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Article history:
Received 6 January 2015
Received in revised form
27 February 2015
Accepted 9 March 2015
Available online 5 June 2015
In this paper, Computational uid dynamics (CFD) modeling of turbulent heat transfer behavior of
Magnesium Oxide-water nanouid in a circular tube was studied. The modeling was two dimensional
under ke turbulence model. The base uid was pure water and the volume fraction of nanoparticles in
the base uid was 0.0625%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. The applied Reynolds number range was 3000
e19000. Three individual models including single phase, Volume of Fluid (VOF) and mixture were used.
The results showed that the simulated data were in good agreement with the experimental ones
available in the literature. According to the experimental work (literature) and simulation (this research),
Nusselt number (Nu) increased with increasing the volume fraction of nanouid. However friction factor
of nanouid increased but its effect was ignorable compared with the Nu on heat transfer increment. It
was concluded that two phase models were more accurate than the others for heat transfer prediction
particularly in the higher volume fractions of nanoparticle. The average deviation from experimental
data for single phase model was about 11% whereas it was around 2% for two phase models.
2015 Karabuk University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under
the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords:
CFD
Nanouid
MgO-water
Friction factor
Nusselt number
1. Introduction
Nowadays, the range of metal oxide nanoparticles is greatly
expanding [1]. There are many industrial processes with water and
ethylene glycol. Thermal properties of these uids control the
thermal efciency and the size of the equipments. Addition of milli
or micro size solid particles was one of the very old techniques for
heat transfer enhancement. This technique was not attractive
because of some inherent problems such as sedimentation.
Furthermore, it increased pressure drop, fouling and erosion of the
ow channel. Since the nanoparticles increased the thermal conductivity of the base uid, the metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles addition to a base uid was initially considered by Choi [2].
The thermal conductivity of nanouid depended on particles
type, size and shape, and thermal properties of base uid [3]. Inuence of particle size and shape on turbulent heat transfer characteristics and pressure losses in water based nanouids (Al2O3,
SiO2, MgO) was investigated by Meril
ainen et al. [4]. They
concluded that the average convective heat transfer coefcients of
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2015.03.011
2215-0986/ 2015 Karabuk University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 18 (2015) 536e542
(1)
cp;nf
4 rcp p 1 4 rcp f
537
vr
V$rU 0:
vt
(4)
- Momentum equation:
(2)
rnf
mnf 1 11:614 10942 mf
(3)
v
rU V$rUU VP Vt B:
vt
(5)
v
rh V$ rUcp T V$kVT:
vt
(6)
MgO
r (kg/m3)
Cp (j/kg.K)
k (W/m.K)
3560
955
45
H2O
r (kg/m3)
m (kg/m.s)
Cp (j/kg.K)
k (W/m.K)
998.2
0.001003
4182
0.6
Nanouid properties
MgO volume fraction%
rnf (j/kg.K)
mnf (kg/m.s)
Cpnf (j/kg.K)
knf (W/m.K)
0.000625
0.00125
0.0025
0.005
0.01
999.8011
1001.402
1004.605
1011.009
1023.818
0.001013
0.001013
0.001023
0.001043
0.001083
4174.818
4167.66
4153.411
4125.185
4069.791
0.642
0.654
0.666
0.69
0.714
538
R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 18 (2015) 536e542
fraction of one (or more) of the phases. For the qth phase, the
equation has the following form:
Sa
vaq !
n $Vaq q
vt
rq
(7)
h
i
v !
T
! !
r n V$!
n!
n Vp V$ m V!
n V!
n
rg F
vt
Energy is also shared among the phases as:
v
rE V$!
n rE p V$ keff VT Sh
vt
(10)
(11)
rm
Pn
k1 ak rk
Xn
!
nk
rm
a r
k1 k p
v
v
ruj
vxj
vxj
"
#
mt v
2
p
m
rC2
s vxj
K y
(20)
Where, sk and s are the turbulent Prandtl numbers for the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation. Turbulent kinetic energy
(K) and its dissipation rate () are coupled to the governing equations via the turbulent viscosity relation mt rCm k2 =$Cm is not a
constant value as in the standard ke model. The empirical constants are C2 1.9, sk 1:0 and s 1:2 [16].
4. Modeling procedure
The rst step is to represent a two dimensional geometry of pipe
that is generated by GAMBIT software (version: 2.2.30). It is also
divided in several cells. Fig. 1 shows the pipe scheme.
