Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CAD/CAM Systems
Course Slides
Note:
The screens dumps of pictures (screenshots) are copyright of the respective authors and are taken from the cited
publications in the textbook. These slides were generated as course documentation only. Therefore, they are provided
exclusively for students attending the course to study the course material.
Contents
Introduction
2.
3.
Production Techniques
Flexible Manufacturing
Lean Manufacturing
Mass Customization
Historic Milestones,
Concepts & Terminology
Scientific Management
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)
The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)
U.S. engineer and management consultant, originator of the concept of "scientific management" to
increase worker output. Taylor grabbed public attention in the 1880s when he reduced the number
of workers shoveling coal at the Bethlehem Steel Works from 500 to 140 without loss of
production.
According to Taylor, industrial productivity was lower than it ought to be due to two factors:
deliberate malingering by workers and unscientific design of work practices by management. He
held that workers could be forced to put the maximum effort into work by a combination of
motivating them with higher wages, financed on the basis of higher productivity, and most
significantly, by closely monitoring the workers every movement so that it was impossible to go
slow without detection. In order to achieve the maximum productivity, Taylor proposed that instead
of reducing the number of "unproductive" workers to a minimum, about 25% of all employees
should be dedicated to supervising, monitoring, measuring and accounting. This was the beginning
of the stratification of the working class into more and more layers of supervisory, administrative
and technical workers, enjoying privileges over and above the "blue-collar" trades they supervised.
The symbol of Taylors management methods was the stop-watch, ever-present as supervisors
conducted "Time and Motion Studies", timing every hand-movement, every step, every breath a
worker made. Hatred against the stop watch built up to such a pitch that by 1912 laws were
passed in the U.S. banning the use of stop-watches in the civil service.
Lenin studied "Taylorism" with a view to applying the progressive and genuinely scientific aspects
of his theory to Soviet industry.
History of CAD/CAM
4 major phases of development
1950s: Start of interactive computer graphics,
CRT
NCGA, IGES,
Golden era for computer drafting,
Wireframe modeling
Solid modeling
Background
Key Technologies
CAD,
CAM, CAE
To understand the role of CAD and
CAM, we need to examine the various
activities and functions that must be
accomplished in general in life-cycle
http://www.freebyte.com/cad/cad.htm
There are a variety of systems and programs available in the CAD/CAM industry and new
programs are frequently introduced.
Pro/Desktop
AutoCAD
Architectural Desktop
Mechanical Desktop
OtherCAD
CADDS
Medusa Euclid
Unigraphics
Autodesk Inventor
Solid Edge
MicroStation
CATIA
Allplan
VariCAD
ArchiCAD
SolidWorks
Pro/ENGINEER
TurboCAD
I-DEAS
PowerCAD
ME 10
CADKEY
Concepts Terminology
Computer - Integrated
Manufacturing
What is CIM?
CAM
CAPP
EDI
CAD
ROBOTICS
NC
FMS
CAPM
GT
DNC
CNC
FMC
MRP
OPT
JIT
TPM
CIM
CAE
AMT
VM
PDM
CE/SE
AM
MRPII
WCM
LM
QC
1960
1970
QA
1980
TQM
1990
Philosophy
Techniques
Product range
Tooling
Fixed costs
Labour costs
Product life cycle
Competition
Customers
Inventory
Pricing
1960s
1990s
production led
simple
narrow
dedicated
low
high
long
national
stable
order point
cost plus
market led
complex
wide
flexible
high
low
short
global
demanding
just-in-time
market driven
Ford (1995/96)
Moved to single (reliable) supplier of CAD systems rather than pursue mix &
match strategy.
Note:
Computerization of function
Islands of automation
Interfacing
Integration
Islands of Automation
Designer creates geometry
CAD
Drawing
of part
Manual geometry
specification
CAD
geometry
APT commands
NC Package
Includes
tooling
and
cutting
technology
database
Part program
(punched on to
cards and verified)
APT processor
CL file
Data link
Post-processor
for machine
Plot
NC tape is
Manually loaded
Machine
1960s
Machine
Developments in NC tape generation
1980s
CIM
Characteristics of CIM
Complete automation of a manufacturing
plant
Processes functioning under computer
control
Digital information tied them together
Key Challenges
Integration of components from different
suppliers
Data integrity
Process control
Characteristics:
The Y-model tries to represent
functions at their expiration, to
detailing up to level data and
working model.
