RS GIS APPLICATION TO WATER RESOURCES

By
Dr. S.P. Aggarwal, FIE
Head, Water Resources Department
spa@iirs.gov.in

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing

ISRO, Dept. of Space, Govt. of India
Dehradun

How much water you need

Barley/wheat

needs 1300-1700 liters

Maize needs 900-1200 liters
Rice needs 3400-3800 liters
Meat

: 14,000 litre/kg

Cotton

T-shirt: 4100 litre

Water Resources consumption

Agriculture : Around 80-85%

Efficiency is poor
India

38%
Malaysia 45%
Japan and China 50-60%

Industrial : 8-10%
Domestic: 5-7%

Indian scenario
Water Resources of India A Glance
Average Annual Rainfall
- 4000 billion cu.m.
Natural Runoff
- 1953 billion cu.m.
( Surface & Ground Water)
Estimated Utilisable Surface Potential
- 690 billion cu. m.
Ground Water Resource
- 432 billion cu. m.
Available Groundwater Resource for Irrigation
- 361 billion cu. m.
Net Utilisable Ground Water Resources for Irrigation - 325 billion cu. m.
Groundwater provision for Domestic, Industrial
- 71 billion cu. m.
and Other

Per capita Water Availability: about 1600 m3 / year/person

..Heading towards Water Stress country

Problem!

Spatial variation

Seasonal Variation

120 mm to 12000 mm

Rainy season: 70%-90%

Annual variation

Some times drought year

some times wet year

Imaging from Space provides

Near real time hydrologic information
within few hours to few days
Temporal Informations :
30 minutes to few days
Spatial information :
1 Meter to few km.
Synoptic coverage:
25 km to 800 km. or more
6

Imaging capability of India

Imaging
Hot spot

Met/Ocean
Observation
communication

36,000 Km
All weather
mapping

High
resolution
imaging

6,00 Km

Laser
Terrain Mapper

2-10 Km

Real Time
Mapping

Input from space for Water

Resources studies

Cloud cover
Cloud top temperature
OLR
Rainfall
Wind vector
LST
Soil moisture
Water body Mapping and monitoring
Snow cover area and bio-physical
properties
LAI, Albedo
Land use Land cover
Water level (Saral)
Geological features
Topography

Water Security

Megha tropique
SARAL
Stereo Data
GPS
ICT

Spectral Resolution
Microware (C, X, Ku)
Hyperspectral
GIS
Multidimensional data
Modelling
Hosted GIS

High
Resolution

Very High
Resolution
OCM-2
RISAT 1
Cartosat- 1/2
2010
IKONOS/QB
Resourcesat - 1
2008

IRS P3
ENVISAT WiFS

Moderate
Resolution

OCM-1 GRACE
MODIS

ASTER
IRS IC/ID
PAN

Coarse
Resolution
Seasat
Landsat

IRS P2

IRS IA/IB

1985
1980

1995

2005

Water
Resource
Assessment &
Water Budgeting
2014

Irrigation Infrastructure
Planning

Inter-basin Transfer,
water corridor
Deep GW Exploration

1996

Ground Water
Prospecting

Command Area Monitoring,

Reservoir Sedimentation

Snow melt Run off; Forecast

Glacier Inventory

Potential Ground Water Zones

Mass balance of
Snow and Glaciers

Rainfall
Visible band - type of cloud
Thermal band

cloud top temperature is calculated

height of cloud & precipitable clouds

Microwave : Rain amount & rain rate

28
29
30Oct-9gmt
Oct-3gmt
Oct-6gmt
Oct-3gmt
Oct-6gmt
Oct-9gmt

...cloud movement monitoring from Space

NEARLY 3.75 LAKH Ha. INUNDATED
ROAD, POWER AND COMMUNICATION
NETWORKS SEVERELY AFFECTED IN 10
COASTAL DISTRICTS

INSAT - 3D
Atmospheric Temperature and Humidity Profiles
in cloud free regions

6 Channel IMAGER
Spectral Bands (m)
Visible
Short Wave Infra Red
Mid Wave Infra Red
Thermal Infra Red 1
Thermal Infra Red 2
Water Vapour
Resolution

