial radius = a
Semi-minor axis = polar radius = c
Flattening (hubungan antara jari-jari
ekuator
dan kutub): f = (a-c)/a
Eccentricity: e2= 2f-f2
Z

GRS80 ellipsoid
a
Y

a=6378137 m
b=6356752.314 m
f=(a-b)/a=1/298.257222101
=7292115x10-11rad/s

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PENENTUAN BENTUK BUMI : GEOMETRIK

Lintang
Bujur
Ekuator

x = (N + h ) cos cos
y = (N + h ) cos sin

z = (N (1 e 2 ) + h )sin
a
N=
(1 e2 sin 2 )

Geoid
Ellipsoid

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PENENTUAN BENTUK BUMI : FISIS

Land surface

Geoid adalah bidang ekipotensial

gayaberat bumi yang berimpit
dengan permukaan laut ideal

h=H+N
h

H (orthometric height)

Geoid
an equipotential surface

N (Geoid height)
P

Ellipsoid

Di Lautan, geoid adalah permukaan air laut (dengan

asumsi tidak ada arus, gelombang , dll .
Di Daratan, geoid tidak sama dengan permukaan
topografi (lokasinya dapat dihitung menggunakan
pengukuran gaya berat)
Undulasi Geoid disebabkan oleh distribusi massa di
Bumi
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SEJARAH
1828: C.F. Gauss first describes the "mathematical figure of the Earth"
(Heiskanen and Moritz, 1967, p. 49 ; Torge, 1991, p. 2 ; Gauss, 1828)

1849: G.G. Stokes derives the formula for computing the "surface of the
Earth's original fluidity" from surface gravity measurements. This later
became immortalized as "Stokes's integral" (Heiskanen and Moritz, 1967, p.
94; Stokes, 1849)
1873: J.F. Listing coins the term "geoid" to describe this mathematical
surface (Torge, 1991, p. 2 ; Listing, 1873)
1880: F.R. Helmert presents the first full treatise on "Physical geodesy",
including the problem of computing the shape of the geoid
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GEOID EGM96

http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/926/egm96/egm96.html
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GEOID EGM2008

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GRAVITY = GAYABERAT

http://www.layoutsparks.com/1/242119/gravity-lessons-cartoon-character.html

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GRAVITY = GAYABERAT

http://from-e-to-abc.blogspot.com/2013_10_01_archive.html

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FENOMENA MEDAN GAYABERAT BUMI

www.astro.uva.nl

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FENOMENA 1 : PENGERTIAN TINGGI

Kemanakah air mengalir ???
- Tinggi orthometrik
- Tinggi dinamis
- Tinggi normal
- Tinggi geodetik
B
A

II

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FENOMENA 2 : LINTASAN ORBIT

http://spaceinfo.jaxa.jp

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FENOMENA 3 : TOPOGRAFI PERMUKAAN LAUT

Sea
Surface
Height

Sea Surface
Topography
Geoid Height

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FENOMENA 4 : VARIASI DENSITAS BUMI

Topografi (Perancis)

Anomali gaya berat (Perancis)

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GRAVIMETRI
Gravimetri adalah pengukuran dan analisis medan gaya berat bumi serta
variasinya dalam ruang dan waktu (terkait dengan pengukuran dan
analisis bentuk serta dimensi bumi)
Aplikasi Gravimetri
Penentuan geoid
Studi struktur internal bumi
Eksplorasi
Isostasi dan sifat-sifat mekanik lithosfera
Pasang surut bumi
Transfer fluida geofisika antar reservoir
Orbit satelit
Planetary gravimetri

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DISKUSI

Apakah gaya berat itu ?

Bagaimana dan mengapa gaya berat itu bervariasi
dalam ruang dan waktu ?
Informasi apakah yang terkandung di dalam variasi
gaya berat ?

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APAKAH GAYABERAT ITU ?

