MATHEMATICS 4 IN ONE BOOK

MATHS DICTIONARY
MATHS FORMULAE
MATHS MAZICS
MATHS TECHNIQUES

BY

S.V.V.KRISHNA M.Sc

MATHS DICTIONARY
Acute angle

An angle less than 90.

Adjacent

Adjacent sides are next to each other and are joined by

a common vertex.

Algebra

Algebra is the branch of mathematics where symbols or

letters are used to represent numbers.

Angle

An angle is formed when two straight lines cross or meet

each other at a point. The size of an angle is measured
by the amount one line has been turned in relation to the
other.

Approximate

An approximate value is a value that is close to the

actual value of a number.

Arc

Part of a circumference of a circle.

Area

The amount of space a shape takes up. E.g. the area of

the lawn is 35 square metres.

Asymmetrical

A shape which has no lines of symmetry.

Average

A value to best represent a set of data. There are three

type of average - the mean, the median and the mode.

Axis

An axis is one of the lines used to locate a point in a

coordinate system.

B
Bearing

A three digit angle measured from north in a clockwise

direction.

BIDMAS

A way of remembering the order in which operations are

carried out. It stands for Brackets - Indices - Division Multiplication - Addition - Subtraction.

Bisect

To divide an angle or shape exactly in half.

Brackets

Used to determine the order in which operations are

carried out. For example, 3 + 4 x 2 = 11 but (3 + 4) x 2 =
14.

C
Calculate

To work out the value of something. This does not have

to mean you need a calculator!

Centilitre (cl)

A measure of volume. 100 centilitres = 1 litre (100 cl = 1

l). 1 centilitre = 10 millilitres (1 cl = 10 ml).

A measure of distance. 1 centimetre = 10 millimetres. (1

Centimetre (cm) cm = 10 mm). 100 centimetres = 1 metre. (100 cm = 1
m).
Chord

A straight line drawn from one point on the edge of a

circle to another.

Circumference

The perimeter of a circle.

Coefficient

The number in front of an algebraic symbol. For example

the coefficient of 5x is 5.

Congruent

If you can place a shape exactly on top of another then

they are said to be congruent. You may rotate, reflex or
translate the shape.

Constant

A letter or symbol whose value always stays the same.

The constant is a common example.

Credit

To add money to a bank account. For example, I had

500 credited to my bank account.

Cross section

The end section created when you slice a 3D shape

along it's length.

Cube number

The product when an integer is multiplied by itself twice.

For example 5 cubed = 5 x 5 x 5 = 125.

Cuboid

A 3D shape with all sides made from rectangles.

Cumulative
frequency

A running total of the frequencies, added up as you go

along.

D
Day

A time period of 24 hours. There are 7 days in a week.

Debit

To take out money from a bank account. For example,

400 was debited from my account.

Decagon

A ten sided polygon.

Decimal

Not a whole number or integer. For example, 3.6 or

0.235.

Decrease

To make an amount smaller.

Denominator

The bottom part of a fraction.

Diameter

The distance across a circle which passes through the

centre.

Difference

Subtract the smaller value from the larger value to find

the difference between two numbers.

Distance

How far away an object is. For example, it is a distance

of 3 miles to the city centre.

Distribution

How data is shared or spread out.

E
Equal
Equation

Used to show two quantities have the same value.

Two expressions which have the same value, separated

by an '=' sign. E.g. 3y = 9 + y

Equilateral
triangle

A triangle with all sides and angles the same size.

Estimate

To find an approximate answer to a more difficult

problem. E.g. 31.2 x 5.94 is roughly equal to 30 x 6 =
180.

Even number

Any number which is a multiple of 2. Even numbers

always end in 2, 4, 6, 8 or 0.

Expand

To multiply out brackets in an expression. For example,

2(3x + 7) = 6x + 14.

Expression

A collection of terms which can contain variables (letters)

and numbers. E.g. 4pq - q + 7

F
Factor

A number that divides another number exactly. E.g. 4 is

a factor of 12.

Factorise

To put an expression into brackets by taking out a

common factor. For example, 20x + 15y = 5(4x + 3y).