Fig. 2 shows the optimum grid of pipe. It is 15 cm in radial direction (R) and 252 cmin pipe length direction (x). It needs 15 cm
length of tube to created fully developed turbulent ow [23]. So,
the tube was divided to two parts. Part 2 of tube wall temperature
was maintained at the constant temperature about 313.15 K. All of
parameters were found for part 2 of pipe (fully developed ow
region). The range of Reynolds and velocity of inlet ow was
extracted from the experiment [17].
So:
(15)
(16)
Xn
v Xn
a r E V$ k1 ak !
v k rk Ek p V$ keff VT SE
k1 k k k
vt
(17)
For compersible phase [22]:
(19)
The pressure outlet was chosen for the tube outlet boundary
condition. This pressure was assumed to be in atmosphere pressure
in outlet ow.
The wall was in stationary state and no slip was applied to shear
condition. Wall temperature of developed region (part 2) was xed
at 313.15 K.
The pressure-based solver was used for the calculations.
Second-order upwind interpolation scheme was applied for the
momentum and energy calculations. The SIMPLE algorithm was
chosen for the pressureevelocity coupling. The ke turbulence
model was used during the calculations. Furthermore, the
enhanced wall treatment was chosen for near-wall treatment.
Convergence of the numerical solution was assured by monitoring
the scaled residuals to a constant level below 106 for each variable.
(14)
!
vk!
vm
v dr;k !
!
#
mt vk
vui vuj vui
r
mt
sk vxj
vxj vxi vxi
(13)
a m
k1 k k
Vz 0 ; Vy 0 ; Vx Vinlet ;
i
h
v
T
r !
n m V!
n m V$rm !
n m!
n m Vp V$ mm V!
nm
vt m
! !
rm g F
Xn
!
V$
a r !
n
n
k1 k k dr;k dr;k
Xn
"
(12)
mm
v
v
rkuj
vxj
vxj
Pn
!
nm
(9)
v
r V$rm !
n m m_
vt m
(18)
(8)
p v2k
rk 2
q1 aq rq Eq
Pn
q1 aq rq
Ek hk
Tinlet 298:15 K
R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 18 (2015) 536e542
539
based on single phase model). According to these gures, the friction factors at various concentrations of nanoparticles were very
close to the experimental data in Re > 7000. The average errors for
VOF, mixture and single phase model were around 4.43%, 4.43% and
5.45%, respectively. VOF and mixture (two phase models) data had
lower deviation compared with the single phase model.
Figs. 7e9 show the Nu number data according to VOF,
mixture and single phase model, respectively. As shown in these
gures, VOF and mixture models data were in very good agreement with the experimental ones for all of the volume fractions
although the single phase model deviation increased with the
volume fractions increment. Furthermore, the heat transfer
increased with the nanoparticles concentration enhancement
[17]. In fact, the nanoparticle concentrations were less than 1% in
this study. It may cause the negligible changes in Nu number for
the single phase model. The data were close to each other in the
lower Reynolds numbers for various nanoparticles concentrations while they were sharply located in the higher Reynolds
numbers.
Fig. 10 shows friction factors for the nanouid volume fraction of
1% (as an example) according to three models. The friction factors
were properly matched on the experimental ones for Reynolds
numbers higher than 5000. Similar trend was also observed in the
Fig. 4. Friction factors for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the VOF
model.
540
R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 18 (2015) 536e542
Fig. 5. Friction factors for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the
mixture model.
Fig. 6. Friction factors for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the single
phase model.
Fig. 7. Nu number for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the VOF
model.
Fig. 8. Nu number for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the mixture
model.
Fig. 9. Nu number for various volume fractions of nanoparticle based on the single
phase model.
R. Davarnejad, M. Jamshidzadeh / Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 18 (2015) 536e542
541
Nomenclature
Fig. 10. Friction factor versus Re number based on the experiment and various models
for nanoparticle volume fraction of 1%.
B
C2
Cp
Cm
E
f
!
F
g
h
hk
k
K
_
m
n
Nu
P
Re
T
t
U
V
Greek letters
ak
Volume fraction of phase k, e
Subscript
b
eff
f
nf
m
p
w
Bulk, e
Effective, e
Base uid, e
Nanouid, e
Mixture, e
Solid particle, e
Wall, e
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