I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Landscape Characterization for

Biodiversity Conservation using
Satellite Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System

11/4/2015

Dr. Sarnam Singh

Head
Forestry & Ecology Department
sarnam@iirs.gov.in

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Terms in the title

Biodiversity = Biological + Diversity (variability of
living organisms includes all Plants and Animals)
Characterization = Classification or categorization
Landscape = Large area i.e. aggregation of
landforms
Remote Sensing = Earth Observation Systems
Geographic Information System = a tool for data
collection, storing, organizing, retrieving,
displaying, integration and analyses as per user
requirement, as and when and the way required,
in computer domain

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

BIODIVERSITY - GLOBAL SCALE

BIOLOGICAL RICHNESS MAP OF WORLD

HUMAN DISTURBANCE MAP OF WORLD

HOWEVER???

Source: R.A. Mittermeter, Primate diversity & Tropical forest:

case studies from Brazil & Madascagar & Importance of
Megadiversity countries,
Biodiversity, 1988 National Academy Press

Areas with high levels of Biodiversity

Source:

Data from Lee Hannah & David Lohse, 1993

Annual Report, Conservation Institution, Washington, D.C.

A Human disturbance-map compares

predominantly natural areas with those
that are partially disturbed or human
dominated

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Map of Biodiversity Hot Spots and Number of

Endemic species

Himalayas 3160

Indo-Burma7000

Western Ghats- Sri Lanka 3049

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA

What we have !!!

221 types of Vegetation around is the result of action and
interaction
Fire has influenced the vegetation of India or elsewhere
Present landscapes are the results of the human interaction
for millions of years
Ecosystems
With 221 forest ecosystems in Indian Subcontinent
Very high ecosystem diversity and almost every major
habitat type occurs , which is found in the World
It is among 17 Mega-biodiversity centers of the world
3 Biodiversity Hot and Several Warm Spots
10 Biogeographic zones
Four Endemic Centers
26 Micro-endemic centers

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

INDIAN SCENARIO
Area is only 2.4% of the world total landmass
But has Species
45000 plant species
17000 angiospermic species
1200 pteridophytes
33% species are endemic
Varied topographical - from sea level in peninsular to high
mountains of Himalayas
Climatically
Highest rainfall in the North-Eastern region/Kerala to dry
and cold deserts in west
Subzero temperature in Himalayas to very high
temperatures in Central India

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

INDIAN SCENARIO

India is the 7th largest country in the world, Asia's 2nd

largest with an area of 329 million hectares; 2.4% % of
worlds total landmass.

Biogeographical zones 10; Biogeographical provinces 26;

Biomes over 400; Confluence of Indo-Malayan, Eurasian
and Afro-tropical realms.

One of the 17 megadiversity centres in the world, 3rd in

Asia, 11th in the world, sharing about 11 % of the total
floristic diversity, having 3 biodiversity hot spots.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

INDIAN SCENARIO
Approaches !!!
(a) Quantitative as well as qualitative assessment of species,
ecosystems, and their habitats
(b) Identification of :
Biodiversity hot spots
Flagship species Like Tiger, Elephant, etc.
Keystone species most important plant of the
ecosystem
Umbrella species e.g. Tiger, by protecting tiger we
can protect the entire ecosystem and biodiversity.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

INDIAN SCENARIO
Traditional methods of Biodiversity Conservation were

Early biodiversity conservation prioritization

Rapid surveys and
Species specific.
Later on

Refinement in approach based on experience and increased

knowledge
Focus on the conservation value and its vulnerability
Likelihood that the areas biodiversity will be lost if it is not
protected

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

INDIAN SCENARIO
Requirement
Identification of conservation areas requires
Comprehensive knowledge of species
Ecosystem diversity
Spatial extents
Periodic assessments and
Monitoring
Information availability
Knowledge about other parameters for quantification is either
Not properly structured
Scattered
Incomplete
inconsistent or
If available then not readily usable form

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

INDIAN SCENARIO
Therefore !!!

Remote Sensing
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Monitoring system to update data required for biodiversity
conservation on continuous basis.
GPS
Geoinformatics

Aerospace technology existed from 1950s (aerial) and 1972

(space) for civilian use
Recently accepted as a tool in conservation planning and
management

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

CONSIDER
Landscape dynamism
Human impacts
Changing environmental setup

Management needs to be based on the dynamic

information rather than static

Importance of the variation in time and space
Integrity and continuity of ecosystem processes at
landscape level
Because landscape ecology is an electric science (i.e., is
composed of elements drawn from many sources)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

FCC OF FRI CAMPUS DEHRADUN

(IKONOS DATA)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

ISSUES

Identify Biodiversity Gap Areas. It will enable

making for bioprospecting ;

decision-

Identify habitat diversity and richness.

