Tn cng trnh KH&CN: Xy dng cc bin php kim sot kh nh knh trong

lnh vc Nhit in t than (NT) v xut l trnh p dng cc bin php

kim sot
Tn cc tc gi: Th.S. Nguyn Th Thu Huyn v tp th tc gi Trung tm T
vn Nhit in - in ht nhn v Phng Mi trng v Pht trin bn vng, Vin
Nng lng.
Tn n v: Vin Nng lng
1. Thng tin chung
Nm 2013 l nm khung chnh sch ca Chng trnh ng ph vi bin i kh
hu (BKH) giai on n 2015 v nh hng cho giai on sau 2015 ca Chng
trnh ng ph vi bin i kh hu c s thay i v cch tip cn, t thc hin
Khung chnh sch tng nm mt sang cch tip cn vi mc tiu trung v di hn.
Chin lc quc gia v BKH v Chin lc Quc gia v Tng trng Xanh
(VGGS) vi cc mc tiu nh: Gim nh pht thi kh nh knh(KNK) trong qu
trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi; trong , VGGS nu r cc nhim v chin lc
thc hin cc mc tiu l: Gim cng pht thi KNK v thc y s dng
nng lng sch, nng lng ti to vi cc ch tiu c th.
Pht thi KNK t hot ng nng lng ang v s l ngun ng gp lng
ln trong ton b pht thi ca cc ngnh kinh t, trong hot ng sn xut in
t than l ngun quan trng nht trong h thng in Vit Nam v cng l ngun
pht thi KNK chnh trong hot ng sn xut in. Nghin cu xc nh c
tim nng gim pht thi KNK ln t ngnh nhit in t than l 10-30% (t 43,3
tr.tn CO2 n 129,9 tr.tn CO2) v hn na so vi mc pht thi nm 2013 (nm c
s) ph thuc vo mc tiu quc gia v mc chi ph c th huy ng. thc hin
chng trnh mc tiu quc gia v BKH, B Cng Thng ban hnh K hoch
hnh ng thc hin Chng trnh mc tiu quc gia ng ph vi BKH giai on
2010-2015 ca ngnh thng qua cc nhim v c th. thc hin mt trong cc
hnh ng ca chng trnh, B Cng Thng giao Vin Nng lng thc hin
nhim v Xy dng cc bin php kim sot kh nh knh trong lnh vc Nhit
in t than (NT) v xut l trnh p dng cc bin php kim sot.
Thi gian thc hin: 2 nm gm hai giai on (giai on 1 l 2013-2014, giai
on 2 nm 2014-2015)
Kinh ph thc hin 2700 triu ng t ngun vn ngn sch nh nc.
2. Ni dung nghin cu, ng dng cng ngh
Nhim v hon thnh cc ni dung chnh sau:

