Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 7 7 6 2 5 4 7 1 2 0 *

0460/11

GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1

May/June 2016
1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials:

Ruler
Calculator

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.
Answer three questions, one from each section.
The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 5 and Fig. 11 for Question 6.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
Definitions
MEDCs More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs Less Economically Developed Countries

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 35 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

DC (KN/CGW) 114940/5
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Section A
Answer one question from this section.
QUESTION 1
1

(a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the number of immigrants to Mexico (an LEDC)
in 2011.

USA Can
a
68 351 13 5 da
79
pe
ro 0
u
E 84
61
ean
Caribb 3
17 04

MEXICO

Asia
35 280

h
ut ica
So er 6
Am 78
71

Africa
1796
O
Ce ther
ntr pa
al
rt
31 Ame s of
11
0 rica

Fig. 1
(i)

Put the following continents in rank order according to their number of migrants into
Mexico.
Asia

Europe

South America

1st .................................. highest

2nd ..................................
3rd .................................. lowest
(ii)

[1]

Identify the following:

a country in North America with over 60 000 migrants to Mexico in 2011;

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the number of migrants to Mexico from other parts of Central America in 2011.
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(iii)

Give three difficulties which international migrants may experience when settling in a
new country.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

(iv)

Suggest ways in which Mexico will have benefitted from receiving international migrants.
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4
(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about migration between Mexico (an LEDC) and the
USA (an MEDC).
4

number of
migrants
(millions) 2

number of
migrants
2 (millions)

Mexico to USA

USA to Mexico

Mexico to USA

1995 to 2000

USA to Mexico

2005 to 2010
Fig. 2

(i)

Using Fig. 2, compare the pattern of migration between Mexico and the USA during the
periods 1995 2000 and 2005 2010. Include statistics in your answer.
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(ii)

Describe the pull factors of an MEDC, such as the USA, for migrants from LEDCs.
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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by underpopulation.
Name of country ......................................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 1
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8
QUESTION 2
2

(a) Study Fig. 3, which shows a coastal area in an MEDC.

Key
10 contours at 100 metre
0 intervals

urban areas
village

10 water depth (metres)

main roads

mud at low water

rivers

secondary roads
cliffs
railways

20
10

sand

sea

100

10
0

20
0

20 10

100

100

100

P
100

100

Q
20

ferry

10

0
10

200
sea

300

0
10

5
km

Fig. 3

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(i)

Give one reason why ports developed at P and Q.

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(ii)

Suggest why the port at P has declined in importance in the last fifty years, whilst the
port at Q has increased in importance.
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(iii)

Settlements R and S were both villages one hundred years ago. Using Fig. 3, suggest
reasons why R remained a village whilst S grew into a tourist resort.
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(iv)

Settlement P is now an industrial town. Explain two different reasons for the growth of
this function at settlement P.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows information about two rural settlements in Malta (an MEDC in
Europe).
N

Ghajn Tuffieha

Fomm ir-Rih

Key
building
field boundaries
roads
0

200

400

metres
Fig. 4

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(i)

Compare the shape and size of the two rural settlements, Ghajn Tuffieha and
Fomm ir-Rih.
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(ii)

Explain the factors which influence the sites of rural settlements.

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(c) For a named settlement you have studied, describe and explain the service provision.
Name of settlement .............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 2
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 3

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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
QUESTION 3
3

(a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the location of earthquakes in central and southern Asia between
1900 and 2012.
80 E

60 N

90 E

100 E

110 E

120 E

N
0

Russia

1000

2000

km
50 N

50 N
Kazakhstan
Mongolia

40 N

40 N

China
30 N

Nepal

Key

Bhutan
Bangladesh

India

Myanmar

20 N

Laos
Thailand
Cambodia
Vietnam

Area
X
10 N
Sri Lanka

Malaysia

Maldives
80 E

(i)

90 E

100 E
Fig. 5

110 E

Earthquake
magnitude
(Richter scale)
6.06.4
6.57.4
7.58.4
8.5 and over
subduction zone
(destructive
plate boundary)
Laos country
120 E

What does the Richter scale measure?

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(ii)

On Fig. 5, label the following:

an earthquake with a magnitude 8.5 or higher (label with A);
an earthquake of a magnitude less than 6.5 in India (label with B).

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(iii)

Describe the distribution of earthquakes in Mongolia between 1900 and 2012.

