TA class

Pu-Zhao, Kow
2.11.2016

Throughout this lecture note, we assume that the linear spaces are nite-dimensional (thus a vector
space), and of over a eld

#2

F=C

, unless stated.

Revised homework
Suppose
of

1.

T L(V )

C.

Prove that

is an eigenvalue of

if and only if

is an eigenvalue

Although it is similar, you still have to write out the converse. Actually, note that
and

2.

and

T .
(T ) = T ,

In real case, the statement of the problem says that

general,

() =

you can prove the converse rapidly.

and

they do not share the same eigenvectors.

share same eigenvalue, but in

For example, consider the real matrix


A=

1
0

2
3


,

which has eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors as follows:

rst eigenvalue:

1 = 3and

its correspoding eigenvector is

v1 = (1 1)T

second eigenvalue:

2 = 1and

its correspoding eigenvector is

v2 = (1 0)T .

But, note that its transpost (i.e. adjoint) is the real matrix


A=

1
2

0
3


,

which has eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors as follows:

rst eigenvalue:
second eigenvalue:
Note that

1
1 =

and

1 = 3and

2 = 1and

2,
2 =

its correspoding eigenvector is

v1 = (1 0)T

its correspoding eigenvector is

v2 = (1 1)T .

but

null(A

1 I) = span{v1 } span{
1 I) null(AT
v1 } = {0}

null(A

2 I) = span{v2 } span{
2 I) null(AT
v2 } = {0},

which shows that they do not share the same eigenvalues (not even one!).

3.

Beware of the notation. Note that

ker(T ) = N (T ) = null(T ),
dim(ker(T )) = nullity(T ) = dim(N (T )) = dim(null(T )).
1

TA class - 2.11.2016

4.

T v = v ,

Again, if you want to use the relation

T,

5.

Linear Algebra

with corresponding eigenvector

not arbitrary in V .

v .

you must state that  is an eigenvalue of

In general, null(T

I) 6= V ,

which means that

is

This result is quite important. I will prove it:

Proof.

uV,

Suppose that

is an eigenvalue of

T,

with corresponding eigenvector

v.

Given any

we have

hT u u, vi = hT u, vi hu, vi = hu, T vi hu, vi = hu, T vi = hu, 0i = 0.

This shows that T u u null(T I)

. Since u V is arbitrary, this also shows that

range(T I) null(T I)
. Since is an eigenvalue, thus null(T I) 6= {0}, and


thus null(T I)
6= V , which means that range(T I) 6= V , shows that T I is
not surjective, which means that is an eigenvalue. 

#2

Exercise 7B (due 2.11.2016)

Suppose that

and

is a self-adjoint operator on a nite-dimensional inner product space

are the only eigenvalues of

T.

Prove that

and that

T 2 5T + 6I = 0.
=E(2,T )

=E(3,T )

}|
{ z
}|
{
Proof. By Exercise
#4 we shall do later, rst we note that V = null(T 2I) null(T 3I),


null(T 2I)
= null(T 3I). Given any v, w V , then
z

and

h(T 2 5T + 6I)v, wi = hT 2 v, wi 5hT v, wi + 6hv, wi

= hT v, T wi 5hT v, wi + 6hv, wi

Since

is self adjoint (hence normal)

= v w hv, wi 5v hv, wi + 6hv, wi

= v w 5v + 6 hv, wi,
v , w {2, 3},

If v and w are not in

v and w are in the same
eigenspace, thus v = w , and clearly v w 5v + 6 = (v 2)(v 3) = 0. (How about the
general case v = e1 + e2 , where e1 E(2, T ) and general w ? Think about it.) 
where

which are eigenvalues of

the same eigenspace, then

#4

hv, wi = 0,

(This is an important fact!) Suppose

and

w,

respectively.

which completes our proof. If

F=C

and

T L(V ).

Prove that

all pairs of eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues of

is normal if and only if

are orthogonal and

V = E(1 , T ) E(m , T ),
where

Proof.

1 , , m

denote the distinct eigenvalues of

T.

This is an immediately consequence of (Complex) Spectral Theorem, try to relate with

Proposition 7.24(c).

#6

(1)

(This is an important fact!) Prove that a normal operator on a complex inner product space is
self-adjoint if and only if all its eigenvalues are real.

Proof.
v.

Suppose that

is self-adjoint. Let

be an eigenvalue of T , with corresponding eigenvector

Note that

hv, vi = hT v, vi = hv, T vi = hv, vi.