Biologically rich fragmented sites - need special attention ;
Evolution of strong Biodiversity Information System
country

in the

Developing Protocol for data storage, dissemination and

updation specially at university level.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Causes of Loss of biodiversity

Fragmentation often reduces biodiversity
and consequently decreases genetic diversity.
One of the major causes of biodiversity loss
and extinction
Kareiva, P. 1986. Patchiness, dispersal, and species interactions :
consequences for communities of herbivorous insects.
Community Ecology. Pp 192-206. Edited by J. Diamond and T.J. Case.
Harper and Row, New York.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Habitat Loss
1994
IRS LISS FCCs
showing
deforestation
Sonitpur, Assam

1999

2000

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

What are the possible measures of

Conservation?

Establishment of biosphere or nature reserves in areas of

national importance.

Establishment of sanctuaries for selected species in their

natural habitat.

Control of overexploitation
Cultivation of RET species in more areas in forests and in
botanical gardens.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

What are the possible measures of

Conservation?

Collection and preservation of germplasm material in the

form of seed, pollen, tissue etc.

Legislation for conservation.

To aware the local people

value of loss of biodiversity.

about the importance and

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Types of Biodiversity

Species Diversity: variety of species within a region

Genetic Diversity: variations of genes within a species
Ecosystem Diversity: different types of ecosystems/
habitats

Alpha Diversity (Within Community Diversity)

Beta Diversity (Between Community Diversity)
Gamma Diversity (Diversity of the habitats in the whole
geographic region)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Hierarchy of Biological Organisation

Biosphere

Global

NOVA-AVHRR, MODIS

Regional

MODIS, AWIFS

Biomes
Landscape

Sub-regional

Landsat TM, LISS III

Small Areas
Ecosystem
Community
Population

Local

LISS III, ASTER

IKONOS, LISS IV

IKONOS,
CARTOSAT,
ORBVIEW,
Point HYPERION

Small

Species
A structurally distinct geographical space, which is
kilometres wide, is called a landscape. Biosphere is the
limited zone of life on earth

Amenability
to
Satellite Remote
Sensing

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Approaches for Inventorying Biodiversity

Conventional
Time Consuming
High extinction rate ?
Overtaking inventory
process

Landscape
Ecosystem
Community

Population
Species
Gene

Geospatial
Stratified approach
Extrapolation on large landscapes
Systematic Monitoring
Spatial Environmental Database

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Landscape Characterization
What is Landscape?
Landscape commonly refers to the landforms of a
region in the aggregate (Websters New Collegiate
Dictionary, 1980) or
Most simply, a landscape can be considered a spatially
heterogeneous area.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Landscape Characterization
Unit of Landscape is Patch, therefore landscape
characterization is basically based on patch
characteristics i.e. patch characterization
What is a patch ?

Patch is a non-linear relatively

homogeneous contiguous area.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Why at Landscape level ??

Because every species needs a minimum

(optimum) area for evolution, survival and

adaptations to changing climatic conditions

Because biodiversity of small forest areas/

patches is poor therefore, conservation of small

areas/patches is not viable as a long term
conservation strategy

Because conservation of single species is not

feasible in long term

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Why at Landscape level ??

Large area provides better chances of survival

and evolution

In situ conservation is essential for species to

evolve

Adaptations to changed climatic and

environmental conditions

Ecosystem goods and services will not function

properly

Nutrient cycle will be always threatened in

small area

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Patch Characteristics
SIZE
Symmetric

S
H
A
P
E

Small

Large

CORE

Good

IDEAL

BUFFER
Small Size
Peoples
Criss-cross

Good

High Biotic
Pressure
High
Disturbance
Not Suitable

Small

Small-Medium

Medium-High

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

TERRAIN
CLIMATE
Rainfall
Temperature

APPROACH

GIS
ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPLEXITY

BIODIVERSITY
PRIORITY ZONE

LOW
DISTURBANCE
REGIMES

HABITAT
(ECOSYSTEMS)

LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
Patch characteristics
Human Intervention

VEGETATION / ECOSYSTEM MAPPING

Remote Sensing + Ground Truth + Existing Vegetation Maps

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

APPROACH FOR DISTURBANCE INDEX

Forest /Non
Forest map

Landscape Analysis Package

SPALM
Proximity
Analysis

Fragmentation

Vegetation
Type Map

Broad Cover
Types

Road

Disturbance Index

= ( Fragmentation, Porosity, Interspersion,

Biotic/Human Disturbances & Juxtaposition )

Porosity, Patchiness
Interspersion

Association ( Weights
determined based
on Adjacency of the
vegetation types

Juxtaposition

Sources of
Human
Disturbances

Settlement

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Landscape Parameters
Of the several parameters available in literature
following parameters were considered