Restriction on production, no
holistic model of the industrial
company
Differentiation between technical
and economical tasks.
CIM Wheel
http://www.mazak.jp/english/
What is Required?
Standard for the product data
Easy to use
Internationalization
2D Drawing
Authority
Manufacturing
2D Drawing
Interpretation
Quality Assurance
Tooling
3D Design
3d Model Oriented
Detail Assembly
3D Model Release
And Authority
2D
Assembly
3Ddrawing
Model Assembly
Inspection
3D Measurement
Equipment
Product
Product
Why needed?
Collaborative e-engineering
Assure the quality of the communicated product model
data
Relationship of contractor, subcontractor, customer or
supplier
Criticism
Automation, robots = less jobs
Ignoration of human and organizational
factors
Result = CHIM (Computer and HumanIntegrated Manufacturing) appeared
Computer-Aided Design
CAD Intro
CAD - History
Four decades of CAD evolution:
1970s Academic development and large institutional pilots (little or no CAD standards,
data exchange or project collaboration).
1980s Vendor developed systems, Mini, Unix and PC based, AutoCAD & MicroStation
launched (CAD standards and data exchange start to emerge, project collaboration still a
pipe dream).
1990s Large, Medium, Small client server CAD networks become the norm (mainly
windows based), CAD standards and data exchange are commonplace (sometimes
supported by contractual Terms & Conditions) project collaboration and drawing
management systems start to emerge.
2000 onwards Critical mass of data starts to impact medium to large systems, extensive
use of drawing management and project collaboration systems. CAD standards
supported by contractual Terms & Conditions. CAD QA (sometimes automated) starts to
emerge.
CAD - An acronym for Computer Aided Design. It is synonymously used for Computer Aided Drafting too.
A typical
CAD Process
Syst e mat ic mo de l
O m1
Om 2
O m3
O m4
A1
A2
A3
Sm 1
Sm 2
Sm 3
P1
P2
P3
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
De sig n pro ce ss
Depicted as DFD
Design Documentation
CAD
Coordinate Systems
Object coordinates
World coordinates
Camera coordinates
Normalized device coordinates
Window coordinates
3D Coordinates
coordinates
Spherical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates
World Coordinates
Common coordinates
for the scene
O
M wo = TSR
1 x 1
1 y 1
1 z 1
Window Coordinates
Adjusting the NDC to fit the window
( x 0, y 0 )
Window Coordinates
Adjusting the NDC to fit the window
( x 0, y 0 )
height
width
xw = ( xnd + 1)
+ x0
2
height
yw = ( ynd + 1)
+ y0
2
width
width
2
M w_ p 0
0
0
0
height
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
width
x0 +
2
height
y0 +
2
0
1
Modeling
Model
Computer
Image
A primary and essential difference between modern CAD/CAM (Pro/ENGINEER, Catia,) and
traditional computer aided drafting systems is that CAD models are three dimensional
In CAD, drawings are produced as view of the model.
Models are NOT drawn so much as sculpted from solid volumes of materials.