Since

v 6= 0,

hence

= ,

i.e.

(2)

R.

Conversely, suppose that all eigenalues of a normal operator

Theorem, there exists an orthonormal basis

{ei }ni=1

is real. Using (Complex) Spectral

with eigenvalue

i .

Using Proposition 7.21,

we know that

=0,

h(T T )ei , ej i =
Pu-Zhao Kow

since

i R

z }| {
(i i ) hei , ej i = 0
2

for all

i, j = 1, , n.

(3)

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TA class - 2.11.2016

Linear Algebra

T T = 0,

This concludes that

#4

T = T . 

i.e.

Exercise 7C (due 2.11.2016)

Suppose
on

T L(V, W ).

T T

Prove that

is a positive operator on

and

TT

is a positive operator

W.

Proof.

Given any

v V,

thus

hT T v, vi = hT v, T vi 0,

which shows that

T T

is positive. Similarly, given any

(4)

w W,

thus

hT T w, wi = hT w, T wi 0,
which shows that

#8

Suppose

TT

T L(V ).

For

is positive.

u, v V ,

(5)

dene

hu, viT

by

hu, viT = hT u, vi.

Prove that

h, iT

V if and
h, i).

is an inner product on

(with respect to the original inner product

Proof.

Suppose that

h, iT

(6)

only if

is an invertible positive operator

is an inner product. Thus we have

hv, viT = hT v, vi 0,
which shows that
any

v V,

is positive. We now shows that

(7)

ker(T ) = {0}.

Let

x ker(T ),

thus, given

we have

hx, viT = hT x, vi = h0, vi = 0,

and by arbitrariness of

x = 0,

which shows that

and the assumption that

h, iT

(8)

is an inner product, we conclude that

is injective, and hence (bijective) invertible.

The converse is just straight-forward verication of denition of inner product.

Positivity. hv, viT = hT v, vi 0, since T is positive.

Deniteness. Suppose that hv, viT = hT v, vi = 0. Since
contradiction will appeared. (Hint: use the properties

T is invertible,
ker(T ) = {0}).

thus

v = 0,

or else

Additivity. hu + w, viT = hT (u + w), vi = hT u + T w, vi = hT u, vi + hT w, vi = hu, viT + hw, viT .

Homogeneity. hu, viT = hT (u), vi = hT u, vi = hT u, vi = hu, viT .
Conjugate_Symmetry. hu, viT = hT u, vi = hv, T ui = hu, viT . 
#9

Prove or disprove: the identity operator on

Proof.

Consider

F = C.

d
c

1d2
c

generally which are not self-adjoint.

Suppose

S L(V ).

has innitely many self-adjoint square roots.

The general form of square roots of identity are

#10

F2


and

d
1d2
c

c
d


,

(9)

Prove that the following are equivalent:

(a) S is an isometry;
(b) hS u, S vi = hu, vi for all u, v V ;
(c) S e1 , , S em is an orthonormal list for every orthonormal list of vectors e1 , , em in V ;
(d) S e1 , , S en is an orthonormal basis for some orthonormal basis e1 , , en of V .
Pu-Zhao Kow

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TA class - 2.11.2016

Proof.

Linear Algebra

(a)(b): These implications are trivial using Proposition 7.42.

(b)(c) and (c)(d): These implications are trivial.

(d)(b): Since

{e1 , , en }

is an orthonormal basis of

v=

n
X

cvi ei

V,

thus given any

v V,

we can write

ci F.

for some

(10)

i=1
Thus

Sv =

n
X

cvi S .

(11)

i=1
Note that, by orthonomality of

S e1 , , S en ,

we have

n
n
n
X
X
X
hS u, S vi = h
cui S ei ,
cvi S ei i =
cui cvi .
i=1
Also, by orthonomality of

e1 , , e n ,

i=1

(12)

i=1

we have

n
n
n
X
X
X
hu, vi = h
cui ei ,
cvi ei i =
cui cvi ,
i=1

i=1

and the result immediately follows from (12) and (13).

#14

Let

(13)

i=1

be the second derivative operator in Exercise 21 in Section 7A. Show that

is a positive

operator.

Proof.

Recall

V =

span{1, cos x,

, cos nx, sin x, , sin nx}.

Note that

is span by an or-

thogonal basis (I assume that you all done in last homework, need NOT to to show). Also note
that

T cos mx = m2 cos mx
thus its positivity is clear.

Pu-Zhao Kow

T sin mx = m2 sin mx,

(14)

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