Figures

Another name for numbers. For example one thousand

and fifty in figures is 1050.

Formula

An equation used to describe a relationship between two

or more variables.

Frequency

How many times something happens. Another word for

'total'.

Frequency
density

The frequency divided by the class width.

Gradient

How steep a line is. Found by dividing the distance up by

the distance across.

Gram (g)

A measure of mass. 1 gram = 1000 milligrams. (1 g =

1000 mg)

H
HCF

Stands for 'highest common factor'. It is the largest factor

common to a set of numbers. E.g. The HCF of 16 and 24
is 8.

Heptagon

A seven sided polygon.

Hexagon

A six sided polygon.

Histogram

A diagram drawn with rectangles where the area is

proportional to the frequency and the width is equal to
the class interval.

Hypotenuse

The longest side on a right angled triangle.

I
Increase

To make an amount larger.

Indices

Another name for powers such as or .

Integer

A whole number.

Inter-quartile
range (IQR)

The difference between the upper and lower quartile.

Irrational

A decimal which is never ending. It must also not be a

recurring decimal.

Another word for 'explain'. Often crops up on your maths

exam. E.g. 'Calculate the mean and range for each
player. Who is the better player Justify your answer.'

Justify

K
Kilogram (Kg)

A measure of mass. 1 kilogram = 1000 grams. (1 kg =

1000 g)

Kilometre (Km)

A measure of distance. 1 kilometre = 1000 metres. (1 km

= 1000 m)

L
LCM

Stands for 'lowest common multiple'. It is the smallest

multiple common to a set of numbers. E.g. The LCM of 3
and 4 is 12.

Litre (l)

A measure of volume. 1 litre = 100 centilitres (1 l = 100

cl). 1 litre = 1000 millilitres (1l = 1000 ml).

Loci

The plural of locus.

Locus

A collection of points which are the same distance from

another point or line.

Lower range

The smallest value in a set of data.

M
Mean

A type of average found by adding up a list of numbers

and dividing by how many numbers are in the list.

Median

The middle value when a list of numbers is put in order

from smallest to largest. A type of average.

Metre (m)

A measure of distance. 1 metre = 100 centimetres. (1 m

= 1000 cm).

Millilitre (ml)

A measure of volume. 10 millimetres = 1 centilitre (10 ml

= 1 cl). 1000 millilitres = 1 litre (1000 ml = 1 l).

Millimetre (mm)

A measure of distance. 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre.

(10 mm = 1 cm).

Modal

Another term for mode

Mode

The most common value in a list of numbers. If two

values are tied then there is two modes. If more than two
values are tied then there is no mode. A type ofaverage.

Month

A time period of either 28, 30 or 31 days. There are 12

months in a year.

Multiple

A number which is part of another number's times table.

E.g. 35 is a multiple of 5.

N
Natural number

A positive integer

Negative

A value less than zero

Nonagon

A nine sided polygon.

Numerator

The top part of a fraction.

O
Obtuse angle

An angle between 90 and 180 .

Octagon

An eight sided polygon.

Odd number

A number that is not a multiple of 2. Odd numbers

always end in 1, 3, 5, 7 or 9.

Operation

An action which when applied to one or more values

gives an output value. The four most common operations

are addition. subtraction, multiplication and division.

P
Parallel

Two or more lines which are always the same distance

apart.

Parallelogram

A quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides.

Pentagon

A five sided polygon.

Perimeter

The distance around a shape.

Perpendicular

Two or more lines which meet at right angles.

Pi ()

An irrational constant used when calculating the area

and circumference of circles. It is approximately equal to
3.14.

Polygon

A shape made from straight lines.

Positive number A number greater than zero.

Prime

A number which has exactly two factors. The number

one and itself.

Prism

A 3D shape with the same cross section all along its

length.

Probability

A measure of how likely an event is to occur.

Product

The answer when two values are multiplied together.

Q
Quadratic
equation

An equation where the highest power is two. For

example x + 4x + 6 = 0 is a quadratic equation.

Quadrilateral

A four sided polygon.

R
Radius

The distance from the centre of a circle to its

circumference. The plural of radius is radii.

