Handout

1/14/2015
Vibrations of Reinforced Concrete

Floor Systems
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The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems
1/14/2015
About the Speaker

Mike Mota
Member of ACI 318, 318B and 318R (2019)
Chair of ACI 314 Simplified Design of Concrete
Structures
Member of ASCE-7 (2016)
Board of Directors CIB/NYC-ACI Chapter
Fellow of ACI, ASCE and SEI
Vibration of RC Floor Systems

First design guide
solely dedicated to
vibrations of RC floor
systems
Based on
approximate methods
Verified by FEA
solutions
Case study of actual
voided slab structure
4
1/14/2015
Objectives
Assist design professional when
effects from vibration must be
considered
Provide simplified methods to
determine key vibration
characteristics of RC floor systems
and compare against acceptance
criteria
Overview of Mitigation Strategies
Several detailed design examples
5
Outline
CRSI Vibration Design Guide
Acceptance Criteria
Vibration Characteristics of Reinforced
Concrete Floor Systems
Examples
54
Voided Flat Plate Vibration Analysis

Walking
Rhythmic
Sensitive
Case Study
6
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Human Comfort
Walking excitation
Dependent on peak acceleration experienced by
structure
Rhythmic excitation
Combination of peak acceleration and relationship
between natural and excitation frequencies
Sensitive Equipment
Vibrational velocity
Not mutually exclusive

7
Acceptance Criteria
Human Comfort
Walking excitation
Recommended
acceleration limits
Ref (Allen and

Murray, 1993)
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Human Comfort
Walking excitation
Peak acceleration less than or equal to
recommended acceleration limit
65
Acceptance Criteria
Human Comfort
Rhythmic excitation
1
k = 1.3 for dancing

k = 1.7 for concert or sporting event
k = 2.0 for aerobics or jumping
10
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Human Comfort
Rhythmic excitation
Weight of
Forcing
Frequency Participants
(psf)
1.5 3.0
12.5
1.5 3.0
31.0
3.0 6.0
1
2
3
2.0 2.75
4.0 5.5
6.0 8.25
Activity
Harmonic
Dancing
Concert or
sporting
event
1
1
Aerobics
or jumping
Dynamic
Coefficient
4.2
0.50
0.25
0.05
1.50
0.60
0.10
11
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Maximum velocity " Limiting "
Maximum velocity "
Limiting "
$ %&
Manufacturers criteria
Generic criteria
12
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Footfall impulse parameters
Walking Pace
(steps/minute)
'(
(lb)
*/,)
(Hz)
-.
(lb Hz2)
Fast (100)
315
5.0
25,000
Moderate (75)
280
2.5
5,500
Slow (50)
240
1.4
1,500
13
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Generic criteria
Equipment or Use
Computer systems
Operating rooms
Surgery facilities
Bench microscopes at up to 100x
magnification
Vibrational
Velocity
(/ 12./345 6
8,000
14
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Generic criteria
Equipment or Use
Bench microscopes at up to 400x

magnification
Optical and other precision balances
Coordinate measuring machines
Metrology laboratories
Optical comparators
Microelectronics manufacturing
equipment Class A (inspection, probe
test and other manufacturing support
equipment
Vibrational
Velocity
(/ 12./345 6
2,000
15
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Generic criteria
Equipment or Use
Micro surgery
Eye surgery
Neuro surgery
Bench microscopes greater than 400x
magnification
Optical equipment at isolation tables
equipment Class B (Aligners, steppers,
and other critical equipment for
photolithography with lines widths of 3
microns or more)
Vibrational
Velocity
(/ 12./345 6
1,000
16
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Generic criteria
Equipment or Use
Electron microscopes at up to 30,000x

magnification
Microtomes
Magnetic resonance imagers
equipment Class C (Aligners, steppers,
photolithography with lines widths of 1
micron)
Vibrational
Velocity
(/ 12./345 6
500
17
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Generic criteria
Equipment or Use
Electron microscopes at greater than

