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We can find the fundamentals of microstrip antennas in [1] where the theories
of rectangular and circular patches as microstrip antennas have been elaborately discussed. A brief discussion on the theory of microstrip antennas is
presented here. Our discussion mainly focuses on rectangular patch.
Figure 1 depicts a rectangular patch antenna. It contains a very thin
(t 0 , where 0 is the free space wavelength) metallic strip (patch) placed
a small fraction of wavelength (h 0 , usually, 0.0030 h 0.050 )
above the ground plane. The microstrip is designed so its pattern maximum
is normal to the patch (broadside radiator). This is accomplished by properly
choosing the mode of excitation beneath the patch. End-fire radiation can
also be accomplished by judicious mode selection. For a rectangular patch
the length L of the element is usually 0 /3 < L < 0 /2. The patch and the
ground plane are separated by a dielectric referred to as substrate in figure
1.
1.1
Feeding Methods
There are various methods for feeding a microstrip antenna. The common
methods include:
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1.2
Methods of Analysis
The size of a simple rectangular patch is slightly less than half of the resonating wavelength. It is slightly less because due to fringing fields the effective
length of the antenna becomes slightly more than the physical length. Thus
if an antenna is designed for bluetooth or wireless application i.e., 2.4 GHz
(0 = 125 mm), the required patch length is about 6 cm. This size is quite
large for applications like mobile phone. Moreover, at many places for better
performance, a number of patches are to be combined together to make an
array. Thus the size becomes much higher than this.
Another problem of microstrip antennas is that it has less bandwidth. In
most of the cases it is convenient to use either strip line feeding or probe feeding. As discussed in section 1.1 in these two types of feeding the bandwidth
is very less.
Another problem in microstrip antenna design is the minimization of return loss (S11 parameter). This ensures that the impedance between the
feed mechanism and the antenna are properly matched and hence there is
minimum reflection from the antenna back to the source. Usually the frequency at which the return loss of an antenna becomes minimum is called
the resonating frequency of the antenna
A number of approaches have evolved over years to overcome these limitations. Some commonly used techniques include:
Modified Geometry of Patch: In this technique the patch shape is
different from the conventional rectangular or circular patches. Such
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The two most common parameters used for analysis of an antenna are:
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ANSYS HFSS software is the industry standard for simulating 3-D full-wave
electromagnetic fields. Its gold-standard accuracy, advanced solver and highperformance compute technology have made it an essential tool for engineers
doing accurate and rapid design of high-frequency and high-speed electronic
components. HFSS offers multiple state-of the-art solver technologies based
on finite element, integral equation or advanced hybrid methods to solve
a wide range of microwave, RF and high-speed digital applications. It was
originally developed by Professor Zoltan Cendes and his students at Carnegie
Mellon University, who is currently the chief technology officer of Ansoft
Corporation, Pittsburgh, USA.
The HFSS basically uses the FDTD method for the analysis of antennas. The major difference between FDTD and other numerical techniques is
that analytical processing and modeling are almost absent in FDTD. Therefore, complex antennas can also be analyzed using FDTD. There are various
advantages of using FDTD method such as:
1. It is a direct implementation of the Maxwells curl equations. Therefore, analytical processing of Maxwells equations are almost negligible.
2. It is capable of predicting broadband frequency response because the
analysis is carried out in time domain.
3. It is capable of analyzing complex systems, including wave interaction
with human body, or satellits, nonlinear device simulations, complex
antennas and so on.
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7.1
The SRR and the CSRR, to fit the convention of transmission line model, is
often modeled as an LC tank circuit.
One of the pioneer works for modeling the SRR and CSRR using equivalent circuit is [26] which is shown in figure 8.
Now we need Cc and L0 to get the values of the resonant frequency of the
SRR or the CSRR. The value of CSRR is given by equation 1 [26].
