2014 Power and Energy Systems: Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE 2014)

Power Quality Improvement Using DVR in

Power System
Mr.Y.Prakash

Dr.S.Sankar

Professor of of EEE
Dept.of EEE
Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai
ssankarphd@yahoo.com

Research scholar
Dept.of EEE
ST peters's University, Chennai
prakash772007@rediffinail.com

Abstract-- The dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is one of the

modern

devices

used

in

distribution

systems

to

protect

consumers against sudden changes in voltage amplitude. In this

paper, emergency control in distribution systems is analyzed by
using the proposed multifunctional DVR control strategy. Also,
the multiloop controller using the Posicast and P+Resonant
controllers is

proposed in

order

to

improve

the

transient

response and eliminate the steady-state error in DVR response,

respectively.

The

disturbances

in

starting,

and

proposed
load

algorithm

voltage

three-phase

caused
short

is
by

applied

to

induction

circuit

fault.

some

motors

Also,

the

capability of the proposed DVR has been tested to limit the

downstream fault current. The current limitation will restore
the point of common coupling

(peC)

(the bus to which all

feeders under study are connected) voltage and protect the DVR
itself. The idea here is that the DVR acts as a virtual impedance
with the main

aim of

protecting the

pee

voltage during

downstream fault without any problem in real power injection

into the DVR.

Simulation results obtained using MATLAB

software

the

show

capability

of

the

DVR

to

control

the

emergency conditions of the distribution systems.

Index terms-- D VR, Power System, PCC, Resonant controllers,

closed loop control.

I. INTRODUCTION
Modern power systems are complex networks, where
hundreds of generating stations and thousands of load centers
are interconnected through long power transmission and
distribution networks [1]. The main concern of consumers is
the quality and reliability of power supply at various load
centers where they are located. Even though power
generation in most of the developed countries is fairly
reliable, the quality of the supply is not so reliable. Power
distribution systems, ideally should provide their customers
with an uninterrupted flow of energy at smooth sinusoidal
voltage at the contracted magnitude level and frequency.
However in practice, power systems, especially the
distribution systems have numerous nonlinear loads, which
significantly affect the quality of power supply [2,3]. As a

978-1-4799-3421-8/14/$3l.00 2014 IEEE

result of the nonlinear loads, the purity of the waveform of

supply is lost. This ends up producing many power quality
problems. Apart from nonlinear loads some system events;
both capacitor switching, motor starting and unusual faults
could also inflict power quality problems [4].
A power quality problem is defined as any manifested
problem in voltage/current leading to frequency deviations
that result in failure or mis-operation of customer
equipment. Depending on the electrical distance related to
impedance, the type of grounding and connection of
transformers between the faulted/ load location and the
node, there can be a temporary loss of voltage or temporary
voltage reduction (sag) or voltage rise(swell) at different
nodes of the system [5]. Among the several novel custom
power devices, the DVR is the most technically advanced
and economical device for voltage sag mitigation in
distribution systems [6, 7]. The DVR functions by injecting
AC voltages in series with the incoming three phase
network, the purpose of which is to improve the voltage
quality by an adjustment in the voltage magnitude, wave
shape and phase shift. The voltage sag compensation
involves the injection of real and reactive power in to the
distribution system [8]. The reactive power requirement can
be generated electronically within the voltage source
inverter of the DVR.
Reduces the transient response and steady error due to
the inclusion of posicast controller. In this paper the DVR
system acts as a virtual impedance. This system can be used
to protect a group of consumers when the cause of
disturbance is in the DVR's feeder and the large fault
current passes through the DVR itself.
The equipment can limit the fault current and protect
the loads in parallel feeders until the breaker works and
disconnects the faulted feeder.
In this system, the DVR acts like a pure virtual
inductance which does not take any real power from the
external system and, therefore, protects the dc-link
capacitor and battery. There may be some defects when
absorption of real power is done. This may be harmful to