Drawing
Model
Traditional CAD
Model
Drawing
Modern CAD/CAM
3D Geometric Modeling
Wire-frame models
Surface models
Solid models
Solid model
Wireframe model
Surface model
Wireframe model
Possible interpretations
Modeling
Representation
power
Interactivity support
Transformation and combination
Multiple use
Rendering
Representation
precision
Memory requirements
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Edge Vertex
e1
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
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e2
1.0
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0.0
1.0
1.0
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e3
1.0
1.0
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0.0
1.0
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1.0
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1.0
1.0
1.0
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1.0
e7
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
e8
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
e9
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
e10
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
e11
1.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
e12
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
v4
e3
v3
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v6 e10
e5
v5
e4
e2
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e8
v1
e1
v2
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e11
v8
e7
e1
0.0
0.0
0.0
e2
1.0
0.0
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e3
1.0
1.0
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0.0
1.0
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1.0
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1.0
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0.0
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e10
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v7
Indexes of Vertices
Implementation in structure
typedef struct hObjekt {
zoznamV zv;
zoznamH kh;
};
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v3
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v6 e10
e5
v5
e4
e2
e6
e8
v1
e1
v2
e12
e11
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v7
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
or
double x,y,z;
zoznamV *nextV;
v4
e3
};
typedef struct zoznamH {
v3
zoznamV *zVrchol;
e9
v6 e10
e5
v5
e4
zoznamV *kVrchol;
zoznamH *nextH;
e2
};
e6
e8
v1
e1
v2
e12
zoznamH *zho;
e11
v8
e7
zoznamV *zvo;
v7
e1
e2
e3
e12
NIL
List of Edges
List of Vertices
};
v1
v2
v3
NIL
1.0 0.0 1.0
v8
Data
NIL
Data
Fragment of code in C:
typedef struct vrchol{
int x,y;
vrchol *next;
};
vrchol *temp,*nlink;
temp=(struct vrchol *) malloc(sizeof(vrchol));
temp->x=40;
temp->y=50;
temp->next=NLINK;
nlink=temp;
Data
(1,1)
e4
e2
(0,0)
Tab. of vertices
e3
e1
(1,0)
Tab. of edges
No_vertex
No_edge
Z-bod
K-bod
V3
tart
x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
NIL
tart
x1
y1
x2
y2
x3
y3
NIL
V1
x4
y4
V2
Surface Model
CAD software packages use two basic methods for the creation of
surfaces:
The first begins with construction curves (splines) from which the 3D surface
is then swept (section along guide rail) or meshed (lofted) through.
The second method is direct creation of the surface with manipulation of the
surface poles/control points.
3D Faces
Surface Model
Data Representation
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f3
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e2
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f2
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10
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10
11
12
v2
Static structures
e11
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v7
f2
f1
0.0
0.0
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1.0
1.0
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1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
10
11
12
List of faces
e1
e2
e3
e12
NIL
List of edges
List of vertices
0.0 0.0 0.0
v1
v2
v3
v8
region:
K-times
continuous region:
Convex
region:
Continuous region
Non-convex region
Convex region
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Global cycle
Local cycle
v1
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NURBS are industry standard tools for the representation and design of geometry.
Some reasons for the use of NURBS are, that they:
offer one common mathematical form for both, standard analytical shapes (e.g. conics) and free
form shapes;
provide the flexibility to design a large variety of shapes;
can be evaluated reasonably fast by numerically stable and accurate algorithms;
are invariant under affine as well as perspective transformations;
are generalizations of non-rational B-splines and non-rational and rational Bezier curves and
surfaces.
See:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NURBS
Solid Model
Interpretation of the Object Volume (Material)
Closed boundary
Interior
Exterior
Edges
Nonsense #1
Nonsense #2
Opened Object
Here is not a face
Topological inconsistency
Sweeping
Idea:
Translational sweep
Rotational sweep
Conical sweep
Sphere sweep
General cylinder,
Sweeping
Translational
Rotational
Translational Sweeping
Rotational Sweeping
Conical Sweeping
Sphere Sweeping
General Cylinder
Quadrics
Quadrics - Examples
BREP
Point list
Elements: 3D coordinates
Linked lists
Face list
Elements: Index lists to the 3D
points
Linked lists
Teleso
Object
Face
Edge
Vertex
v2
f1
f2
e
weObjekt
pVrch
pHran
weStena
pStien
next
v1
zacVrchol
zacPolhr
vrcholy
steny
wePolhr
T
vid
next
lokalhr
susedp
zacVrchol
weVrchol
x
y
z
next
+
Simple
transformations
General representation
Supported by many graphics libraries
Higher
memory requirements
Combinations necessary and non-robust
Approximation of curved objects
fe+v=2
6 12 + 8 = 2
fe+v=2
10 24 + 16 = 2
f e + v - h = 2 (m g)
14 36 + 24 - 2 = 2 (1 1)
CSG
Composition of primitives
Primitives: sphere, cone, cube, cylinder, ...
Operations: +, -, , U, ...
Primitives in the leafs and operations build
the rest nodes of the CSG-tree
CSG tree
CSG Rendering
Rendering Algorithms
Ray
casting (tracing)
Extended depth buffer algorithm
Evaluation/Conversion Algorithms
Boundary
representation
Octree
Constructive
cubes
+
Low
memory consumption
Simple combining
Exact representation of complex surfaces
12 Mantylas operators and his proof
Slow
Basic-Operations:
Union
U*
Intersection
Subtraction -*
*U
Intersection
RS
RS
R *S
R *S
Subtraction
R-S
R - *S
Scientific
visualization
Medical data visualization (CT, MR, US, ...)