Random
sampling

A method of choosing people at random for a survey.

Range

The largest number take away the smallest value in a set

of data.

Rational

A decimal number which ends or is recurring.

Reciprocal

The reciprocal of any number is 1 divided by the number.

E.g. the reciprocal of 3 is 1/3., the reciprocal of 3/4 is 4/3.

Recurring

A decimal which never ends but repeats all or parts of

the sequence of numbers after the decimal point. E.g
0.333333 or 0.141414.

Reflex angle

An angle greater than 180 .

Regular

A shape with all sides and angles the same size.

Remainder

The amount left over when a number cannot be divided

exactly. For example, 21 divided by 4 is 5 remainder 1.

Right angle

An angle of 90 .

Rotation

To turn a shape using an angle, direction and centre of

rotation.

Round

To reduce the amount of significant figures or decimal

places a number has. For example 178 rounded to the
nearest 10 is 180.

S
Scale

Scale factor

How many times larger or smaller an enlarged shape will

be.

Segment

An area of a circle enclosed by a chord.

Sequence

A list of numbers which follows a pattern. For example 6,

11, 16, 21, ...

Simplify

To write a sum, expression or ratio in its lowest terms.

For example 4:10:6 can be simplified to 2:5:3.

Solid

A 3D shape.

Solve

To find the missing value in an equation.

Speed

How fast an object is moving. Average speed = Total

distance divided by time taken.

Square number

The product when an integer is multiplied by itself. For

example, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100.

Sum

The answer when two or more values are added

together.

Surface area

To total area of all sides on a 3D shape.

Symmetrical

A shape which has at least one line of symmetry.

T
Tally

A system of counting where every group of four vertical

lines is followed by a horizontal line to easily count in
steps of five.

Tangent

A straight line that just touches a point on a curve. A

tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius which
meets the tangent.

Term

A number, variable or combination of both which forms

part of an expression.

Transformation

The collective name for reflections, rotations, translations

and enlargements.

Translation

To move a shape from one position to another by sliding

in the x-axis followed by the y-axis.

Trapezium

A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides.

Tree diagram

A method of solving probability questions by listing all

the outcomes of an event. Probabilities are calculated by
multiplying down the branches.

Triangle

A three sided polygon.

Triangular
number

A sequence of numbers generated by adding one more

than was added to find the previous term. For example,
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, ...

U
Units

A quantity used to describe a measurement. Examples

are kilograms, metres and centilitres.

Upper range

The largest value in a set of data.

V
Value

A numerical amount or quantity.

Variable

A letter which we don't know the value of.

Volume

The amount an object can hold. E.g. a bottle of cola has

a volume of 2 litres.

W
Week

A time period of 7 days.

Wide

Used to describe the width of something

Width

The distance from side to side. E.g. 'The swimming pool

is 10 metres wide.'

X
The horizontal axis on a graph. The line going across the
page.

X-Axis

Y
Y-Axis

The vertical axis on a graph. The line going from top to

bottom.

Y-Intercept

The value of the y-coordinate when a graph crosses the

y-axis.

Year

A time period of 12 months or 365 days. (366 in a leap

year.)

Z
Z-Axis

Represents the depth of an object when working with 3D

coordinates.

MATHS FORMULAE
Pure Mathematics
Mensuration
Surface area of sphere = 4r 2
Area of curved surface of cone = r slant height
Arithmetic Series
un = a + (n 1)d
Sn = 12 n(a + l) = 12 n [2a + (n 1)d]
Geometric Series
un = ar n1

Sn = a(1 r n )
1r

a
S = 1 r for | r | < 1
Summations
n

r 2 = 16 n(n +1)(2n +1)

r=1
n

r3 = 14 n2 (n
2

+1)

r=1

Binomial Series
nn

n +1

rr +1

r
n

(a + b) = a

+1

n
+a

n1

1
n
where
(1+ x)

n
=

n
b +a
2

n2

n
2
b +K+ a
r

nr

b +K+b

(n N)

n!
Cr =

r!(n r)!
n(n 1) 2
n(n 1)K(n r +1) r
=1+ nx +
x +K+
x +K
1.2
1.2Kr

Logarithms and exponentials

e x ln a = a x
Complex Numbers
{r(cos + i sin)}n = r n (cos n + i sin
n) ei = cos + i sin
2k i

