ME 5440 Fluid Mechanics Solutions for Homework 3 1 Problem 1 © Prove that the total enthalpy is constant along a streamline for a steady inviscid flow with no heat conduction or body forces. « Using this fact, compute the temperature at the stagnation point for a space capsule reentry vehicle traveling at Mach 15 in air where the ambient temperature is T = 120K. Use the following values for air: = 1.4, Cy = 1002,J/kg/K, R = 287J/kg/K Note that the Mach number is the velocity divided by the speed of sound. The speed of sound of a gas is given by c= y7RT where Ris the gas constant for air. Under these conditions the energy equation reads: Oph. ApE pu; at” ae; Oa; oO Since the flow is steady we have: OpE Ha ~° @) and bringing the right hand side over to the left, we get: dpuj(E+®) a 8) which can be written in terms of the total enthalpy H as: OpusH “Or; 0 ) Using chain rule differentiation we get: OH Ooms 5 pug, +H = 0 (5) ‘The second term vanishes due to the mass conservation equation which reads, for steady inviscid flow: pu, Be (6) leaving us with: OH W5,, 9 (7)This is equivalent to the statement that H is constant along a streamline, To see this, one can rewrite this as DH OH.) OH De Ht G5, = since the flow is steady and thus, oH n° (8) (9) For a capsule in a flow at Mach 15, the total enthalpy far away (freestream total enthalpy) is equal to the enthalpy at the stagnation point on the capsule (where velocity = 0). Thus we have: 1 Opto + U2 = OTe which gives: 1 ie Talat Get Too + sop Mach RT. = Toa + 3p Machi Roe or (10) (a) (12) (13) using the definition of Mach number and speed of sound. Plugging in the numbers gives: T i 1 120 [1+ — 20 [1+ 308 5533 1s x14 eae (a) (15)2 Problem 2 Consider a point vortex of strength I at a distance h from a vertical wall. Calculate the velocity induced by this vortex at an arbitrary point on the wall. (Write this in terms of P, hh, and z the coordinate of the point along the wall). Determine the vertical and horizontal components of this induced velocity. Repeat this excercise for an image vortex behind the wall. Determine the resultant horizontal and vertical velocities at the wall due to both the primary and image vortices and show that the wall must be a streamline. For a point along the wall at 2, the total distance from the vortex is, d= VPA (16) and thus the velocity at that point induced by the vortex is, (17) (18) (a9) (20) (21) r h ° Ones * Va (2) Th "= dase) (23) ‘The image vortex is placed at -h behind the wall and has opposite rotation (—T). Thus, the velocities induced by the image vortex are: Tz “= oe) (24) and Th (+a) (5)The total induced velocity of both vortices is thus: u=0 (26) and (27) proving that the wall is a streamline, since the velocity at any point 2 along the wall is vertical, and thus aligned with the wall.3 Problem 3 Modern jet engines have two jet exhausts, the outer core and the inner core. The outer core is slower cool air (turbofan bypass) and the inner core is a fast hot exhaust gas flow. At the rear of the engine, the inner core has a velocity of 350 meters per second, while the outer core has a velocity of 120 meters per second. If we model this slip stream as a vortex sheet, what is the strength of the vortex sheet (in terms of circulation per unit length) ? If we assume that viscosity has diffused the vortex sheet so it is not really infinitesimally thin, but has a thickness of 1 cm, what is the average vorticity in the vortex sheet ? Be sure to give answers with correct dimensional units. ‘The strength of the vortex sheet is given by: a = Au = 350 — 120 = 230m/sec (28) ‘The average vorticity is given by setting the integral of vorticity over the area of integra- tion equal to the circulation around the contour. J [tas fids—r (29) Assuming the area of integration is given by a rectangle of thickness An = lem and some arbitrary Iength As, the vorticity integral can be approximated by the average vorticity times the area, and the circulation by the average vortex sheet strength times the length This gives: oa = Gay oA = 7 (30) a _~@,, Basan = as (i) dvi dean (32) Putting in the values with correct units yields: o= Bom leee (33) @ = 23000 Isec (34) 54 Problem 4 Consider the flow in 2 90° comer, confined by the walls @ = 0 and @ = 90°, Consider a point vortex at a distance x and y from the walls. Show that the vortex path is given by: 1 2 + 3 constant (35) Hint: Use three image vortices to model the flow in the corner. The path lines of the vortex are given by 4 = u and % = v where w and v are the velocity components in x and y respectively at the vortex location. Show that 4 = = = and then integrate to get the answer. ‘The are 3 image vortices have the following strengths and locations # Vortex 1: -T at x,y # Vortex 2: —T at xy @ Vortex 3: Tat -x-y We first compute the horizontal and vertical velocities induced by these three vortices on the vortex at x: (36) (7) us (33) (9) (10) Beery) (al) ‘The calculation of velocities induced by the third vortex is similar to that derived in Problem 2 previously. Summing these three velocities together we get: Tz? Mat = Tae) (42) rye Yael = “Tee (48) and the streamline is given as: (44)which is solved using separation of variables as: giving:5 Problem 5 Recall the Biot-Savart Law for a three-dimensional vortex filament. a—! fa. tee di= Zax Fs | Consider an infinite vortex line that forms a straight line through the x-y-z origin and is, aligned with the z axis. ‘© Write an expression for the induced velocity dif at a point. p with coordinates x= =0 due to the element of the vortex line dl centered at the origin x=0, (47) ‘@ Write a more general expression for the induced velocity at p (x=h, y=0, 2=0) due to ‘an element of the vortex line dif located at z = z, along the vortex line. ‘¢ Using this general form, integrate the induced velocity expression along the entire vortex line (from z = —00 to z = +00 ) to obtain the well known expression for the induced velocity at p due to a point vortex in two dimensions. Hint 1: Because i,» is the unit vector in the rr’ direction, the cross product can be evaluated as: di x i, = dlsind (48) where 4 is the angle between the vortex line and the r ~ rf vector, ‘i 1 : Hint 2: Use the following integral : J Gapped = Sia In the first case, the vectors are as follows (using 7, 7, to denote unit basis vectors in x,yuz respectively): (49) (50) 6) ‘Thus the induced velocity becomes: . _ Pde = dt = EF kxi (52) dls a= 557 (53) In the second case we have: (54) (55) (56) |ror'P= (57) di x Typ = dlsind = dl. (58)‘Thus the induced velocity becomes: Tid = a ae 4n(24 hI (59) Integrating from 2 = 90 to z= +00 to get the total induced velocity (noting that dl=dz for this purpose) we get «= Paa ‘and using the integral given in the hint we get: ust, 2 ite aye ‘Taking the limits we get u © which is the familiar 2D result for a point vortex. (60) (61) (62) (63)6 Problem 6 Consider two vortices of equel strength TP’ (and equal direction of rotation) a distance h apart in a uniform flow of velocity u=U, v=0. Determine the motion of this vortex pair. What i the total circulation for a contour drawn around both vortices ? How does this circulation change as the vortex pair flows downstream ? The first part of this problem was done in class with the exception that the background flow was zero. Now just add the vortex motion onto the constant freestream background flow to get the final motion, The total cizculation around the vortex pair is 20° This circulation is constant as the vortices flow downstream by Kelvin's theorem. 10