SOE - Voxels
Solid
Octants definition
BSP Trees
A Binary Space Partitioning (BSP) tree is a standard binary tree used to sort and
search for polytopes in n-dimensional space. The tree taken as a whole
represents the entire space, and each node in the tree represents a convex
subspace.
1.
2.
Easy transformable
Fast rendering with correct visibility
Universal like Brep
Octrees
Simple combination-operators
Fast rendering
Spatial queries/search very fast
+
Simple
Extreme
memory consumption
Representation of voxels necessary
Curved objects has to be approximated
FREP
HyperFun - Example
Fragment of Notation
FREP Summary
IndexedFaceSet
Tapering
Twisting
Bending
Tapering
0
f ( x)
0
0
0 x
0 y
f ( x ) 0 z
0
1 1
0
0
Bending
Transformation that
does not preserve
shape
x ' 1
y ' 0
=
z ' 0
1 0
0 x
f ( y ) g ( y ) 0 y
h( y ) k ( y ) 0 z
0
0
1 1
0
Twisting
0 sin( ( y ))
0 x
1
0
0 y
0 cos( ( y )) 0 z
0
0
1 1
Elementary objects
Sweeps,
Quadrics, ...
Transformations
Combining Objects (CSG, FRep)
Volume representation
Rendering (Polygonal case)
Future works: transparent objects, bumpy surfaces,
textures, global illumination, animation, ...
DXF
IGES
Computer-Aided Manufacturing
CAM Intro
History of CAM
CAM
Process Design
A typical
CAM process
Disadvantages of CAM
Results in loss of jobs
Requires skilled computer operators
Expensive to set up initial system
What is CAD/CAM
CAM Tools . . .
Main Activities
CAD + CAPP + NC
Manufacturing activities:
Programming robot motion, conveyors, etc.
Testing: Co-ordinate Measuring Machine (CMM)
Manufacturing process begins with the process
planning.
The outcome of the process planning is a production
plan, tools procurement, material order, and
machine programming.
Typical utilization
of CAD/CAM system
WorkPiece
WorkPiece
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Model
Model
Fixture
Fixture Setups
Setups
Set
Set Up
Up Process
Process
Environment
Environment
Define
Define
NC
NC Sequences
Sequences
Pro-MANUFACTURING
Create
Create CL
CL Data
Data
Files
Files (APT)
(APT)
Post-Process
Post-Process
Drive
Drive NC
NC
Machine
Machine Tool
Tool
Machine
Machine Tools
Tools
(Workcells)
(Workcells)
Tools
Tools
Upstream
Upstream
CAD
CAD
Application
Interoperability
Data
Data
Exchange
Exchange
Downstream
Downstream
CAx
CAx
Integration Challenges
Data Management
FMS
PDM/PLM
Process data Management
Process Life Cycle Management
PTC
OneSpace
Autodesk DM Server (Vault)
Teamcenter
CoCreate
AutoDesk
Siemens PLM Software (UGS)
Stages of PLM
Rapid Prototyping,
Concurrent Engineering
& Reverse Engineering
RP Technologies
Stereolitography (SLA)
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
Laser Sintering Plastic
Laser Sintering Metal
Laser Sintering - Foundry Sand
Laser Sintering - Ceramic (Direct Shelt Production Casting)
RP & CAD
For rapid prototyping, CAD software generates the program for driving the
rapid prototyping machine (*.stl files)
Stereolitography - Principle
Stereolithography is a common rapid manufacturing and rapid prototyping technology for
producing parts with high accuracy and good surface finish. A device that performs
stereolithography is called an SLA or Stereolithography Apparatus.