The roots of z n =1 are given by z = e n , for k = 0, 1, 2, K , n 1

( x <1, n R)

Maclaurins and Taylors Series

x 2
x r (r )

f (x) = f (0) + xf (0) + 2! f (0) + K + r! f (0) + K

(x a)2
(x a)r (r )

f (x) = f (a) + (x a) f (a) +

2!
r!
f (a) + K
f (a) + K +
2
r
x
x (r )

f
f (a + x) = f (a) + xf (a) + 2! f (a) + K + r!
(a) + K
2
r
x
e = exp(x) =1 + x + x + K + x + K for all x
2
!

r!
r
2
3
r+1 x
ln(1+ x) = x x + x K + (1)
+K
2
3
r
3

x
x
r x2r+1
sin x = x
K + (1)
+
+K
(2r + 1)!
3! 5!
2

tan

x
r x2r+1
x = x 3 + 5 K (1) 2r +1 + K
x

x3 x5
x2r+1
sinh x = x + 3! + 5! + K + (2r + 1)! + K
cosh x =1+

x 2 x4
x2r + K
+
+K+
2! 4!
(2r)!

3
5
tanh 1 x = x + x + x + K + x2r+1 + K
5
2r +1

Hyperbolic Functions
2

for all x

x
x
x2r + K
cos x =1
K + (1) r
+
2! 4!
(2r)!
1

(1 < x 1)

cosh x sinh x =1
sinh 2x = 2sinh x cosh x
cosh 2x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x
cosh 1 x = ln{x +

x2 1}

(x 1)

sinh 1 x = ln{x + x2 +1}

tanh 1 x = 1 ln 1 + x
( x <1)
1 x
2

for all x
(1 x 1)

for all x
for all x
(1 < x <1)

Coordinate Geometry
Conics
Ellipse
Standard
Form

x2

Parabola

=1
+
a2 b2
(a cos, b sin)

Parametric
Form
Eccentricity

Hyperbola

= 4ax

e =1

Foci

(ae, 0)

(a, 0)

Directrices

a
x= e
none

x = a

(a cosh, bsinh)
e >1
2
2 2
b = a (e 1)
(ae,
0)

Asymptotes

none
a

Trigonometric Identities
sin( A B) = sin Acos B cos Asin B
cos(A B) = cos Acos B msin Asin B
tan( A B) = tan A tan B
( A B (k + 1 ))
1 m tan A tan B
2
2
2t , cos A = 1 t
2
2
1+ t
1 +t
2
sin A + sin B = 2sin A + B cos A B
2
sin A sin B = 2 cos A + B sin A B

For t = tan

2
2
2

A : sin A =

2
cos A + cos B = 2 cos A + B cos A B
2
cos A cos B = 2sin A + B sin A B

Vectors
The resolute of a in the direction of b is

a.b

b
The point dividing AB in the ratio : is

a + b
+

Matrix transformations
cos

Anticlockwise rotation through about O:

sin

y2

=1

a2 b2
(a sec, b tan)

(at , 2at)

e <1
2
2
b = a (1 e )

sin
cos

cos 2

sin 2

sin 2

cos 2

Reflection in the line y = (tan)x :

a
x=e
x=y
b

Rectangular
Hyperbola
xy = c

(ct, t
e= 2

( 2c,

2c)

x + y = 2c
x = 0, y = 0

Differentiation

Function

Derivative

f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x)

f (x)
g(x)

(g(x))2
sec2x sec

tan x
sec x

x tan x

cosec2 x
cosec x cot x
1
2
1x

cot x
cosec x

sin 1 x
cos1 x

1
x2 1

tan 1 x

1 + x2

sinh x

cosh x
sinh x
2
sech

cosh x

tanh x
sinh 1 x
cosh1 x
tanh

x1
1+
2

x 1

x2 1
1
1 x2

Integration (+ constant; a > 0 where relevant)