Fragmentation
Porosity
Patchiness
Interspersion
Juxtaposition

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS
Natural Landscape

Intact

IMPACT OF FRAGMENTATION

Lowest

Artificial Landscape

Highest

IMPACT OF POROSITY

Intact

Lowest

Highest

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

APPROACH FOR VEGETATION / LANDCOVER

TYPE MAP

Raw Satellite Data

Sun Angle Effect
Ratioing
Biophysical
spectral
Indices
NDVI, SAVI
Knowledg
e base

Pre-Processing

Haze Removal
Histogram Minimization
Dark Object Subtraction

Removal of
Discrepancies

Geometric And
Radiometric Correction

Visual Interpretation of digital data

Hybrid Classification

Ground Truth

Unsupervised + Supervised + Knowledge Base

Digitally Classified Vegetation / Landcover Map

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE OF IRS LISS III (MARCH)

Doon
Valley

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Sal Forest

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Dry Deciduous
Forest

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Mixed Moist Deciduous Forest

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Subtropical Moist Deciduous Forest

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Agriculture

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Rivers

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Forest Cover Type mapping delineation

Settlements

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

VEGETATION COVER TYPE AND LAND USE MAP

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

1994

1999

2000
FCCs showing deforestation, Sonitpur, Assam

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Sampling Design
Several Approaches

Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling in the present study
Alternatively
Level 1: Choose Appropriate Systematic Grid Size
Level 2: Then randomize the sample plots within the
specified grid.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Sampling Design
Nested Quadrate Approach

Laying of plots
North-South
Along Slope or gradient

Mark trees with ring with

paint at dbh (1.37 m)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

MASK SIZE: 250 250 m

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

MASK SIZE: 1000 1000 m

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

MASK SIZE: 1500 1500 m

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Location Map of the Pachmarhi Biosphere

Reserve (False Color Composite sub set)

HOSHANGABAD DISTRICT
PACHMARHI SANCTUARY
SATPURA NATIONAL PARK

BORI SANCTUARY

CHHINDWARA DISTRICT
BETUL DISTRICT

BUFFER ZONE

False Color Composite of PBR Region

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

FCC of Bori WLS and Satpura NP in Madhya Pradesh

(IRS WiFS data, 2002)
Water body

Dry deciduous
Bamboo

Rehabilitation sites
Lantana

Agriculture
Very basic understanding of RS data is sufficient

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Location of Sample Plots In PBR Region

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Land Use / Land Cover Map of PBR

22 50 10.01

Legend
Moist Deciduous Forest
Dry Deciduous Forest
Sal mixed Forest
Teak mixed Forest
Sal Forest
Teak Forest
Bamboo mixed Forest
Degraded Forest
Scrub
Agriculture
Fallow/ Barren land
Water body
Wetland / Sand
Settlement

22 10 49.46

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Disturbance is inversely
proportional to distance

Road Network
Settlements

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Mete
rs

Road Impact
Meters

Settlement
Influence

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N
22 50 10.01

Fragmentation Map of PBR

Fragmentation
Class

Area %

High Fragmentation

31.71

Medium Fragmentation

35.99

Intact

15.88

Agriculture

16.42

40
35
30

Legend
22 10 49.46

Non- Forest
Low Fragmentation

25
20
15
10

Moderate Fragmentation

High Fragmentation

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Disturbance Zones of 500 Meters Distance

LEGEND
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Disturbance Index
Disturbance Index = {(Fragmentation,
Porosity, Interspersion, Proximity from
disturbance source (settlement+ Roads) and
Juxtaposition)}
DI= (Frai * WTi1 + Pori * Wti2 + Inti *
Wti3 + BDi * Wti4 + Juxti * Wti5
DI= Disturbance Index, Frg = Fragmentation, Por= Porosity, Int =
Interspersion, BD = Proximity from disturbance source (settlement+
Roads) and Juxt = Juxtaposition; Wt = Weight

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Weights For Disturbance Index Modeling

0
1
2
3
4

Porosity
Interval
0
1
2
3
8

1
2
3
5

Weight
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8

Patchiness
Interval
Weight
1
0.2
2
0.4
4
0.6
8
0.8

0
1
2
4

Juxtaposition
Interval
Weight
1
15
1
16
30
0.9
31
45
0.8
46
60
0.6
61
75
0.5
76
90
0.3
91
105
0.2
106
120
0.1

Landscape Indices Weights

Indices
Weights
Porosity
20
Patchiness
30
Fragmentation
30
Interspersion
10
Juxtaposition
10
Buffer
5