Laser a optick systm
Stiera prebytonej tekutiny
Pohybliv stl - os Z
SLS - Principle
Laser a optick systm
Podva prku
Zsobnk prku
Pohybliv stl - os Z
LOM -Principle
Laminovac valec
Navjac valec
Flia
Fyzick model
Pohybliv stl - os Z
Podvac valec
3D Printing - Principle
Hlava
Vstup materilu
Pohybliv stl os YZ
Transform from 3D
CAD Data To Model
3D scanner to scan 3D
data
Generate 3D Solid
*.STL
finished part
post process
High
Low
material cost
The
Nonpoisonous
Suitable
Not
Several
The
material
Applications of RP
Functional Prototyping
Engine Block
Ear gun
Screw pump
Mask
Bottom of shoes
Juicer
Applications of Bio-Engineering
Head bone
Buildings
3D toy model
Others
Piping& tubing
Flexible tube
Curved ball
Conceptual design
Exhaust pipe
Parts design
Conjugate
Mobile parts
RP Internet Sources
http://www.zcorp.com/
Firm Z Corporation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_laser_sintering
Wikipedia SLS
www.3dsystems.com
Firm 3D Systems
www.stratasys.com
www.3dtech.cz
Firm 3D Tech
www.mcae.cz
home.att.net/~castleisland/
http://www.charlyrobot.com/
http://www.cc.utah.edu/~asn8200/rapid.html
Concurrent Engineering:
a systematic approach to the integrated, concurrent design
of products and their related processes, including
manufacture and support. This approach is intended to
cause the developer, from the outset, to consider all
elements of the product lifecycle from concept through
disposal, including quality control, cost, scheduling and user
requirements. (Institute for Defense Analyses).
CE Internet Sources
http://www.ceraj.com/
http://cic.vtt.fi/cib_tg33/
http://www.virginiadot.org/projects/concurengdefault.asp
RE - Motivation
Reasons for reverse engineering:
Interoperability.
Lost documentation: Reverse engineering often is done because the
documentation of a particular device has been lost (or was never written),
and the person who built it is no longer available.
Product analysis. To examine how a product works, what components it
consists of, estimate costs, and identify potential patent infringement.
Academic/learning purposes.
RE Information Flow
Product
Vrobok
Drawing
Vkres
CAD
CAM
Classical Process
CAD Model
NC Manufacture
Real Product
CAD Model
3D Digitalization
Real Product
System ATOS II
RE Internet Sources
http://www.3dscanners.com/
3D Scanners
http://www.cad-based.com/
CAD-Based Solutions
CATIA
CATIA
to THIS
to THIS
Is as easy as 123!
This is the first screen you will encounter on the way to making
your part. There are a few primary choices you will make here that
determine the outcome of your part
Part tree
SKETCHER
From here you pick an icon from the PROFILE toolbar and Click-andDrag that shape in the sketcher environment.
This is the
PROFILE toolbar.
These shapes are
easy to use and
the icons are self
explanatory.
picked
Click EXIT
for Catia to
leave the
sketcher
mode and
enter 3D
modeller
Pad icon
3D Model Definition
Notice that not all of the icons
shown on the shortened
SKETCHER toolbar are active.
This is because some other
variable must be satisfied for
Catia to allow its use.
The pad definition box will cause the limits that have been selected to be
applied in a wire frame representation first. Now if you click on APPLY and
then OK, your wire frame will finally become a solid 3D model.
DRESS-UP FEATURES
The first thing to do is pick the face that you want to pocket
the void through, then pick Sketcher
Line is picked
In Sketcher, pick the proper shape icon from the Primary toolbar, and
sketch the shape ON THE 3D PART represented in sketcher. Once
this is done, EXIT sketcher to return to 3D mode
Sketched circle
Now click on
POCKET from the
Sketcher Based
Features
toolbar pocket
Fillet
Chamfer
Draft
Shell
Mirror
The first thing we will do is FILLET. Pick the face that you
wish to fillet, then pick fillet from the toolbar. The Edge Fillet
Definition box will appear, which you will fill in with the
appropriate info. RADIUS is the size of the fillet and
OBJECTS lists the number of faces that you are going to
fillet. The box also allows you to pick the propagation of the
fillet (Tangency is the best for now).
MOUSE MANIPULATION
The 3 button mouse is your tool for manipulation of the parts and assemblies that you
have created. With it you can ZOOM, ROTATE and PAN your parts or manipulate the
specification tree. First, place your cursor ANYWHERE on the screen
CLICK AND HOLD
CLICK AND RERLEASE
To ZOOM, click and hold the MIDDLE mouse button, click and release the LEFT mouse
button, then PUSH the mouse away from you to make your part smaller and PULL it
towards you to enlarge your part.