Function

Integral

tan x

ln sec x

cot x

ln sin x

cosec x

ln cosec x + cot x = ln tan(1 x)

sec x

ln sec x + tan x = ln tan(

sec2 x

a 2 x2
1

a 2 + x2
1

x a

cosh1

tan 1

x2 a 2 }

= ln{x +

sinh 1

a 2 + x2

(x > a)

x = ln{x +

x2+a2}

a2 x2

2a

ln

a+x
ax

1
a

tanh 1

x
a

1 xa
ln
2a x + a

1
2

x a

x + 1 )

tan x
cosh x
sinh x
ln cosh x
sin 1x
( x < a)
a

sinh x
cosh
x tanh
x1

du

dx
d v
u d x dx = uv v dx

( x < a)

Area of a sector
1

A = 2 r d
Arc length
s =

s =

(polar coordinates)

dy

1+

(cartesian coordinates)

dx

dx
dx

dy

(parametric form)

dt

dt
dt
Surface area of revolution
S x = 2

S y = 2

y ds =2

x ds =2

dx

2
y +

dt
dx

dy

dt

dt
2

dy 2
+

dt

dt

dt
Numerical Mathematics

Numerical integration
The trapezium rule:

Simpsons Rule:

y dx 1 h{( y + y ) + 2( y + y + K + y
2

n1

)} , where h = b a
n

y dx

h{( y0 + yn ) + 4( y1 + y3 + K + yn1 ) + 2( y2 + y4 + K + yn2 )} ,

where h = b a and n is even

n
Numerical Solution of Equations
The Newton-Raphson iteration for solving f (x) = 0 : xn+1 = xn

Mechanics
Motion in a circle
Transverse velocity: v = r

&

& 2

Radial acceleration: r

= r

v2
2
= r = r

Centres of Mass of Uniform Bodies

2

Triangular lamina: 3 along median from vertex

f (xn )
f (xn )

Probability & Statistics

Probability
P( A B) = P( A) + P(B) P( A B)
P( A B) = P( A) P(B | A)
P(B | A) P( A)

P( A | B) =

P(B | A) P( A) + P(B | A ) P( A )
Bayes Theorem: P( A j | B) =

P( A j ) P(B | A j )
P( Ai ) P(B | Ai )

Discrete distributions
For a discrete random variable X taking values xi with probabilities

pi

Expectation (mean): E(X ) = = xi pi

2

Variance: Var(X ) = = (xi ) pi = xi pi

For a function g(X ) : E(g(X )) = g(xi ) pi
Standard discrete distributions:
Distribution of X

P( X = x)

Binomial B(n, p)

n
x

x
p

(1 p) nx

x

e
x!

Poisson Po()

Mean

Variance

np

np(1 p)

Continuous distributions
For a continuous random variable X having probability density function

f Expectation (mean): E( X ) = = xf (x) dx

Variance: Var(X ) = 2 =

( x )2 f(x) dx = x 2 f (x) dx 2

For a function g( X ) : E(g(X )) = g(x) f (x) dx

Cumulative distribution function: F(x) = P( X x) = x f (t)

dt Standard continuous distributions:
Distribution of X

P.D.F.

Uniform (Rectangular) on [a, b]

U[a,b]
Normal N(,

Mean
1

1
ba
1

2 (a

1 x

2 e

+ b)

Variance
1
12

(b a)

Expectation algebra
For independent random variables X and Y
E(XY ) = E( X ) E(Y ) , Var(aX bY ) = a2 Var(X ) +b2 Var(Y )
Sampling distributions
For a random sample X1, X 2 , K, X n of n independent observations from a distribution having
mean and variance 2
X is an unbiased estimator of , with Var(X ) =

2
n

2
S 2 is an unbiased estimator of 2 , where S 2 = ( X i X )
n 1

For a random sample of n observations from N(, 2 )

~ N(0, 1)

/ n
X

S/ n

~t
(n1)

If X is the observed number of successes in n independent Bernoulli trials in each of which the
probability of success is p, and Y =
Var(Y ) =

E(Y ) = p and

X
n , then

p(1 p)
n

For a random sample of nx observations from N(x , x2 ) and, independently, a random

sample of n y observations from N(y , 2y )