Dina A S L - 2006
Newton

Newtons law of gravitation

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GAYA BERAT = GAYA GRAVITASI + GAYA SENTRIFUGAL

Gaya gravitasi

Gaya sentrifugal

1G = 9.8m/s2 980cm/s2 (GAL)

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VARIASI GAYABERAT TERHADAP LINTANG

984

Nilai gaya berat

100.3kg

983
982
981

100.0kg

980
979

978
0 102030405060

lintang

99.8kg
Bumi

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VARIASI GAYABERAT TERHADAP KETINGGIAN

Gaya tarik besar

Gaya tarik kecil

Gravitational force 1/r2

0.3 mgal/ 1 meter at the surface
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ANOMALI GAYABERAT

-300mgal

+300
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PENYEBAB ANOMALI GAYABERAT

Perbedaan densitas massa di bawah permukaan bumi

(mgal)

Gravity Anomalies
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-11

Observed
Calculated

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5
2.0
Distance (km)

Depth (km)

DensityStructure
Structure
Density

2.5

3.0

Low
Low Density

Petro, Gas
Basement

waterBasement

Sediment
Sediment
2.00

High

High Density

Distance
(km)
Distance
(km)

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VARIASI TEMPORAL GAYA BERAT

MATAHARI/BULAN

PASUT

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GRAVITY TIDES
gal

150
100
50

100
80
60
40
20

0
-20

-50
-100

-40
-60
-80

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VARIASI GAYA BERAT : UDARA DAN AIR

Tekanan Tinggi

Atraksi bertambah

Air Tanah
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VARIASI GAYA BERAT

nGAL

GAL

mGAL

GAL

kGAL

(Weight Changes)

Surface G

(100kg)

Spatial

latitude

(500g)

Altitude

(30g/km)

Gravity
Anomalies

(30g

Temporal

Earth Tides 30mg)

Atmospheric P
Ocean tides
(1mg)
Groundwater (1mg)
Volcano, Earthquake,
Ice Sheet, 1mg)
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PENGUKURAN GAYA BERAT

Vacuum
Chamber

Freefalling
Upper Mirror

Interferometer

Laser

Interference
Detector

Stationary Lower Mirror

Absolute Gravimeter
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Interferometry

MAX
/2

min

Photodiode
Laser

B.S.

fringe signal sweeps in frequency as test mass falls

under influence of gravity
5

Fringes

sin 2x

Michelsons interferometer

4
5
0
0

5
5

time recorded (w.r.t. rubidium oscillator) at each

minimum creating (t,d) pairs at every /2

Micro-G solutions,Inc, Derek van Westrum

Absolute Gravimeter FG5)

gal
mm

PENGUKURAN GAYA BERAT

Gravity Difference
Temporal Variations

LaCoste & Romberg

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Field Gravity
Measurements

gal
979,707,670
hcm

Superconducting
Gravimeter

1ngal
3

SATELIT GAYA BERAT

H-L SST:
Absolute Measurements
in Space

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CHAMP

Gravity Measurements
by twin satellites
Satellite

potential

Gravity Measurements
by twin satellites
Satellite

potential
High
Density

Gravity Measurements
by twin satellites
Satellite

potential
Low
Density

GRACE Mission

PEMANTAUAN LINGKUNGAN

Global warming
Ice melting
Sea level rise
Water resources

KLINIK KESEHATAN BUMI

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STATIK

EGM96 Geoid Height

http://cddis.nasa.gov/926/egm96/egm96.html

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VARIASI TEMPORAL

Pergerakan kerak bumi

NUVEL-1A NN

Variasi medan gaya berat global terhadap waktu

menggunakan Satelit GRACE
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GEODESI DAN MEDAN GAYABERAT BUMI

TIME RESOLUTION

AIRBORNE
& TERESTRIAL
Bathymetry
FrontALTIMETRY

Ice Bottom
CHAMP GRACE GOCE
Topography

Planets

Static

Plumes

Mantle Convection

Secular

Annual
Seasonal

Mass
Balance

Sea level
Change
Hydrology
Water Balance
Storage Variation

Plate-boundaries

Solid Earth

Ground Water

Oceans

Snow
Basin Scale
Ocean Flux

AtmoSphere

Core
Modes

Sea Ice

Ice
Flow

Soil mosturaise

Ocean
Bottom
Current

ALTIMETRY

Diurnal

Global Height
System

Lithosphere Structure

Monthly

Semi-diurnal

Coastal Currents

Glacial Isostatic
Adjustment Ice Sheet

Decadal

Interannual

Topographic Control

Quasi-Static
Ocean Circulation

Run off

Ice
hydrology

Post-Seismic
Deformation

Geodesy

Slow+Silent
Earthquakes

Planets
Dimodifikasi dari
Haagmans & Rummel
(2004) dan Ilk (2005)

Solid Earth & Ocean Tides

Volcanos

Co-seismic Deformation

Instantaneous
10000

1000

100
10
SPATIAL RESOLUTION

1 (km)

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