: 0.55
: 1.55
: 3.70
: 6.50
: 10.30
: 11.30

0.75
1.70
3.95
7.10
11.30
12.50

: 1 km for Vis & SWIR

4 km for MIR & TIR
8 km for WV

19 Channel IR SOUNDER

Spectral Bands (m)

Short Wave Infra Red

Six bands

Mid Wave Infra Red

Five Bands

Long Wave Infra Red

Seven Bands

Visible

One Band

Resolution (km)

10 X 10 for all

Four

bands

No of simultaneous
sounding per band

Algorithm development:
SAC, IMD

INSAT 3D Products

INSAT 3D Image of cloud Cover

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

(TRMM)
Measurements from TRMM are used to
find out where it is raining, and how hard
it is raining. Not all clouds cause rain, and
when rain does fall, it falls through
various heights in the atmosphere,

PAYLOADS

15

Global Rainfall

16

SNOW COVER MAPPING

15/05/98

15/06/98

12/10/98

28/11/98

04/12/98

25/05/99

25/06/99

14/07/99

27/09/99

28/10/99

14/02/99

17

Hydrological Modelling

Setting up of Hydrological Model for Indian River

Basins

Input: Vegetation
Soil,
Topography
Forcing:
Min. Max. Temp,
Rainfall etc.
VIC Model
Output: Runoff, ET, Soil moisture, Baseflow

Basin scale hydrological modeling

(Mahanadi Basin:Area=1.41 lakh sq.km.)

Objectives:
1. Calibrate VIC model at outlet of Mahanadi river for the observed flow data of 2003
2. Validate the model on other five sub-basins of Mahanadi river basin
3. Simulate the runoff at six sites for 1972 (based on LULC of 1972)
4. Assess the impact of landuse change on runoff during 1972 to 2003
Baminidihi

Sundergarh

400
350

200

300
250

Model Inputs:
1. Resourcesat Awifs
2. Landsat MSS
3. Modis LAI
4. Modis albedo
5. GTOPO 30 DEM
6. NBSSLUP soil map
7. Daily Rainfall IMD gridded data
8. NCDC temperature data
9. Discharge from CWC

150

S imulated

S imulated

200
150
100

obs erved

100

obs erved

50

50
0

10

11

12

10

11

12

Andhiarkore
250

200
S imulated
150

Mundali

O bs erved

300

100

250
50

200
S imulated

150

0
1

10

11

12

obs erved

100
50
0
1

Simga

Results:
1.Simulation found to be reasonably accurate
With R2 :0.836, Ns:0.821 and RE:8.5%
2.An increase of surface runoff by 4.53% (24.44 mm) in 2003 compared with 1972 ( 351.4 million m3 ).
This may be attributed to loss of forest by 5.71%.
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

S imulated

350

obs erved

300

Kantamal

S imulated

250

obs erved

200
150
100

10

11

12

50

10

11

12

10

11

12

THE RESPONSE OF HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES

TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN MAHANADI BASIN OF
INDIA USING A MACROSACLE VIC MODEL
Runoff Change

500

300

450

250

400
350

Rainfall (2008)

300

Rainfall (2050)

250

Runoff (mm)

Rainfall (mm)

Precipitation Change

200

200
Runoff (2008)

150

Runoff (2050)

100
50

150
1

Month

Baseflow Cange

Evaporation Chane
150

40
35
30
Baseflow (2008)

25
20

Baseflow (2050)

15
10
5

Evapoation (mm)

45

Base flow (mm)

3
Month

140
130
120
Evaporation(2008)

110
100

Evaporation(2050)

90
80
70
60

0
1

3
Month

Month

Climate change: based on IPCC 4th report 2007 on climate change

Temperature; (2050 year): Winter; 3 .25C, Summer; 2.19C
Precipitation: (2050 year) : Winter; -2.1% , Summer; 6.6%
Results: Surface runoff and ET will increase as predicted rainfall and temperature is high in 2050. However, base flow
will decrease. This is attributed to increased ET.