1. nh gi tng quan nhng vn lin quan nh Cng ngh v thit b cc nh

my nhit in than; C ch qun l, vn hnh sn xut v qun l mi trng, cng
ngh o lng iu khin, quy trnh vn hnh bo dng, quy trnh qun l ca nh
my v ch u t; nh gi nh hng ca BKH, iu kin thi tit v s c bt
thng n hot ng sn xut in; nh hng ca khan him ti nguyn, gi nhin
liu, xu hng thay i cng ngh; chi ph O&M ca cc nh my nhit in than;
v nh hng ca cc chng trnh mc tiu quc gia, c ch chnh sch n mc
tiu gim pht thi KNK i vi lnh vc nhit in t than.
2. Kho st thu thp s liu, o c phn tch: Kho st, o c ti 14 nh my nhit
in t than hin ang vn hnh v kho st b sung thm 4 nh my nhit in t
than (NT) mi c a vo vn hnh thng mi nm 2014.
3. Thc hin tnh ton lng pht thi KNK cho cc nh my nhit in t than vi
cc nhim v: La chn phng php lun ng c s, phng php tnh ton
gim pht thi v chi ph bin gim pht thi. Xy dng chng trnh tnh ton pht
thi KNK gm pht thi ng c s v tham chiu; ng cong chi ph bin gim
pht thi. La chn bin php gim pht thi a vo xem xt trong kch bn tnh
gim pht thi KNK cho cc NT.
4. Xc nh cc bin php kim sot pht thi KNK i vi cc NTv cc mc
gim pht thi khi p dng cc bin php gim pht thi gm c: Mc pht thi c
s v pht thi tham chiu, mc pht thi khi c cc gii php gim thiu; Phn tch
nhng ro cn v thch thc ca cc bin php gim thiu ny.
5. Xy dng b tiu ch nh gi mc gim pht thi KNK lnh vc NT.
6. xut l trnh p dng bin php kim sot pht thi KNK lnh vc NT. Cc
nhim v chnh c thc hin l: nh chun mc gim pht thi, xut l trnh
thc hin cc gii php gim thiu v phn tch tc ng ca chnh sch c cc
hnh ng cn thit.
3. Kt qu t c
3.1. V mt khoa hc cng ngh (KHCN)
a. Nhim v xc nh c thc trng cc nh my nhit in t than v xu
hng pht trin cng ngh nhit in than ca Vit Nam trong , cc nh my
NT Vit Nam hin nay s dng ph bin hai loi cng ngh: l than phun v l
tng si tun hon.
Nm 2013, cng ngh l hi t than phun (PC) loi thng s di ti hn c hiu
sut trung bnh t khong 32%, chim 63% trong tng s nh my NT v nm
2014, c thm 9 nh my mi hon thnh, nng t l s dng cng ngh ny ln
78,6% vi 9.895MW/12.591MW cng sut t ca cc nh my NT. Xu hng

pht trin nh my NT ca Vit Nam v th gii trong thi gian ti cng ngh
PC vn chim u th vi cc t my cng sut ln v hiu sut cao hn.
Cng ngh l tng si(CFB) c cc u im: (1) chy hiu qu cc loi nhin liu
xu c cht lng bin ng ln; v (2) gim pht thi cc kh thi c hi nh NOx,
SOx trong qu trnh chy m khng cn trang b cc thit b x l t tin. Nm
2013, l CFB t 35% tng cng sut NT Vit Nam. u nm 2015, s nh
my NT s dng l CFB tng ln vi tng cng sut 2670MW chim t l 23,4%
tng cng sut t ca cc nh my in t than hin c ca Vit Nam.
b. Nghin cu cng ch ra tiu hao nhin liu, t l kh CO2v O2 d trong khi
thi, t l in t dngca cc nh my kh ln so vi cc nh myc cng loi
cng ngh trn th gii. Cng tc sa cha v i tu cha t yu cu lm gim hiu
sut, tui th thit bgy tiu hao nng lng.
c. Kt qu tnh ton pht thi KNK cho thy, cng pht thi trung bnh ca
cc NT c chiu hng gim t 1.197 tCO2/GWh nm 2012 xung 1.178
tCO2/GWh nm 2013 v 1.123 tCO2/GWh vo nm 2014, phn nh s ci thin hiu
qu sn xut ca cc NT.
Mc pht thi KNK c s ca NT c xc nh l 1.159 tCO2/GWh l cn c
thit lp ng pht thi c s BRL, mc pht thi ny ln hn so vi mc trung
bnh 896-1.050 tCO2/GWh ca th gii cho thy tim nng gim pht thi KNK ca
NT Vit Nam ln. Mc pht thi KNK tham chiu xc nh l 931 tCO2/GWh.
Gi tr cng pht thi ny cho thy ph hp cng pht thi ca cng ngh l
than phun c thng s hi di ti hn ca th gii hin nay. Mc pht thi tham
chiu c ny s dng thit lp mc gim pht thi mc tiu v cho thy lng
pht thi KNK gim ng k.
Lng pht thi KNK khi p dng cc bin php gim thiu l119,6 triu tn vo
nm 2020, gim 43,1 tr.tn CO2e so vi ng TRL v gim 57,3 tr.tn CO2e so vi
ng BRL, tng ng mc gim khong 30% lng pht thi mc tiu. Nm 2030,
nu p dng hn na cc bin php gim pht thi vi chi ph cao hn c th t
mc gim n 30%, khong 129,9 tr.tn CO2e so vi TRL nm 2013, khi mc
pht thi ca ton b hot ng sn xut in t than cn 296,8 tr.tn CO2e. Cng
pht thi KNK s gim tng ng cn 731 tCO2e/GWh nm 2020 v tng ln 772
tCO2e/GWh vo nm 2030 khi t l nhit in than t mc cao nht trong c cu
ngun in ca Vit Nam.
d. Cc gii php v hnh ng chnh c xut nh sau:
- Nng cp ci to l hi, tuabin, ti tun hon khi, lp t thit b gim st
tiu th nhin liu v thay th thit b cho cc nh my hin ang vn hnh.
- Dng vn hnh cc nh my c hiu sut thp (Ninh Bnh v Ung B).