Fragmentation
Interval
Weight
0
0.2
1
0.4
3
0.6
15
0.8

0
1
2
3
4
5

0
1
2
3

Buffer
Interval
0
1
2
3

Interspersion
Interval
Weight
0
0
1
0.2
2
0.4
3
0.6
4
0.8
8
1

Weight
0
0.2
0.3
0.4

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N
22 50 10.01

Disturbance Index Map of PBR

Disturbance
Class

Area %

High

39.95

Medium

25.47

Low

18.09

Agriculture

16.49

40
35
30
25
20

Legend
22 10 49.46

Very High Disturbance

High Disturbance

Low Disturbance
Non- forest

15
10
5
0

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Biological Richness concept

Biological Richness is not the species
richness or number of species alone
The concept of Biological Richness
presented here considers five
parameters
Biological Richness of a Landscape is combination
of Species Richness, Biodiversity Value, Ecosystem
Uniqueness, Terrain Complexity and Human Role
(Biotic Disturbance)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Approach For Biological Richness

Botanical Survey of India
Species Database

Knowledge Base

Ground Sampling
Species Richness
Total Value Index
(Known Economic uses)

Disturbance
Index

Assign attributes
to
Vegetation types

Ecosystem Uniqueness
Representativeness
Endemism

Biological Richness
= f (Ecosystem Uniqueness, Species Richness, Terrain
Biodiversity Value, Terrain Complexity &
Disturbance Index )

Complexity

SPALM- Landscape Analysis Package

Digital
Elevation
Model

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Biological Richness
Biological Richness = (Ecosystem
Uniqueness, Species Richness, Biodiversity
Value, Terrain Complexity & Disturbance
Index )
BR= (EUi *WTi1 + SRi * Wti2 + BVi * Wti3
+ TCi * Wti4 + DIi * Wti5
EU = Ecosystem Uniqueness; SR = Species Richness; BV
= Biodiversity Value; TC = Terrain Complexity; DI=
Disturbance Index

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Biological Richness Mapping

Field data Collection

Height Measurements

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis

(A) Species Richness
Species Diversity (H) is estimated using ShannonWiener Biodiversity Index formula, is based on the
Phytosociological analysis either number of species
or Importance Value Index).
Field sample plots of appropriate size are laid to
enumerate trees, shrubs, herbs, climber, epiphytes
etc.
Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the richness
value in decreasing order

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis

(B) Ecosystem Uniqueness
Ecosystem Uniqueness (EU) is uniqueness of the ecosystem.
Number of endemic species,
Representativeness of the vegetation (vegetation with exotic
species is not representative i.e. original),
Number of economically and medicinally important species,
based on the known uses
Presence of Keystone species, Umbrella species, rare and
endangered species in the ecosystem/vegetation type
Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the ecosystem
uniqueness in decreasing order
Cosmopolitan (3) < Regional (6) < Local (10)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis

(C) Biodiversity Value (BV)
Biodiversity Value (BV) is the total economic value
of the biodiversity (phytodiversity) based on
known uses, as proposed by Belal and Spreiguel
(1996)
Depending upon the number of general uses and
medicinal properties, value is assigned to each use
by a group of experts.
Weights from 10 to 1 assigned based on the
biodiversity value in decreasing order

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Total Important Value- Weight Table

Species Name

Foddr

Med

Edbl Tmbr

Chrcol

Others

Total

Abelmssehus manihot (l.)

Medic

Abrus precatorius L.

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw.

Acacia catechu (L.f.)

Willd.

24

Acacia leucophloea
(Roxb.) Willd.

32

Acacia nilotica (L.) Delila

28

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.

19

Acacia sinuata
(lour.)merr.

17

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis

(D) Terrain Complexity (TC)
Terrain Complexity (TC) is the variability of the
topograpphy or terrain, rate of change of variance in
Digital Elevation Model.
Assumed that higher the terrain complexity (slope,
aspect, elevation) richer is biodiversity.
Higher microclimatic conditions created due complex
terrain and supporting very high and unique biodiversity.
DEM created based either on contours or point elevation
data (Shuttle Radar Terrain Mapper)

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Parameters for Biological Richness Analysis

(E) Disturbance Regimes (DI)
Disturbance Regimes (DI) established based on the
Landscape parameters like Fragmentation,
Patchiness, Porosity, Interspersion, Juxtaposition and
Biotic Pressure is used in modeling biological richness
analysis.

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N
22 50 10.01

Biological Richness Map of PBR

Biorichness
Class

Area %

Very High

13.77

High

36.37

Medium

8.75

Low

24.61

Agriculture

16.49

40
35

Legend
22 10 49.46

Non- Forest
Low Biological Richness
Moderate Biological Richness

30
25
20
15
10

High Biological Richness

Very High Biological Richness

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Presentation was based on the contributions

made by more than 60 scientist of DOS and
non- DOS institutions in the nation wide
project on Biodiversity Characterization a
joint DBT-DOS project
Thanks

I N D I A N I N S T I T U T E O F R E M O T E S E N S I N G, D E H R A D U N

Contact Details of the Faculty:

Email- sarnam@iirs.gov.in
Tel- 0135-2524170