National scale: IIRS Initiatives

15 years Runoff potential

maps of India(1991-2005)

Wet year and dry years

are visible
Runoff can be estimated
on daily basis
ET and soil moisture can
also be simulated
Aggarwal, S.P., Garg, V., Gupta, P.K., Nikam, B.R., Thakur, P.K. and Roy P.S. (2013). Runoff
potential assessment over Indian landmass: A macro-scale hydrological modeling approach.
Current Science, in press.

Grid based estimated runoff pattern maps of India 1991-2005

Flood Inundation Mapping

and Damage Assessment

Near Real-Time Flood

Inundation Mapping
Flood Damage
Assessment
Flood Risk Zone
Mapping
Flood forecasting and
Spatial Warning
System

1998 Brahmaputra Floods -Basinwise monitoring

Assam
State

08 Sept, 1998 IRS-1C WiFS

Source: NRSC

Odisha flood Extent, Duration and depth Analysis

Satellite data
DEM
Foot print map

1998 Brahmaputra Floods - Damage to road network

Part of Marigaon district
Pre-Flood

DuringFlood

<--Marooned village

<-- Flood inundation

IRS-1D PAN 03 March, 98

IRS-1C PAN 08 Sept, 98

Source: NRSC

Flood Simulation

Sisumatha

Kushabhadra River Profile

Cross section at Sisumatha Gauge Station

Initial results of SARAL/AltiKa waveform analysis

27/08/2013

10/09/2013

Tehri
Projected track

Maithon

2km

175m
1.6km

Track no.152

Footprint

12/03/2013

Petuaghat
Track no.967

Track no. 754

Location

Estimated through
AltiKa

Observed value

Date

Tehri, U.K

817.49 m

818.10 m

27-08-2013

Maithon, W.B

146.33 m

146.31 m

10-09-2013

Petuaghat, W.B

3.51 m

4.2 m

12-03-2013

Snow Melt Runoff Modelling

Snow cover depletion

15/05/98

15/06/98

12/10/98

28/11/98

04/12/98

14/02/99

25/05/99

25/06/99

14/07/99

27/09/99

28/10/99

22/11/99

70

60

50

40

30

Snow cover [%]

Snow Cover Depletion Curves

100

90

80

20

10

September - I
August - II
July - III
July - I
June - II
May - III
May - I
April - II
March - III
March - I
February - II
January - III
January - I
December - II
November - III
November - I
October - II

zone 10
zone 9
zone 8
zone 7
zone 6

SRM calculation
The basic equation of SRM model is
Qn+1 = [CSn an (Tn + Tn) Sn+ CRn Pn] A10000 (1-kn+1)+ Qn kn+1
86400

T, S and P are variables to be measured or determined each day. CR, CS, lapse
rate to determine T, TCRIT, k are parameters which are characteristic for a given
basin.

As an Example for a basin of an elevation range of 1500 m. It is sliced in three

elevation zones A, B and C of 500 m each, the model equation becomes
Qn+1 = {[cSAn aAn (Tn + TAn) SAn + cRAn PAn] + AA* 10000
[cSBn aBn (Tn + TBn ) SBn + cRBn PBn ] +

86400
AB* 10000
86400

C* 10000 )} + Q k
[cSCn aCn (Tn + TCn ) SCn + cRCn PCn ] + A(1-k
n+1
n
n+1

86400

In this project all the model parameters are derived as 10 daily average values and
used to compute the 10 daily average runoff.

Dv(%)=1.8
Temperature
Precipitation
Snow Cover Area
160

140

120

estimated
100

real
80

discharge [m /s]

Martinec-Rango SRM (1998-1999)

240

220

200

180

60

40

20

December II
November II
October II
September II
August II
July II
June II
May II
April II
March II
February II
January II
December II
November II
October II
September II
August II
July II
June II

120

100

80

60
Discharge [m /s]

Martinec-Rango SRM (calibration 2000-2001)

180

160

Year: 1998
140

Dv(%)=15.3

40

measured
20

estimated
0

September - I
August - II
July - III
July - I
June - II
May - III
May - I
April - II
March - III
March - I
February - II
January - III
January - I
December - II
November - III
November - I
October - II