Thay i c ch qun l, vn hnh nh my v huy ng cng sut;

S dng kt hp nng lng ti to trong nh my NT.
S dng than trn gia than an tra xt v bitum hoc bitum.
Tng s lng t my nhit in than s dng cng ngh siu ti hn (SC),
trn siu ti hn (USC) hiu sut cao.
- Tng t l in t nng lng ti to (gi, sinh khi, mt tri).
- p dng cng ngh CCS, IGCC.
- Chuyn i nhin liu than sang LNG cho mt s nh my iu kin.
Mc gim pht thi cng cao s huy ng ngun vn u t ln, do cn cn
nhc mc gim hp l trnh lng ph khng cn thit. Vi mc gim pht thi
10%, c th p dng ngay mt s gii php n gin nh dng vn hnh cc nh
my in c, hiu sut thp; Thay i cch thc vn hnh v qun l, phc hi v
nng cao hiu sut cc nh my hin c, s dng cng ngh SC c hiu sut ti u
cho cc t my mi v s dng kt hp ngun nng lng ti to. Chi ph cho cc
gii php ny hu nh khng tng thm ngoi tr chi ph cho pht trin in gi s
tng khong 7,1 USD/tCO2e gim. Nhng gim 20% pht thi so vi mc mc
tiu nm 2013, chi ph u t s tng ln khong 50,2 USD/1 tn CO2e gim cho cc
gii php v cng ngh USC v CCS. Nu t mc tiu gim n 30%, cc gii php
b sung t c yu cu nh l u t vo in mt tri, cng ngh CCS v
IGCC. Khi , chi ph yu cu c th ln n khong 68,3 USD/tCO2e gim.
3.2. V mt kinh t x hi
Kt qu nghin cu ca nhim v xc nh c kh nng c th gim pht
thi KNK t qu trnh sn xut in t than p ng c cc mc tiu ca quc gia
v gim nh v ng ph vi BKH thng qua cc gii php thc t c xut.
Nghin cu cng xc nh c mc chi ph m nn kinh t s phi b ra gim
thiu pht thi mi tn CO2 i vi tng gii php cc nh qun l cn nhc mc
gim pht thi ph hp vi mc tiu t ra v iu kin kinh t ca Vit Nam.Thng
qua mc chi ph b ra gim mi tn CO2e ca tng bin gim pht thi ca cc
nh my ang hot ng v cc nh my mi, cn cn nhc th t u tin p dng
cc gii php cc thi im ph hp v xy dng l trnh u t gim pht thi. L
trnh ny ph thuc nhiu vo mc tiu gim thiu t ra cho hot ng sn xut
nhit in than ca ngnh in ni ring, ngnh cng nghip ni chung m cc nh
qun l mong mun trong giai on t nay n 2030. Mc tiu ny s phi ph hp
vi mc tiu ca Vit Nam n nm 2030: gim 8% lng pht thi KNK so vi
kch bn pht trin thng thng bng ngun lc trong nc v c th gim tip n
25% nu nhn c s h tr quc t m Vit Nam cam kt trong Bo co INDC.
3.3. Kh nng ng dng, chuyn giao v thng mi ha

