CHAPTER 4

Fourier series

FOURIER SERIES
known as trigonometric series.
Problem involve motions which are periodic and cyclical vibrations and heat
flow.
Represent a period function in terms of sinus and/or cosines of different
frequencies.
1
= 0 + 1 sin + 2 2 + + 1 + 2 2 +
2

= 0 +

+ sin
2

=1

Main task to find 0 , and

Fourier series gives approximation to discontinuous periodic
function with period 2L means (-L<x<L)

How to find Fourier Coefficient?

1
0 =

1
=

1
=

cos

sin

= 1,2,3,

ODD and EVEN function

ODD function (Ganjil)

EVEN function (Genap)

=
Example

=
Example

= 3
= 3 = ()
Graph symmetrical about the origin
(0,0). = ; = ; = 0

= 2
= 2 = ()
Graph symmetrical about y-axis

ODD and EVEN function

ODD

EVEN
0 = 0

= 0

= 0

=
=1

1
=

sin

sin

1
= 0 +
2
1
0 =

1
=

=1

cos

cos

Example

Sketch the graph of each function, then determine whether it is odd or

even. Find the Fourier series
1,
< < 0
1,
0<<
= ( + 2)

Symmetrical at (0,0)
odd function

sin
=1

2 = 2 - =

Example
1
=

1
=

1
=
(2 2 1 )

sin

2
=
1 (1)

sin

= = 0
1
=

1 sin +

1 cos
=

1 sin

= =

0
0

cos

1
=
1 1 1 1

2
2 1 = 2; 3 = ;
=
3

2 = 4 = = 0

Example

=
=1

sin
=

=1

sin
=

sin
=1

2
2
4
sin 3
= [2 sin 1 + 3 + ] = [sin +
+ ]

3
4
=

=1

sin 2 1
2 1