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(iv)

Explain why the area labelled X on Fig. 5 has experienced many earthquakes.
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(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows information about an earthquake.

epicentre
seismic
waves

focus

fault
Fig. 6
(i)

Define the following terms:

focus; ..............................................................................................................................
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epicentre; ........................................................................................................................
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seismic waves. ................................................................................................................
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[3]

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(ii)

Describe the effects on people of a powerful earthquake.

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(c) Many people live in areas where there are likely to be earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
For a named area you have studied, describe the opportunities provided by volcanoes.
Name of area ...............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 3
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QUESTION 4
4

(a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the location of areas of Equatorial climate.

Tropic of Cancer
Equator
Tropic of Capricorn

Key
Equatorial climate
Fig. 7
(i)

Name an area of Equatorial climate.

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(ii)

Using Fig. 7, describe the global distribution of the Equatorial climate.

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(iii)

Describe and explain the main characteristics of the Equatorial climate.

A Description
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B Explanation
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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows information about deforestation of tropical rainforests.
DEFORESTATION

sun-baked soil

loss of shade

burning

less
evapotranspiration

flooding

leaching
and erosion

leaf litter
destroyed

less
precipitation

topsoil lost

micro-organisms
lost

increased drought

reduced plant
growth

degraded
vegetation
Fig. 8
(i)

Using Fig. 8 only, explain how deforestation damages local ecosystems.

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(ii)

Explain how deforestation of tropical rainforests can have global effects on the natural
environment.
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(c) Another climatic zone is the hot desert.
For a named area of hot desert you have studied, explain why the climate is hot and dry.
Name of hot desert ...............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 4
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 5

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Section C
Answer one question from this section.
QUESTION 5
5

(a) Study Fig. 9, which shows information about GNP per capita and access to clean water in ten
LEDCs.
100
Guatemala

Sri Lanka
Jamaica

El Salvador

90

Indonesia

Algeria
population
with
access
to clean
water
(percentage)

80
Senegal
Laos

70
Afghanistan
60

50

Ethiopia
2
3

10

GNP per capita

(US$ 000)
Fig. 9
(i)

Identify the country with a GNP per capita of US$7500 and 90% of the population with
access to clean water.
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(ii)

[1]

Describe the general relationship between GNP per capita and the percentage of the
population with access to clean water. Use statistics in your answer.
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(iii)

State three ways in which people obtain water in LEDCs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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3 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

(iv)

Explain why providing a reliable supply of clean water may increase life expectancy.
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(b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show the Maguga Dam in Swaziland (an LEDC in
Africa).
(i)

Describe three features of the Maguga Dam.

1 ........................................................................................................................................
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[3]

(ii)

Explain why dam building schemes are important to the economies of LEDCs.
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(c) For a named area you have studied, state an economic activity which takes place which
threatens the natural environment and explain how these threats are being managed.
Name of area ...............................................
Economic activity ..............................................................................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 5
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QUESTION 6
6

(a) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about an agricultural system.
INPUTS

PROCESSES

Natural

OUTPUTS
Crops

soil

ploughing

wheat

rain

planting

VXJDUEHHW

warmth

spraying

potatoes

land

harvesting

Economic

Animal products

labour

feeding

meat

machinery

milking

milk

seeds

breeding

wool

MARKET

DQLPDOIHHG
fertiliser
buildings

SODQWZDVWH

Human

IRGGHUFURSV

IDUPHUVGHFLVLRQV

DQLPDOPDQXUH

PROFIT
Fig. 10
(i)

What is meant by processes in an agricultural system?

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(ii)

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Identify from Fig. 10:

an output of an arable farm; ..........................................................

an output of a pastoral farm. ..........................................................

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(iii)

Suggest the likely advantages to a farmer of mixed farming.

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(iv)

Using examples of different land uses, explain how relief influences farmers decisions.
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(b) Study Fig. 11 (Insert), which shows information about land use in Pakistan (an LEDC in Asia).
(i)

Compare the land use to the east and west of the Indus river.
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(ii)

Suggest reasons why some rice farmers in countries such as Pakistan are commercial
farmers while others are subsistence farmers.
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(c) For a named country or region you have studied, describe the effects of food shortages on
the people who live there.
Name of country or region ...............................................
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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 6
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Additional Pages
If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.
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BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
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be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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