( X Y ) ( )
x

x2 + 2 y
nx ny

~ N(0, 1)

Method of Least Squares

If yi = + xi + ei , i =1, 2, ..., n,
then the least squares estimates of and respectively,
are b = S xy / S xx, a = y bx,
where S xy (xi x)( yi y) = xi yi (xi )(yi ) / n
S xx (xi x)2 = xi2 (xi )2 / n
2
If e , .e , ..., e are independent and each is distributed as N(0, ), then
1

(i)

a is an observation from N ,

nS xx

(ii)

b is an observation from N ,

2S
xx

(iii) y 0 = a + bx0 , the least squares estimate of y0 = + x0 ,

is an observation from

N y0

, 2

(x 0 x)
S

xx

Here is a list of Algebraic formulas

a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b)
(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
a2 + b2 = (a b)2 2ab
(a b)2 = a2 2ab + b2
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 +c2
+ 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
(a b c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2
2ab 2ac + 2bc
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b +
3ab2 + b3 ;
(a + b)3 = a3+b3 + 3ab(a
+ b)
(a b)3 = a3 3a2b +
3ab2 b3
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab
+ b2)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab
+ b2)
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b +
3ab2 + b3
(a b)3 = a3 3a2b +
3ab2 b3

(a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b +
6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4)
(a b)4 = a4 4a3b +
6a2b2 4ab3 + b4)
a4 b4 = (a b)(a +
b)(a2 + b2)
a5 b5 = (a b)(a4 + a3b
+ a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
Laws of Exponents
(am)(an)
=
am+n
(ab)m
=
ambm
m n
mn
(a ) = a
Fractional Exponents
a0 = 1

MAZICS IN NUMBERS

1)17 = 23 + 32
pq

qp

This is the only number of the form x +

17 = 34 43

Is this the only number of the form x + pq -

qp

2)Triangular Numbers
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, ...

This Triangular Number Sequence is generated from a pattern of dots

which form a triangle.
By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find
the next number of the sequence:

3)Square Numbers
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, ...

They are the SQUARES of whole numbers:

0 (=00)
1 (=11)
4 (=22)
9 (=33)
16 (=44)
etc...

4)CUBE NUMBERS
1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, ...

They are the CUBES of the counting numbers (they start at 1):
1 (=111)
8 (=222)
27 (=333)
64 (=444)
etc...
5)Fibonacci Numbers
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

The Fibonacci Sequence is found by adding the two numbers before

it together.
The 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1)
The 21 is found by adding the two numbers before it (8+13)
The next number in the sequence above would be 55 (21+34)

6)

1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
1234567
12345678
123456789

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

9
98
987
9876
98765
987654
9876543
98765432
987654321

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

+ 2
+ 3
+ 4
+ 5
+ 6
+ 7
+ 8
+ 9
+10

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

11
111
1111
11111
111111
1111111
11111111
111111111
1111111111

7)
1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
1234567
12345678
123456789
8)
9
98
987
9876
98765
987654
9876543
98765432

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

88
888
8888
88888
888888
8888888
88888888
888888888

9)
1
11
111
1111
11111
111111
1111111
11111111
111111111

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

1 = 1
11 = 121
111 = 12321
1111 = 1234321
11111 = 123454321
111111 = 12345654321
1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 = 12345678987654321

10) 91 = 9
92 = 81
and 8 + 1 = 9
93 = 729 and 7 + 2 + 9 = 18
and 1 + 8 = 9
94 = 6561 and 6 + 5 + 6 + 1 = 18
and 1 + 8 = 9
5
9 = 59049 and 5 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 9 = 27 and 2 + 7 = 9

11)
(1 + 5 + 4 + 7)(12 + 52 + 42 + 72) = 1547
(2 + 1 + 9 + 6)(22 + 12 + 92 + 62) = 2196
Other numbers with this property are 1, 133, 315, 803, and 1148.