the battery and dc-link capacitor. Hence impedance

including a resistance and an inductance will be connected
in parallel with the dc-link capacitor. This may protect the
system. Eliminates Steady State error and it protects the
PCC Voltage during downstream.
IT. PERFORMANCE OF DVR SYSTEM
The power quality problems (sags, swells, harmonics
etc.)can be overcome by using the concept of custom power
devices which is introduced recently. One of those devices
is the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is the most
efficient and effective modern custom power device used in
power distribution networks. The location of DVR is as
shown in the Fig.I. DVR is a recently proposed series
connected solid state device that injects voltage into the
system in order to regulate the load side voltage. It is
normally installed in a distribution system between the
supply and the critical load feeder at the point of common
coupling (PCC). Other than voltage sags and swells
compensation, DVR can be also added to other features
like: line voltage harmonics compensation, reduction of
transients in voltage and fault current limitations.
Stf1l-down Tr:ul.lill'lnl'l.'

AC SOW'fl'

Step-down T!il.nsf(l.'ml'

Traunissi.(li Linl'

......

Dimibulilll Lille

......

Fig.l. Location of DVR

As soon as the fault occurs the action of DVR starts.

On event of fault which results in voltage sag, the
magnitude reduction is accompanied by phase angle shift
and the remaining voltage magnitude with respective phase
angle shift is provided by the DVR. Employing minimum
active voltage injection mode in the DVR with some phase
angle shift in the post fault voltage can result in miraculous
use of DVR. If active voltage is less prominent in DVR
then it can be delivered to the load for maintaining stability.
Considering this, a transition process is proposed such that
voltage restoration is achieved by injecting the voltage
difference between the pre sag and the in sag (source side)
voltages during the initial first cycle or so the sag. When the
sag voltage phasor is available, the injection voltage is
controlled to move progressively from the in phase
injection point to the corresponding minimum active
voltage injection point.
2.1

Configuration ofDVR

A Schematic diagram of a conventional DVR

incorporated into a distribution network is shown in fIg.2.

By-pass swilcl1

V,

r--------------I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L ____________________________

DVK

Fig.2. Representation of DVR system

Injection! booster transformer

The Injection / Booster transformer is a specially

designed transformer that attempts to limit the coupling of
noise and transient energy from the primary side to the
secondary side. Its mainly connects the DVR to the
distribution network via the HV-windings and transforms
and couples the injected compensating voltages generated
by the voltage source converters to the incoming supply
voltage. In addition, the Injection / Booster transformer
serves the purpose of
isolating the load from the
system (VSC and control mechanism).The MVA rating is
determined by using power calculation equation by
considering safety margin denoted as Ks. Vpris the primary
voltage of the injection transformer and Ipris the current
rating of injection transformer.
P = Ks VprIpr
(1)
The primary (high voltage) side voltage rating of series
injection transformer is related with the maximum voltage
sag depth, energy storage scheme, fIltering unit and voltage
sag characteristics. The rating of the injection transformer
can be calculated by using equation 2.
V inj = DVr
(2)
=
Vs (1- D)Vr
(3) Vr
is the rated rms voltage of the primary feeder; D is the
maximum single phase voltage sag to be compensated (D
<I); Vinj is the injection voltage. The sources of voltage sags
are typically lighting strikes or short circuit faults. The
faults can cause the phase and amplitude shift of the supply
voltage
The most common sources of harmonics are power
electronic loads and switch mode power supplies. Due to
the tremendous advantages in efficiency and controllability,
power electronic loads are proliferating and can be found at
all power levels. Harmonic currents generate harmonic
voltages as they pass through the system impedance. These
harmonic components can cause input voltage distortions,
additional heating, over voltages in distribution and
transmission systems, errors in metering and the
malfunction of protective relays. DVR uses diodes, power

transistors and other electronic devices for correcting load

voltage, controlling power flow, converting DC voltage to
AC voltage and protecting itself from faults. During
operation, the PWM inverter produces harmonics. These
harmonics must be reduced to an acceptable limit causing
negligible impact to the load and utility supply. In order to
overcome this harmonic filters are used in the power
system.