Kt qu quan trng nht ca nghin cu l xc nh c cc gii php qun l v

k thut c th p dng gim thiu pht thi KNK cho cc NT trong tp
trung vo tit kim nhin liu, nng cao hiu sut v hiu qu hot ng sn xut ca
cc nh mytheo l trnh xut cho cc gii php .
Hu ht cc gii php l kh thi, trong cc gii php qun l c chi ph b ra
khng qu ln nh: (1) Dng vn hnh cc nh my nhit in than c hiu sut
thp, tiu tn nhiu nhin liu, ht khu hao, khng th khi phc c; (2) Thay i
c ch qun l, c ch vn hnh, bo dng v c ch huy ng cng sut; (3) Thay
i cc ng c hoc thit b tiu tn nng lng; (4) Quy nh cc nh my mi s
dng than nhp khu phi s dng cng ngh USC vi hiu sut t chun > 43%
vi gam cng sut t my > 600MW. Gii php k thut cng c kh nng p
dng cao v chi ph khng ln nh t than km cht xc tc, sinh khi hoc s
dng kt hp nng lng ti to (NLTT), s dng cng ngh l USC hoc USC ci
tin, vi chi ph u t tng thm khc nhau mi gii php.
Cc xut t nhim v l kt qu nghin cu v phn tch la chn t thc t
hot ng sn xut ca cc nh my nhit in hin hnh, c xem xt n trnh
cng ngh, k thut, hin trng qun l vn hnh bo dng hin nay, do cc
xut u mang tnh kh thi khi trin khai vo thc t, rt nhiu gii php xut ph
hp vi cc nh my nhit in t than hin ang hot ng.
4. Kt lun, kin ngh
Nghin cu a ra phng php tip cn ph hp vi chun mc quc t gip d
dng kim tra tnh hp l v c th s dng khi m phn mc gim pht thi hoc
xc nh mc gim i vi tng i tng c th.
Nghin cu ch ra mc gim pht thi KNK 10% so vi pht thi ng c s
l hon ton c th v tim nng gim pht thi ln hn trong hot ng sn xut
in t than Vit Nam nu p dng thm cc gii php gim thiu tch cc
hn.Tng ng vi mc gim pht thi KNK mong mun, cc mc chi ph khc
nhau t gi tr m cho n 68,3USD/tCO2 gim c s phi huy ng. Th t a
vo thc t cc gii php ny s phi c xem xt v cn nhc hn na v thi
im v mc kinh ph ph hp phi chi tr cho gii php . Nu p dng cc gii
php gim thiu ngay t by gi th mc gim pht thi CO2 c th hin thc ha
mt cch r rng. Vic xy dng mc nh chun gim pht thi l cn thit t
xc nh th t u tin ca cc gii php c bit khi mc gim pht thi yu cu
n 30%. Mc d, cn mt s im cn c kim chng cho ph hp hn vi tng
iu kin c th ca tng nh my, tuy nhin kt qu nghin cu gii thiu bc
tranh tng th v pht thi KNK t nhit in than Vit nam v v xut kch

hot cc hnh ng cn thit i vi cc cp qun l v ngnh in nhm t c

mc gim pht thi yu cu.
5. Ti liu tham kho
1)
Bo co QH7, Vin Nng lng, 2011;
2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology;
3)
http://nangluongvietnam.vn/news/vn/trang-chu;
4)
Alstom, Sustainable power solutions;
5)
Technology roadmaps High-efficiency, low-emissions Coal-fired Power
generation, OECD/IEA, 2012.
6)
Nguyn S Mo, Nguyn Tun Nghim v cc tc gi. Nghin cu c tnh
ca than v cng ngh t than phun. 2006;
7)
Anthracite Fired Boilers for Vietnam. ALSTOM seminar, Hanoi, Vietnam,
2003;
8)
Fouling propensities of blended coal in pulverized coal-fired power station
boilers- Shi Su, John H. Pohl, Don Holcombe.2000;
9)
Ti liu thit k, vn hnh bo dng ca cc nh my nhit in;
10) Methodological Tool, Upstream leakage emissions associated with fossil fuel
use, (Version 01.0.0), CDM EB 69, Report, Annex 12, UNFCCC/CCNUCC;