30,000x magnification
Mass spectrometers
Cell implant equipment
equipment Class D (Aligners, steppers,
photolithography with lines widths of
micron, including electron-beam
systems)
Vibrational
Velocity
(/ 12./345 6
250
18
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Sensitive Equipment
Generic criteria
Equipment or Use
equipment Class E (Aligners, steppers,
photolithography with lines widths of
micron, including electron-beam
systems)
Unisolated laser and optical research
systems
Vibrational
Velocity
(/ 12./345 6
130
19
Vibration Characteristics
Floor Stiffness
Direct effect on natural frequency of the
floor system
78 9:
20
10
1/14/2015
Floor Stiffness
Modulus of elasticity
78
;.
=
8
33
Dynamic modulus of elasticity

1.278
21
Floor Stiffness
Effective moment of inertia
ACI Eq. (9-8)
?@A
?B
9:
9C
1D
?@A
?B
98E
9C
Bischoff and Scanlon

9:
F@A
G@A H
GB
I@A
IJ
9C
22
11
1/14/2015
Effective Floor Weight,
Dead load of floor system
Superimposed dead load
Actual live load
23
Natural Frequency
Flat plate system
24
12
1/14/2015
Natural Frequency
Voided slab system
25
Natural Frequency
Flat plate system / Voided slab system
Assumptions
Thin, rectangular, isotropic plate
Primary vertical deflection due to flexure
26
13
1/14/2015
Natural Frequency
KH LHM
KQ R@ ST
NOHQ ;NU ; V H
;/N
; = longer of two center-to-center spans

W = mass per unit area
Based on Kirchoff Plate Theory
27
Natural Frequency
Rectangular plate, corner supports

Dimensionless parameter XN
Y* - long span
Ref (Blevins 2000)
Y* /YZ
1.0
1.5
2.0
[Z*
[ZZ
7.12 15.8
8.92 21.5
9.29 27.5
28
14
1/14/2015
Natural Frequency
Constant
Accounts for level of cracking in the concrete slab

Estimated by 9: 9C
Square panels: Average 9:
Rectangular panels:
9:|
0.79d
0.15e9:;
9:N 6
Fi|@j,l mFi|nj,o m Fi|@j,o mFi|nj,l
g :h
Contribution of shrinkage restraint to cracking

E
4.5X
=
8
29
Natural Frequency
Constant
Accounts for effect of rigidity at the joint between the

slab and column
1.9 for u; 24 in.

q
2.1 for u; x 24 in.
30
15
1/14/2015
Examples
Flat plate - Voided slab system
Walking
Rhythmic Excitation (Dancing)
Sensitive
Concrete
Reinforcing
steel
Loads
Compressive strength
Density 8 150 pcf
Yield strength
=
8
4,000 psi
60,000 psi
Superimposed dead load = 20 psf

Live load (design) = 100 psf
Live load (vibration) = 12.5 psf
31
Examples
System properties
Typical bay: 400" } 400"
Slab thickness ~ 19.5"
Void diameter 14.125"
Voided
Clear space between voids 1.625"
Member sizes slab
Number of void formers per sq ft = 0.58
Stiffness reduction factor = 0.90
36" } 36"
Columns
Spans
32
16
1/14/2015
Design Data
Section Properties
Ref: Cobiax Engineering Manual

33
Examples
Concrete properties
;.
78
8 33
3,834,254 psi
=
8
Dynamic 78 1.278
662,559,007 psf
150
;.
} 33 4,000
4,601,104 psi
Reduced 78 due to voids 0.90 } 4,601,104

4,140,994 psi 596,303,078 psf
34
17
1/14/2015
Examples
Concrete properties
Modulus of rupture E 4.5X 8= 4.5 }
1.0 4,000 284.6 psi (accounts for shrinkage
restraint)(1)
Modular ratio 7 1.278
29,000,0004,140,994 7.0
Poissons ratio 0.2 (conservatively takes into

account dynamic effects)
(1) ACI
Structural Journal 105(4):498-506 (2008)
35
Examples
Effective and gross moments of inertia
9:|
g :h
0.79 m +0.15(I e1 + I e2)(1)
9:|
g :h
143,751 in.
9C|
g :h
266,936 in.
Crack coefficient
(1) Fanella,
; , ;
N,
0.54
D.A. 2011, Reinforced Concrete Structures Analysis and Design, The