Speed maths techniques

1. Addition of 5
When adding 5 to a digit greater than 5, it is easier to first
subtract 5 and then add 10.
For example,
7 + 5 = 12.
Also 7 - 5 = 2; 2 + 10 = 12.
2. Subtraction of 5
When subtracting 5 from a number ending with a a digit
smaller than 5, it is easier to first add 5 and then subtract 10.
For example,
23 - 5 = 18.
Also 23 + 5 = 28; 28 - 10 = 18.
3. Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first
by 2 and then divide by 10.
For example,
1375/5 = 2750/10 = 275.
4. Multiplication by 5
It's often more convenient instead of multiplying by 5 to
multiply first by 10 and then divide by 2.
For example,
1375 = 1370/2 = 685.
5. Division by 5
Similarly, it's often more convenient instead to multiply first
by 2 and then divide by 10.
For example,
1375/5 = 2750/10 = 275.
6. Division/multiplication by 4
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2.
For example,
124/4 = 62/2 = 31. Also,
1244 = 2482 = 496.
7. Division/multiplication by 25
Use operations with 4 instead.
For example,
3725 = 3700/4 = 1850/2 = 925.

8. Division/multiplication by 8
Replace either with a repeated operation by 2.
For example,
1248 = 2484 = 4962 = 992.
9. Division/multiplication by 125
Use operations with 8 instead.
For example,
37125 = 37000/8 = 18500/4 = 9250/2 = 4625.
10. Squaring two digit numbers.
i.
You should memorize the first 25 squares:
1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
1 2 3 4 6 8
1 4 9
0
6 5 6 9 4 1
0

1
2
1

1
4
4

1
6
9

1
9
6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
22 25 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 57 62
5 6 9 4 1 0 1 4 9 6 5
ii.

If you forgot an entry.

Say, you want a square of 13. Do this: add 3 (the last
digit) to 13 (the number to be squared) to get 16 = 13
+ 3. Square the last digit: 3 = 9. Append the result to
the sum: 169.
As another example, find 14. First, as before, add the
last digit (4) to the number itself (14) to get 18 = 14 +
4. Next, again as before, square the last digit: 4 = 16.
You'd like to append the result (16) to the sum (18)
getting 1816 which is clearly too large, for, say, 14 <
20 so that 14 < 20 = 400. What you have to do is
append 6 and carry 1 to the previous digit (8) making
14 = 196.

iii.

Squares of numbers from 26 through 50.

Let A be such a number. Subtract 25 from A to get x.
Subtract x from 25 to get, say, a. Then A = a + 100x.
For example, if A = 26, then x = 1 and a = 24. Hence
26 = 24 + 100 = 676.

iv.

Squares of numbers from 51 through 99.

If A is between 50 and 100, then A = 50 + x. Compute
a = 50 - x. Then A = a + 200x. For example,

63 = 37 + 20013 = 1369 + 2600 = 3969.

11. Any Square.
Assume you want to find 87. Find a simple number nearby a number whose square could be found relatively easy. In the
case of 87 we take 90. To obtain 90, we need to add 3 to 87;
so now let's subtract 3 from 87. We are getting 84. Finally,
87 = 9084 + 3 = 7200 + 360 + 9 = 7569.
12. Squares Can Be Computed Squentially
In case A is a successor of a number with a known square,
you find A by adding to the latter itself and then A. For
example, A = 111 is a successor of a = 110 whose square is
12100. Added to this 110 and then 111 to get A:
111 = 110 + 110 + 111
= 12100 + 221
= 12321.
13. Squares of numbers that end with 5.
A number that ends in 5 has the form A = 10a + 5, where a
has one digit less than A. To find the square A of A, append
25 to the product a(a + 1) of a with its successor. For
example, compute 115. 115 = 1110 + 5, so that a = 11. First
compute 11(11 + 1) = 1112 = 132 (since 3 = 1 + 2). Next,
append 25 to the right of 132 to get 13225!
14. Product of 10a + b and 10a + c where b + c = 10.
Similar to the squaring of numbers that end with 5:
For example, compute 113117, where a = 11, b = 3, and c =
7. First compute 11(11 + 1) = 1112 = 132 (since 3 = 1 + 2).
Next, append 21 (= 37) to the right of 132 to get 13221!
15. Product of two one-digit numbers greater than 5.
This is a rule that helps remember a big part of the
multiplication table. Assume you forgot the product 79. Do
this. First find the excess of each of the multiples over 5: it's 2
for 7 (7 - 5 = 2) and 4 for 9 (9 - 5 = 4). Add them up to get 6 =
2 + 4. Now find the complements of these two numbers to 5:
it's 3 for 2 (5 - 2 = 3) and 1 for 4 (5 - 4 = 1). Remember their
product 3 = 31. Lastly, combine thus obtained two numbers
(6 and 3) as 63 = 610 + 3.
16. Product of two 2-digit numbers.
The simplest case is when two numbers are not too far apart
and their difference is even, for example, let one be 24 and the
other 28. Find their average: (24 + 28)/2 = 26 and half the
difference (28 - 24)/2 = 2. Subtract the squares:
2824 = 26 - 2 = 676 - 4 = 672.