THD=

W
2

C,

.100%

(4)

C, is the magnitude of the fundamental component; Ckis the

magnitude of the hannonic components (k= 2, 3, 4...). The
voltage THD value should be below than 5% for sensitive
loads.
The passive LC filters can be used for
harmonic compensation if the produced hannonics have
constant frequency but the passive filters can create low
frequency resonances with the power system. The active
filters can compensate the harmonics of different
frequencies even if the hannonics are not constant.
However, high switching frequency is necessary for the
active filters. The equivalent circuit diagram of DVR is as
shown in the Fig.3.
vtb

Ftb

Xtb

III. THE ANALYTICAL MODEL OF POSICAST

CONTROLLER
Block diagram interpretation of the half-cycle Posicast
controller is shown in Fig.4. The model has two forward
paths. The upper path is that of the original, uncompensated
command input. In the lower path, a portion of the original
command is initially subtracted, so that the peak of the
response will not overshoot the desired final value.

VDVR

O+-VV\I'-=fOIW

Fig.3. Equivalent circuit diagram of DVR

The system impedance Zth depends on the fault level of

the load bus. When the system voltage (h) drops, the

Fig.4. Transfer function form

The open loop control using the Posicast controller is shown in the figure
5.

Fig.5. Open loop control using the Posicast Controller

The input voltages V I and V2 is replaced by VLand

Vpee. In this fig.5, the voltage on the source side of the
DVR (Vped is compared with a load-side reference voltage
(VL* ) so that the necessary injection voltage Vinv * is
derived. To improve the damping, as shown in Fig.5 .The
Posicast controller can be used just before transferring the
signal to the PWM inverter of the DVR. This is then given
to the Posicast controller. It has high-frequency gain and
hence low sensitivity to noise.
To eliminate the steady-state voltage tracking error, a
computationally less intensive P+Resonant compensator is
added to the outer voltage loop. The ideal P+Resonant
compensator can be mathematically expressed as

DVR injects a series voltage Vdvr through the injection

transfonner so that the desired load voltage magnitude VL
can be maintained. The series injected voltage of the DVR
can be written as
Vdvr + h
Vdvr

Zth

I,

[ P, :Q ]
=

VL + ZthIL

VL + ZthIL - h

Rth

+ }Xth

(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)
where kp =100 and k,=1 and are gain constants
and (00 is the controller resonant frequency. The ideal
resonant controller, however, acts like a network with an
infmite quality factor, which is not realizable in practice.
In Fig.6 shows the closed loop control of the system. Here
the circuit consists of the three phase source which
produces a voltage of 240 rms phase-to-phase voltage. It is
approximately 340V is given at the input side. There are
two transformers in the transmission line out of which first
one is step down transformer (240V/240e3V) and the
second transfonner steps up the voltage.

The DVR system is connected to the transmission

line through the injection transformer. The pulses to the
PWM inverter are got from the PIC microcontroller in the
hardware circuit whereas here in the simulation the pulse is
got from the error signal obtained by comparing Vref and
Vpcc voltage.
The PWM produces the pulses and it is amplified
by the driver circuit. This voltage is then injected by the
transformer to the transmission line.. When the load is
connected and disconnected there occurs a sag and swell in
the system.

because small variations cannot be found in abc plane. The

output of this posicast controller is multiplied with gain.
The output of this posicast controller is then multiplexed
with the dq axis output. This output is then converted into a
three phase signal in the abc plane. The output of this block
is then compared with the filter output and then after
multiplying with a gain is given to the discrete PWM
generator. The simulation results of sag and swell is as
shown in the Fig.8 and Fig.9.