McGraw-Hill Companies, NY
36
18
1/14/2015
Examples
Properties of voided slab
Volume of one spherical void
O
N
O
;.;N
};,N
N
0.854 ft
Concrete displacement
volume of one spherical void }
number of voids per sq ft 0.854 } 0.58
0.50 ft /ft N
37
Examples
Volume of concrete
Slab weight
1.13 } 150
Dead load reduction

74.3 psf
;.
;N
D 0.50
;.
;N
1.13 ft /ft N
169.5 psf
} 150 D 169.5
38
19
1/14/2015
Examples
Assuming an average void area in the slab of
70%:
Average dead load of slab with voids
0.7 } 74.3
191.7 psf
;.
;N
} 150 D
Total average weight of a panel

191.7 } 40N
306,720 lbs
39
Examples
Mass
W
,N m N m;N. } H
;;,;
H
N.N
11,140 lb sec N /ft
6.96 slugs/ft N
40
20
1/14/2015
Examples
Natural frequency (1st Harmonic)
KH LHQ
KQ R@ ST
NOHQ ;NU ; VH
N.;e.;N6
NO H
XN;
;/N
. e ,
(1)
Q. T
6
QH
H
.N
, 6e
;Ne.6 ;
;/N
6.2 Hz
2.1 since the column is greater than 24 in.

7.12 from Table 4.1 for ; /N
1.0
(1) Blevins,
R.D. 2001 Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shapes

Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL
41
Examples
SAFE Analysis of voided-slab (3-span)
~ 0.17 u e
5.9 Hz ~ 5% error)
42
21
1/14/2015
Examples
Voided slab system
Natural frequency (2nd Harmonic)
KH LHH
KQ R@ ST
NOHQ ;NU ; VH
; .
.;N
N
XNN
6.2
;/N
13.8 Hz
2.1 since the column is greater than 24 in.

15.8 from Table 4.1 for ; /N 1.0
43
Examples
Voided slab system Walking
Excitation
Check acceptance criterion
g
C
g
C
For office occupancy,

0.03 for offices that have
some nonstructural components but no full-height
partitions
g
C
: -.T
: -.T}.H
. } ,N
~0.001
0.10% 0.50% for office occupancies

44
22
1/14/2015
Examples
Check walking acceptance criteria
Ok for office/residential application
45
Examples
Voided slab system Rhythmic
Excitation
Since x
E:= , implies that unacceptable
vibrations are not expected due to rhythmic
excitations
46
23
1/14/2015
Examples
Excitation
Highest harmonic causing resonance
E:=
K M
g C
0.02
weight of participants
191.7
12.5
12.5 psf
204.2 psf
k = 1.3 for dancing

k = 2.0 aerobics or jumping
47
Acceptance Criteria
Excitation
Rhythmic excitation
Weight of
Forcing
Frequency Participants
(psf)
e6
1.5 3.0
12.5
1.5 3.0
31.0
3.0 6.0
1
2
3
2.0 2.75
4.0 5.5
6.0 8.25
Activity
Harmonic
Dancing
Concert or
sporting
event
1
1
Aerobics
or jumping
4.2
Dynamic
Coefficient
!
0.50
0.25
0.05
1.50
0.60
0.10
48
24
1/14/2015
Acceptance Criteria
Excitation
Criteria for dancing (1st harmonic)
;
3 1
;.
. e;N. 6
. N N .N
= 5.2 < 6.2 Hz (ok)
Criteria for aerobics (1st harmonic)

;
2.75 1
N. ;. e.N6
. N ; .
= 5.6 < 6.2 Hz (ok)
Criteria for aerobics (2nd harmonic)

N
5.5 1
N.
.e.N6
. N ; .
= 8.3 < 13.8 Hz (ok)