IRRIGATION WATER
MANAGEMENT: RS GIS
Approach

Part of Upper ganges canal as

seen by satellite

IRS 1D Pan(5.8)

Cartosat 1(2.5 m)

Superpassage

Indian Imaging System Till now

1979/81

1999/2003

BHASKARA 1 /2
VIDICON,
SAMIR

1988/91

Overall
Mapping
1999

IRS-1A & 1B
Crop Type
LISS-1&2
(72/36m) Crop Condition

1994
IRS-P2

INSAT-2E
VHRR, CCD (1 km)
INSAT-3A
VHRR,CCD

IRS-P4 (Oceansat 1)
OCM (360m)
MSMR

Crop acreage
2001
Estimation
TES
IRS-P5(Cartosat-1)
PAN (1m)

LISS-2

1996
IRS-P3
WiFS,
MOS X-Ray

1995/1997

Canal2003
Network

IRS-P6 (Resourcesat-1)
LISS 3 (23m)
LISS 4 (5.8m)
AWiFS (55m)

2005&7

Canal
IRS-1C/1D
Alignment
LISS-3 (23/70m)
PAN (5.8
m)
Structures
etc.
WiFS (188m)

IRS-P5(Cartosat-1)
PAN-(2.5 m) F/A
Cartosat2 (80 cm)

COMMAND AREA MAP

DISTRIBUTORY BOUNDARY MAP

MET. DATA
temp.,wind speed,RH,sunshinehr

Kc VALUES
EFFECIENCES

CROP AREA ESTIMATION IN

EACH BOUNDARY

CROP WAT MODEL

IWR

ETo

Supply Data
Demand-Supply analysis

CLASSIFIED IMAGE OF KHARIF SEASON

OF K.PATAN COMMAND

CLASSIFIED IMAGE OF RABI SEASON

OF K.PATAN COMMAND

CLASSIFIED DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL

OF K.PATAN COMMAND

NDVI OF K.PATAN COMMAND OF OCTOBER 1998

VARIATION OF NDVI WITH PLACE & TIME

0.450
0.400

0.41

0.350
0.31

NDVI

0.300
0.250

0.21

0.200
0.150

0.14

0.100

0.12

0.11

0.050
0.000
PATAN
DISTRIBUTORY

ANANTPURA
DISRIBUTORY
DISTRIBUTORIES

MAKHEEDA
DISTRIBUTORY
AVG.OCTOBER NDVI
AVG.JANUARY NDVI

KHARIF SEASON

Middle Reach

Head Reach

CALCULATED IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT & ACTUAL IRRIGATION WATER

SUPPLY
(KHARIF SEASON ,ANANTPURA DISTRIBUTORY)

CALCULATED IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT & ACTUAL

IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY
( KHARIF SEASON, PATAN DISTRIBUTORY)
900

500
VOLUM E ha-m

769.54

700
600

592.33

500
400

401.84
329.07

300
100
0

MAY

200

MONTH

JULY

AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

CALCULATED IWR

11.68
0.00
MAY

6.63
0.00
JUNE
MONTH

OCTOBER
ACTUAL IWS

Tail End
CALCULATED IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT & ACTUAL
IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY
(KHARIF SEASON,MAKHEEDA DISTRIBUTORY)
700

664.54

600
500

487.55

400
300

283.35

200
100
0

314.75

151.16
71.13
0.00
MAY

40.36
0.00
JUNE

MONTH

79.35
0.00
JULY

0.00
AUGUST

182.20
120.19

102.67

100

25.42
JUNE

337.01

300

0
44.80

425.29

400

200

VOLUME,ha-m

VOLUME ha-m

800

SEPTEMBER

CALCULATED IWR

OCTOBER
ACTUAL IWS

JULY

0.00
AUGUST

SEPTEMBER

CALCULATED IWR

287.03
235.08

OCTOBER
ACTUAL IWS

Interlinking..

Krishna
Reservoir

Velugodu
Reservoir

Next time you take a cup of coffee or tea,

think about what it requires