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1.
Introduction
240
Experimental
2.1 Materials
The raw materials used in the study were calcined magnesite (magnesia), magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate
and coarse and fine aggregates.
Calcined magnesite: Calcined magnesite, passing 97%
(minimum) through 150 micron and 95% (minimum)
through 75 micron IS sieves, having magnesium oxide
(MgO), per cent by mass 87 (minimum), calcium oxide
(CaO), per cent by mass 25 (maximum), carbon dioxide
(CO2), per cent by mass 25 (maximum), loss on ignition
(CO2 and H2O), per cent by mass 8 (maximum), total
contents of MgO, CaO, Al2O3, SiO2 and loss on ignition,
per cent by mass 995 (minimum).
Magnesium chloride: Magnesium chloride conforming
to grade 3 of IS: 2541973 having magnesium chloride
(as MgCl26H2O) per cent by mass 95, sulphate (as SO4) per
cent by mass 16, calcium (as Ca) per cent by mass 10
(maximum) and alkali chlorides (as NaCl) per cent by
mass 20 (maximum).
Magnesium sulphate: Commercial grade magnesium
sulphate, having magnesium sulphate (as MgSO47H2O) per
cent by mass 85.
Dolomite powder: The inert filler incorporated in the
study was uncalcined dolomite (MgCO3CaCO3) powder
passing 100% through 150 micron IS sieve and 50 per
cent retained on 75 micron IS sieve.
Coarse aggregate: Locally available blue quartz crushed
aggregate fractions passing through a 20 mm and retaining
on a 475 mm IS sieves.
Fine aggregate: Locally available natural sand passing
through a 475 mm IS sieve and retaining on a 75 micron
IS sieve.
2.2 Preparation of magnesium chloride/magnesium sulphate solutions
Magnesium chloride/magnesium sulphate solutions were
prepared in water. Flakes of magnesium chloride/magnesium
sulphate were transferred into plastic containers to which
potable water was added to prepare concentrated solution.
This solution was allowed to stand overnight so that insoluble impurities settle at the bottom. The supernatant
concentrated solution was taken out in other plastic containers and well stirred after each dilution before determining the specific gravity. Concentration of the solution
1 : 15 : 3
1 : 2275 : 4225
1 : 2975 : 5525
1 : 3675 : 6825
1 : 4375 : 8125
241
Volume of gauging
solution (ml)
Initial
Final
330
320
315
315
315
325
57
73
60
110
140
270
142
200
180
257
340
420
242
1 : 4 (dry mix)
1 : 5 (dry mix)
28
28
28
300
460
612
698
686
400
582
670
720
856
228
300
500
560
640
300
360
560
600
700
100
140
368
390
420
128
176
420
430
440
1 : 4 (dry mix)
1 : 5 (dry mix)
28
28
28
108
125
130
154
158
111
120
148
161
180
106
118
132
140
155
110
125
137
145
158
86
90
100
113
130
90
98
121
125
130
Table 4. Compressive and flexural (within brackets) strengths, MPa of MOC concrete.
Concentration of magnesium chloride solution
24Be
26Be
28Be
30Be
28
28
28
28
178
(33)
172
(32)
167
(32)
122
(27)
101
(20)
440
(64)
269
(42)
265
(41)
215
(38)
192
(34)
510
(66)
400
(53)
320
(50)
300
(45)
250
(41)
295
(45)
286
(46)
213
(37)
209
(38)
117
(25)
580
(77)
406
(61)
397
(59)
344
(54)
180
(36)
620
(81)
509
(70)
424
(64)
390
(60)
265
(42)
378
(59)
345
(54)
247
(40)
233
(38)
136
(27)
606
(80)
504
(69)
408
(59)
367
(56)
284
(46)
700
(89)
580
(80)
480
(68)
421
(63)
315
(49)
594
(81)
427
(63)
390
(58)
240
(38)
175
(28)
735
(86)
580
(80)
535
(73)
420
(62)
315
(53)
780
(96)
684
(82)
600
(80)
500
(68)
370
(54)
Similarly, dry mixes having different proportions of aggregates viz. 1 : 45 to 1 : 125 and magnesium chloride solution of different concentrations can be used to prepare
MOC cement concrete of varying strengths (table 4). As
against Portland cement concrete which is weak in tension, the MOC cement concrete compositions have high
compressive strength associated with high flexural strength,
the ratio being 68 (table 5). Since the pavement design
243
Table 5. Effect of age on the ratio of compressive strength to flexural strength of MOC concrete.