This is accomplished by HOLDING the MIDDLE mouse button and then the
LEFT mouse button while keeping the middle one depressed.
To PAN a part across the screen, click and hold the MIDDLE mouse button only.
This allows you to move your part around the screen in a single orientation.
HAND
TO HERE
FROM HERE
TO THIS
FROM THIS
To SHRINK or EXPAND your specification tree, you simply click on the + or signs.
Different RENDERING STYLES give you different views of your part. The most
common one is SHADING. It is chosen by clicking on it in the VISUALIZATION
toolbar.
VISUALIZATION TOOLBAR
SHADING
WIREFRAME
HLR
SHD+E
This is CUSTOMIZED. When this is picked, you can apply materials to your
part. This is useful visually, and needed when you are going to do a stress
analysis. Once applied, a single mouse click can get you a lot of useful
information, ie: Centre of Gravity, density, weight etc
CUSTOMIZED
Once OK has been selected, your part will appear with the filleted
area highlighted by orange lines at the boundaries. Click anywhere
OFF the part to get rid of the lines and see your part
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chamfer
Just like FILLET, the CHAMFER is shown with an orange border until you
click off of the part in the blue area.
draft
The faces that you pick to draft are the ones that turn red,
and the Neutral Element face picked becomes blue. The
arrow determines which way the angle will occur. Dont
forget to click on the neutral element selection box before
clicking on the chosen face.
CLICK HERE
Direction arrow and angle relation
Now your part has a five degree draft angle that you have
designed into it. This draft angle in no way changes the way
that your part will act in relation to other parts in an
assembly.
thickness
Now your part has a five degree draft angle that you have
designed into it. This draft angle in no way changes the way
that your part will act in relation to other parts in an
assembly.
Constraints
constrain
Another way to constrain a line on the part is to pick it and then click on
CONSTRAIN IN A DIALOGUE BOX. You will have many different ways of
constraining the area that will appear in the dialogue box. The ones that you can
use will allow you to pick them.
Constrain in
Picked point
Picked line
Now that we have clicked on DISTANCE, the distance between the two
areas we have chosen will be defined.
distance
If your REFERENCE
ELEMENTS toolbar is not in
view and not hidden, you can
retrieve it from the toolbars
menu seen here.
Reference Elements
To carve a step into your part without setting a reference plane, you
are very limited as to where you can put it. You must first pick a part
face that you are going to work on. This will unfortunately be where
your step will begin, like it or not, without setting a plane.
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Once you have entered sketcher, you will draw the shape of the
step that will be in your part. Notice in this example that part of
the step shape extends beyond the part. The bit of shape that
is not part of the step is of no consequence at this point.
overhang
Depth of pocket
Mirror (pick)
Lets take the same shape and carve a step into the middle of the front
edge, leaving material on both sides. For this we are going to have to
do the same things as before, only first we must add a REFERENCE
ELEMENT.
plane
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77
Click here
Click here
Click here
82
Grab the COMPASS from the top right corner of your screen.
Put your cursor on the red square of the compass and click
and drag it to the highlighted part.
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Centerline chosen
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93
100
Next, you can choose MODIFY and change ISO and ANSI standards,
number of sheets and orientation, scale and others.
Chosen surface
DIMENSIONING
If default is DIAMETER, this is what you will see. If you wish to dimension a
RADIUS, highlight the line and right click on it.
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Your dimension is now a Radius. Lengthen and shorten the dimension line by dragging it.
Click
and
Drag
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All lines can be done in the same way. Simply pick them and click on Dimension. If you are
working on a large drawing, this single line picking would be rather tedious. There is another
way
111
Click on GENERATING DIMENSIONS Step By Step. This will allow CATIA to do the dimensioning
one at a time, every few seconds, whatever timeout you choose.
Click here to
start the
dimensioning
.
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Once all of the automatic dimensioning is finished, you will get an ANALYSIS of what
was done.
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Sources
Books:
Computer-Based Design and Manufacturing by Emad Abouel Nasr,
Ph.D. and Ali K. Kamrani, Ph.D.
Collaborative Product Design and Manufacturing, Methodologies and
Applications by W.D. Li, S.K. Ong, Andrew Y.C. Nee and Chris
McMahon
Internet:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Integrated_Manufacturing
http://www.steptools.com/library/standard/step_1.html
http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/iges.pdf