DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

What is a Pile Foundation

It is a foundation system that
transfers loads to a deeper and
competent soil layer.

When To Use Pile Foundations

Inadequate Bearing Capacity of

Shallow Foundations
To Prevent Uplift Forces
To Reduce Excessive Settlement

PILES & PILE CAPS

PILE FOUNDATION

PILE CLASSIFICATIONS

PILE FOUNDATION

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

TIMBER PILES

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

CAST-IN-PLACE UN-CASED AUGER PILE

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

CAST-IN-PLACE CASED AUGER PILE

PILE FOUNDATION (IN-SITU)

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

CAST-IN-PLACE DRILLED PIER

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

STEEL PILES

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

STEEL AND CONCRETE COMPOSITE PILES

PILE MATERIAL TYPES

STEEL SHEET PILES

PILE DRIVING PROCEDURE

Capacity of Driven Piles Based on Soil Properties

Capacity of Driven Piles (Engineering News Formula)
Capacity of Piles in a Group under Axial Loads
Capacity of Piles in a Group under Axial Load
Moment

PILE DESIGN
There are two parts to pile design:
The pile capacity based on the soil properties (i.e. the
pile design values given in the geotechnical report).
The pile capacity of the pile as a structural member
(i.e. the actual concrete or steel design).
The pile capacity of the pile as a structural member is
generally performed early in the project and standard
drawings and/or tables provided to the engineers.
The pile capacity of the pile as a structural member
assumes the pile is continuously laterally supported.

PILE CAPACITIES
Axial Capacity
Compression loads are transferred from the pile to the soil
by friction, end bearing, or a combination of the two.
Uplift loads are transferred from the pile to the soil by
friction plus the weight of the pile.
Negative skin friction (downdrag) occurs when fill is
placed on a compressible soil deposit, and a pile is driven
into the compressible material before consolidation is
complete. The result is that the substrata pulls down on the
pile, decreasing its compression capacity, but increasing its
tensile capacity.

PILE CAPACITIES
Lateral Capacity
Lateral loads are transferred from the pile to the soil
by passive pressure of the pile bearing against the soil.

PILE CAPACITIES
Group Effects
When piles are driven close together in groups, it is
common that the load capacity of the group is less
than the sum of the capacities of the individual piles
within the group.
This reduced group capacity is the result of the
disturbance of soil around adjacent piles, reducing
each piles skin friction and/or end bearing
characteristics.

PILE CAPACITIES
Group Effects
The group efficiency is usually expressed as a
percentage of the sum of the individual capacities
within the group at a minimum pile spacing. The
geotechnical consultant will define the efficiency of
the pile group, or give criteria for determining the pile
group efficiency.
Pile group efficiency effects can normally be avoided
by placing piles no closer than the recommended
minimum spacing. Rule-of-thumb minimum pile
center-to-center spacing = 3 x dpile

Capacity of Driven Piles

(based on soil properties)

Piles in Sand Layer

=
=

( )

Capacity of Driven Piles

(based on soil properties)

Piles in Clay Layer

=
=

Ultimate Capacity of Piles

= +

= Qu/FS

Problem

Capacity of Driven Piles

(using engineering news formulas)

Capacity of Driven Piles

(using engineering news formulas)

Minimum Requirements for Footing in Piles

Pile Spacing

Minimum: 0.75 m
Usual spacing: 3db

Pile Edge Distance

Minimum: 0.45 m
Usual spacing: 1.25db

Pile Cover

150 mm

Bar Cover

75 mm

Effective depth

Minimum: 300 mm

DESIGN STEPS AND

CONSIDERATIONS
Calculate Total Loads at the Pile Cap
Calculate Individual Pile Vertical Design Load

Calculate Individual Pile Lateral Design Load

Check Pile Capacities and Pile Design
Pile Cap Design

Problem
A column with a vertical load of 290 tons is to be

supported by a pile foundation. The capacity of one pile

is 25 tons. Consider the weight of the footing, fill and
surcharge as 10% of the load. Determine the safe
capacity and required spacing of the pile.

Capacity of Piles in a Group

under axial load

Capacity of Piles in a Group

under axial load moment

Pile Cap Design

Flexural
The adequacy of the section for flexure and the
required area of steel is determined by strength design
method using the factored pile loads.
The critical section for flexure is at the face of the
column (pedestal).

Pile Cap Design

Flexural
The steel ratio is controlled by the requirements in ACI
318 Sections 10.5 and 7.12.
1. Determine Area of Steel Required As
2. Determine Min. Flexural Steel Required As,min
(Section 10.5)
3. Determine Min. Temp Steel Required As,temp (Section
7.12)
4. If As > Asmin then use As
5. If As < Asmin < 4/3 As then use Asmin
6. If As.temp < 4/3As < Asmin then use 4/3As
7. If 4/3As < As,temp < Asmin then use As,temp

Pile Cap Design

Shear

Problem

Problem