The ancient Babylonian used a similar approach. They

calculated the sum and the difference of the two numbers,
subtracted their squares and divided the result by four. For
example,
3332 = (65 - 1)/4
= (4225 - 1)/4
= 4224/4
= 1056.
17. Product of numbers close to 100.
Say, you have to multiply 94 and 98. Take their differences to
100: 100 - 94 = 6 and 100 - 98 = 2. Note that 94 - 2 = 98 - 6
so that for the next step it is not important which one you use,
but you'll need the result: 92. These will be the first two digits
of the product. The last two are just 26 = 12. Therefore,
9498 = 9212.
18. Multiplying by 11.
To multiply a 2-digit number by 11, take the sum of its digits.
If it's a single digit number, just write it between the two
digits. If the sum is 10 or more, do not forget to carry 1 over.
For example, 3411 = 374 since 3 + 4 = 7. 4711 = 517 since
4 + 7 = 11.
19. Faster subtraction.
Subtraction is often faster in two steps instead of one.
For example,
427 - 38 = (427 - 27) - (38 - 27) = 400 - 11 = 389.
A generic advice might be given as "First remove what's easy,
next whatever remains". Another example:
1049 - 187 = 1000 - (187 - 49) = 900 - 38 = 862.
20. Faster addition.
Addition is often faster in two steps instead of one.
For example,
487 + 38 = (487 + 13) + (38 - 13) = 500 + 25 = 525.
A generic advice might be given as "First add what's easy,
next whatever remains". Another example:
1049 + 187 = 1100 + (187 - 51) = 1200 + 36 = 1236.
21. Faster addition, #2.
It's often faster to add a digit at a time starting with higher
digits. For example,

583 + 645 = 583 + 600 + 40 + 5

= 1183 + 40 + 5
= 1223 + 5
= 1228.
22. Multipliply, then subtract.
When multiplying by 9, multiply by 10 instead, and then
subtract the other number. For example,
239 = 230 - 23 = 207.
The same applies to other numbers near those for which
multiplication is simplified:
2351 = 2350 + 23
= 2300/2 + 23
= 1150 + 23
= 1173.
8748 = 8750 - 872
= 8700/2 - 160 - 14
= 4350 - 160 - 14
= 4190 - 14
= 4176.

23. Multiplication by 9, 99, 999, etc.

There is another way to multiply fast by 9 that has an
analogue for multiplication by 99, 999 and all such numbers.
Let's start with the multiplication by 9.
To multiply a one digit number a by 9, first subtract 1 and
form b = a - 1. Next, subtract b from 9: c = 9 - b. Then just
write b and c next to each other:
9a = bc.
For example, find 69 (so that a = 6.) First subtract: 5 = 6 - 1.
Subract the second time: 4 = 9 - 5. Lastly, form the product
69 = 54.
Similarly, for a 2-digit a:
bc = 100b + c
= 100(a - 1) + (99 - (a - 1))
= 100a - 100 + 100 - a
= 99a.

Do try the same derivation for a three digit number. As an

example,
543999 = 1000542 + (999 - 542)
= 542457.
24. Adding a Long List of Numbers
How fast can you calculate the sum
97 + 86 + 83 + 95 + 85 + 70 + 84 + 72 + 77 + 81 + 70 + 85 +
84 + 76 + 92 + 66?