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PREFACE
Maple
DraTex
D. Hilbert
G. Martin The Foundations of Geometry & the Non-Euclidean Plane
G. Martin Geometric Constructions, Springer Verlag
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CONTENTS
01
CHAPTER
1
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02
CHAPTER
51
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C
03
CHAPTER
161
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243
255
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CHAPTER 1
1.1
273
273
273
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C8 C7 C9
a Ba B
B aB a
B a a B
Boy Girl
Bb Bb Boy
Bb Boy Boy Bb
Bb Boy subsetBoy Bb super-
setBoy BbBb Boy
SchBb Boy Sch
C8 Girl
C8 Girl
A, B AB
C7 Boy AB A B
capcap
AB A cap B A B
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1
GirlBb =
GirlBb = Bb Girl
C7 , C8 , C9 Boy, Girl
GirlC7
cupcupunionAB
A B A B
or
C9
C9 Cirl
set-minus
AB A B
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A B A B = BA = A B = A
B A
Sch
KK Tall
gL
gL
KK
80
Moun-
tainTiTa
U81 , U82 , , U89
U8a , U8b , , U8
V8
V8 = {U81 , U82 , U83 , U84 , U85 , U86 , U87 , U88 , U89 }
TiTa, Mountain, Bb
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1
C8 273 card (C8 ) = 273
V8 9 card (C8 ) = 9
V8 C8
V8 C8
C8 V8
card = 3 TiTa,
Mountain, Bb
L Sch
L
L L =
2 q L singleton set
L=q q=L
U, V
card (UV ) = card (U ) + card (V )
U, V
card (UV ) = card (U ) + card (V ) card (UV )
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UV ,U V, V U
U = (UV ) (UV )
V = (UV ) (V U )
UV = (UV ) (U V ) (V U )
card (U ) = card((UV )) + card((U V ))
card (V ) = card((UV )) + card((V U))
card (UV ) = card((UV )) + card((U V )) + card((V U))
P
P
card(P) =
card( ) = c
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1
1.2
1.2.1
0 =
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==
> 0pixel
1024 1024
P
A PA
card(P) = 26
1.2.2
L P
m Lm
m m P
L
card (m) = card(L) =
A, B A P, B P, A B
AB
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1
A BAB = BA
AKB A, B
K
A, B = AB
= AB A B
Lm L
m m
m
A mB mA B
mm
Lm L
Lm L m
card( m) = 0 card( m) = 1
P
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( m) = P P = ( m)
||m
1.2.3
A PB PA B
A, B AB
AB A B
|
=BA
AB AB
|
AB AB
AKB A, B
K
|
A, B AB
|
AB
|
(AB ) {A, B}
|
|
AB = PQ A = P B = QA = Q
B = P
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AB A B A, B
|
AB = AB {A, B}
BA
(AB) {A, B}
1.2.4
AB AB A B
AB AB AB
A
AB AB A
AB{A}
A, B AB
AB A
B
(AB) {A}
AB = PQ P = A
Q = BQ AB B AQ
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m = AOB L m O
OA OB OA OB
P m P O
P OA P OB
P m
P OAP OB P = O
P m
P OA P OB
P OA P OB P = O
P OA
m P, A O m
P, B O m
P OA A OP
B m m = AOB P O
A B
O
P
A
1.2.5
A, B
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AB
AB A
|
AB A, B
|
AB AB AB AB
P, Q, R, S, = AB
P {P}
{P} , {Q} , {R} ,
D
D F
B
B H
G
P
A C E
A
C
=
|
|
(AB , CD )(AB , CD )( AB , CD )
CD, EF
|
|
(EH , GF )(EH , GF )( HE , GF )
|
(AB , CD )
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|
|
|
(PB , CD ) P( PB , CD )( PB , CD )
, P ,
,
,
|
|
|
(EG , GF ) EF
|
(EG , GF ) EF
( GE , GF ) EF
,
( ) = ( ( ) ( ))( )
( PB , PC )
|
(PB , PC )
|
|
(PB , PC )
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( ) = ( ( ) ( ))( )
, 2
s2
s2
s2
s2 =
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s2
|
|
s = (AB BC )
= AD A
|
= AB = BC CB
|
BA AD C
= CD C
= BC C = AB
|
|
|
AB BC CD A, D
=
=
|
CD D = A = AB
|
|
|
|
|
|
(ABC) ( AB BC )CA = AB BC CA
ABC
A, B, C
( ) = ( ( ) ( ))( )
|
= AB
|
BC = CA = 0
=
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1
= 1, 2
m 2 m
(m + 1) P0, P1, P2, , Pm P j sj
|
Pj 1 Pj j = 1, 2, , m
s m P m + l
|
Pj j sj Pj Pj + 1
(i)
(ii)
sm
Pj 0 j m P0, Pm
|
sj = Pj 1 Pj 1 j < m
F F
D E D E
A O
A
C B C B
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m P0
sm sm Pm 1 Pm
|
s = 1 j m sjsj = Pj 1 Pj j < msm Pm 1 Pm
|
m 1
s = (P0, P1, P2, , Pm 1 Pm ):=j = 1 Pj 1 Pj Pm 1 Pm
5 (ABCD EF )
6 ( OA BCD EF )
1.3
1.3.1
n
n = m + 1 3
n = m + 1 P0, P1, P2, , Pn 1 P
|
j sj Pj 1 Pj j = 1, 2, , m = n 1
|
s0 sn Pn 1 P0
n = 7= 11=
1= 2= 14
s 1 = sn 1Pn = P0 = P2n
P1, Pn s1, sn
s = 1 j n sj sj Pj
n Jordan s
|
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1
P0, P1, P2, , Pn 1
ABCD = BCDA = CDAB = DABC
= DCBA = CBAD = BADC = ADCB
ABDC
s s
s A, B s A s, B s
Q1 = A, Q2, Q3, , Qm = Bm 2
|
Qj Qj + 1 s = j = 1, 2, , m 1
A = Q1B = Qm s
Qj1 < j < m
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s
Q2 Q3
A, B s
s
A = Q1
Q4
B = Q5
s P
s s
s
s
inT (P1, P2, , Pn)convex
|
R, S RS s
ABC A a = BC
|
b = CA c = AB
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. ., 2008.06
.
I S B N 978-957-11-5237-0
1. 2. 3.
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