,..... --

,.. _ , -(i)o.... CI.-.' ..' .., ............ _ ..... _u.u.

(_.' .., ..l .. _............. _ .. b .. ,1

r.,,., ..._ ... __

r"---.!! .. ,,,_,,, __ ,,,,,,,

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Fig.8. Simulation showing the sag in the closed loop system

The DVR is disconnected from the system here.

The second load is connected during the transient time 0.3
to 0.7. And so there is a sag that occurs in the system.
Fig.6. Simulation with feedback

The second load when connected from time 0.3s to

0.7s there occurs a sag in the voltage which is when the
DVR comes into action. The DVR injects voltage into the
system and the voltage sag gets compensated.
During normal operation of the system the DVR gets
charged and the charge is stored in the battery which is then
used under voltage sag conditions. The real and reactive
power of the system can be compensated with the help of
this system.

Fig.9. Simulation showing the swell in closed loop system

The DVR is disconnected from the system here.

The second load is disconnected during the transient time
0.3 to 0.7. And so there is a swell that occurs in the system.

Fig .10. Simulation showing the output after DVR is connected

Fig.7. Control circuit of DVR system

The VI and Vpee voltages are compared and the error

voltage is integrated using an integral controller to reduce
the settling time of the system. Vdvr voltage is also
integrated and then this is compared with the error voltage
obtained. This is in three phase as abc which is then
converted into a voltage in the d-q axis. This is done

To mitigate the sag and swell the DVR is then

connected to the system. The compensated voltage is shown
in the Fig.IO. The circuit in Fig.ll shows the real and
reactive power compensation of the DVR system. The DVR
compensates for the voltage as well as the reactive power at
the load side. This circuit uses a display to show the values
of the voltage at the load side. The compensated voltage at

the load side is displayed as 238 when the simulation is

made to run.

DISTlUBUTlON SYSn:M

Fig .13. Simulation for fault analysis

Fig.ll. Circuit for real and reactive power control

The output shows that the real power increases in

the interval 0.3 to 0.7 whereas the reactive power goes
down in this interval. The real and reactive power comes
back to normal after this transient time is as shown in
Fig.12.
Fig.14. Waveform for the fault analysis

Fig.12. Output for real and reactive power control

IV. CIRCUIT FOR FAULT ANALYSIS

The faults that occur in a circuit may be a variation in
the voltage or a single line to ground faults on the input or
output side. In the absence of the DVR the transmission line
severely suffers from the faults and interruptions and the
voltage drops to a very low value and the load will not get
the sufficient rated voltage for its operation. This circuit
consists of a three phase voltage measurement unit after
the source and before the second load is as shown in Fig.13.
The voltage waveform produced at the source and the
waveform that is got at the load side is given as two inputs
of the scope and the waveforms are generated. Thus
waveform represents both the occurrence of the sag and
swell.

The waveform here in Fig.I4 illustrates the sag

condition that may occur in a system due to the inclusion of
a load. This may practically occur in an ordinary
transmission line during peak load conditions like the
morning hours when many appliances are used and it will
shown the incorporation of controller for power quality
improvement. The output of FFT analysis for inputl is as
shown in the Fig.I5.
SoIodod . tllC)dHffi_"fOdI:1c)<In

Fig.lS. output of FFT analysis for input!

V. CONCLUSION
The main purpose of using DVR in industries is to
maximize efficiency in production. We choose the proposed
an improved progressive phase changing scheme of post
fault voltage. For any fault situation of voltage sag this

method is effective which is proved from the analysis and

MATLAB simulation results. We chose MATLAB
programming because it is easy and can be easily fed in any
microprocessor chip. The sag transients can be easily
mitigated and pre fault voltage can be established. For real
time applications, this may necessitate the application of the
microcontroller/processor with fast speed. The analysis
done in this paper is detection and compensation of the
voltage sag with DVR active power injection.
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J.

A.

Martinez

and

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based

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