49
Examples
Voided slab system Design for
Sensitive Equipment
"

Limiting "
1,000 in./sec
%& d N (based on 185 lb person at various

walking paces) Walking Pace
*/,
- (lb
)
'( (lb)
(steps/minute)
(Hz)
Hz2)
Fast (100)
315
5.0
25,000
Moderate (75)
280
2.5
5,500
Slow (50)
240
1.4
1,500
50
25
1/14/2015
Examples
Sensitive Equipment
Maximum deflection of floor system subjected to a
unit concentrated load
Rectangular plate of uniform thickness with simply
supported edges with point load at geometric center
HH ; VH
KQ R@ SiT OT
d
dO Q
N H
d;,
, ;
;
, dT
tanh
D n
H
51
Examples
Sensitive Equipment
Series in this equation converges quickly
d /2
Series is equal to 0.72
} };N H ;
.NH
. },; ,};. T }OT
} 0.72
1.86 } 10 in./lb
52
26
1/14/2015
Examples
Sensitive Equipment
Slow walking pace
"
;.}; - };,
.N
449 in./sec
Moderate walking pace

"
;.}; - } ,
.N
1,649 in./sec
Fast walking pace

"
;.}; - }N ,
.N
7,494 in./sec
53
Case Study
University of Wisconsin
Experimental measurement of vibration
properties of flat plate voided slab while
building was under construction
54
27
1/14/2015
Case study
Edge floor panel
55
Case study
Impulsive loading and response
0.04
0.0278 g
0.03
Impact
Acceleration (g)
0.02
Lift Off
0.01
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.04
-0.01
0.03
Signal Noise
Vertical Offset
0.02
-0.02
-0.03
Time (sec)
0.01
Acceleration (g)
-0.0205 g
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
Time (sec)
56
28
1/14/2015
Case study
FFT of response
57
Case study
Dominant modes from experiment
f1 ~ 12 Hz
f2 ~ 22 Hz
f3 ~ 35 Hz
Conclusions
Experimental frequencies are higher than
approximate analysis:
Shorter (stiffer) spans
Small damping since building was under construction
58
29
1/14/2015
References
CRSI Design Guide for Vibrations of
Reinforced Concrete Floor Systems
ATC Design Guide 1 Minimizing
Floor Vibration
Blevins Formulas for Natural
Frequency and Mode Shape
AISC DG 11 Floor Vibrations Due to
Human Activity
Questions?
60
30

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1/14/2015

Vibrations of Reinforced Concrete

The Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

About the Speaker

Vibration of RC Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Voided Flat Plate Vibration Analysis

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Not mutually exclusive

Ref (Allen and

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

k = 1.3 for dancing

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Bench microscopes at up to 400x

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Electron microscopes at up to 30,000x

Electron microscopes at greater than

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Dynamic modulus of elasticity

Bischoff and Scanlon

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

; = longer of two center-to-center spans

Based on Kirchoff Plate Theory

Rectangular plate, corner supports

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Accounts for level of cracking in the concrete slab

Fi|@j,l mFi|nj,o m Fi|@j,o mFi|nj,l

Contribution of shrinkage restraint to cracking

Accounts for effect of rigidity at the joint between the

1.9 for u; 24 in.

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Superimposed dead load = 20 psf

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Ref: Cobiax Engineering Manual

Reduced 78 due to voids 0.90 } 4,601,104

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Poissons ratio 0.2 (conservatively takes into

Structural Journal 105(4):498-506 (2008)

0.79 m +0.15(I e1 + I e2)(1)

D.A. 2011, Reinforced Concrete Structures Analysis and Design, The

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Dead load reduction

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Total average weight of a panel

11,140 lb sec N /ft

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

2.1 since the column is greater than 24 in.

R.D. 2001 Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shapes

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

2.1 since the column is greater than 24 in.

For office occupancy,

0.10% 0.50% for office occupancies

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

k = 1.3 for dancing

Vibration of Concrete Floor Systems

= 5.2 < 6.2 Hz (ok)