3 0
Cc = 2
c
1+
[bB(kb) aB(ka)]2
0.5
1
+
k2
1+
tanh(kh)
0
dk
0
tanh(kh)
(1)
(2)
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Figure 8: Topologies of the: (a) SRR and (b) CSRR, and their equivalentcircuit models (ohmic losses can be taken into account by including a series
resistance in the model). Grey zones represent the metallization. [26]
c
2
b=c+a
a = r0
(3)
(4)
B is given by equation 5.
B(x) = S0 (x)J1 (x) S1 (x)J0 (x)
(5)
Where, Sn (x) is the nth order Struve function of x and Jn (x) is the nth order
Bessel function of x. The nth order Struve function of x is given by equation
6.
x m+1
X
(1)m
Sn (x) =
(6)
(m + 3/2)(m + n + 3/2) 2
m=0
The nth order Bessel function of x is given by equation 7
2 m
x
x n X
4
Jn (x) =
2 m=0 m! (n + m + 1)
(7)
One limitation of such models is that they are too complicated to calculate
and they are often limited to the first resonance of the CSRR structure which
may be beyond the area of interest.
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7.2
As said by Pendry in [11], the SRR gives negative value of megnatic permeability () of a material. CSRR, being the complementary structure of the
SRR, gives negative value of electric permittivity () in a narrow band above
its resonant frequency. Thus when the CSRR is applied below a microstrip
line, the wave passing through the line is notched at that frequency. Hence
the CSRR can be used as a narrow band stop filter. To make the filter a
pass band instead of a stop band, capacitive gaps need to be etched in the
microstrip line to nullify the tank inductance. The structure with capacitive
gaps is given in figure 9.
The microstrip patch along with the ground plane is often modeled as a
cavity resonator. Two walls of the cavity, namely the patch and the ground
plane, are perfect electric conductor (PEC) whereas the remaining six walls
(the two radiating edges and the two non-radiating edges) are perfect magnetic conductors (PMC). The dielectric is filled inside the cavity. When a
CSRR is etched from the ground plane below that patch, in a narrow band
near the resonance frequency of the patch. Thus at that frequency the a part
of the dielectric inside the cavity is of negative permittivity. This gives rise
to change in the resonant frequencies of the antenna.
Figure 11: Frequency vs. Transmission Parameter (S21 ) plot that indicates
resonant frequency of the CSRR
We have found that at resonant frequency the CSRR behaves like a notch
filter when etched on the ground plane below a microstrip line. This property
may be used to estimate the resonant frequency of the CSRR. The experimental setup is as shown in figure 10. A CSRR is etched from the ground
plane below the microstrip line. It is to be noted that the thickness of the
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References
[1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design, New Delhi, 2nd
Edition, India, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2005
[2] S. C. Gao, L. W. Li, M. S. Leong, and T.-S. Yeo, Analysis of an h-shaped
patch antenna by using the FDTD method, Progress In Electromagnetics
Research, Vol. 34, 165-187, 2001.
[3] M. Samsuzzaman, and M. T. Islam, Inverted S-Shaped compact antenna
for X-band applications, Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific
World Journal, Volume 2014, Article ID 604375, 11 pages.
[4] X Li, X Ren, Y Yin, L Chen, and Z Wang, A wideband twindiamond-shaped circularly polarized patch antenna with gap-coupled
feed, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 139, pp: 15-24, 2013.
[5] L. Lu and J.C. Coetzee, Reduced-size microstrip patch antenna for Bluetooth applications, IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 41 No. 17, pp. 944-945,
August, 2005.
[6] K. Y. Kapusuz, H. Tora, and S. Can, Neural network based estimation of
resonant frequency of an equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna,
Technical Gazette, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp: 955-960, 2013.
[7] G. F. Khodaei, J. Nourinia, and C. Ghobadi, A practical miniaturized
u-slot patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth, Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 3, pp. 47-62, 2008.
[8] M. T. Islam and M. Samsuzzaman, Miniaturized Dual Band Multislotted Patch Antenna on Polytetrafluoroethylene Glass Microfiber Reinforced
for C/X Band Applications, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, The Scientific World Journal, Vol. 2014, Article ID 673846, 14 pages.
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