Concentration of magnesium chloride solution
24Be
26Be
28Be
30Be
28
28
540
539
523
453
505
687
640
646
558
556
773
755
634
666
602
655
622
575
551
460
748
660
673
637
501
765
727
659
653
630
637
652
617
613
496
749
728
691
652
617
28
786
725
705
671
663
730
676
666
636
632
28
847
720
728
679
588
808
834
745
728
685
24
26
28
30
1 : 45
1 : 65
1 : 85
1 : 105
1 : 125
53
42
34
28
23
64
55
37
34
27
78
73
56
40
32
85
80
50
45
37
Table 7.
24
26
28
30
011
015
016
017
020
010
011
012
013
014
010
010
012
012
013
010
010
011
011
012
of concrete roads is based on flexural strength, the required slab thickness of MOC concrete shall be less as
compared to that of Portland cement concrete.
MOC cement concrete compositions (table 4) having
1 day compressive strength, 34 MPa and 28-day compressive strength, 69 MPa, correspond to the high early
strength (HES) and very high strength (VHS) concrete
(Zia et al 1994). Even the compositions prepared with
very lean dry mix (1 : 125) and those prepared with dilute
magnesium chloride solution (24Be) have 1-day compressive strength (> 10 MPa) sufficient for the removal of
form works etc and 28-day flexural strength ( 4 MPa)
sufficient for paving application.
Concrete compositions of desired compressive and
flexural strengths needed for varied applications can be
tentatively chosen from the relationships developed under
the study (figures 1 and 2).
Elastic modulus of concrete (table 6) increases with the
concentration of magnesium chloride solution and for
244
24
26
510
400
332
300
250
620
509
424
390
265
28
700
580
480
420
315
30
24
26
28
30
780
680
600
500
320
550
450
350
315
255
660
590
430
400
300
750
625
530
425
325
830
720
650
550
370
Table 9. Effect of freezingthawing cycles on 28-day compressive strength, MPa of MOC concrete.
28-day strength of concrete
24
26
28
30
24
26
28
30
510
400
332
300
250
620
509
424
390
265
700
580
480
420
315
780
680
600
500
320
400
310
257
224
175
485
400
320
284
204
530
440
378
320
240
600
550
460
380
245
Table 10. Effect of alternate wettingdrying cycles on 28-day compressive strength, MPa of MOC
concrete.
28-day strength of concrete
45
65
85
105
125
24
26
28
30
24
26
28
30
510
400
332
300
250
620
509
424
390
265
700
580
480
420
315
780
684
600
500
320
368
292
230
215
190
456
368
300
272
201
496
405
350
300
245
536
484
425
340
240
Table 11. Effect of sulphate attack on 28-day compressive strength, MPa of MOC concrete.
28-day strength of concrete
45
65
85
105
125
24
26
28
30
24
26
28
30
510
400
332
300
250
620
509
424
390
265
700
580
480
420
315
780
684
600
500
320
360
288
245
210
190
435
350
315
290
200
480
400
360
310
230
547
470
400
320
225
into the aggregate surface and forms interparticle and intersurface friction (Timothy and Lee 1996). During compression, the aggregatecement bond remains intact and
aggregates themselves fail which was observed from the
failure plains of concrete specimens. At higher concentra-
245
Table 12. Retained strength (MPa) and strength retention coefficient of MOC concrete after durability cycles.
26Be
Durability cycles
Freezing/thawing
Wetting/drying
Sulphate attack
Dry mix
(MgO : agg.)
1 : 65
1 : 85
1 : 105
1 : 65
1 : 85
1 : 105
1 : 65
1 : 85
1 : 105
30Be
28-day
strength
Retained
strength
Strength retention
coefficient
28-day
strength
Retained
strength
Strength retention
coefficient
509
424
390
509
424
390
509
424
390
400
320
284
368
300
272
350
315
290
078
075
072
072
071
070
069
074
074
680
600
500
680
600
500
680
600
500
550
460
380
484
425
340
470
400
320
080
077
076
071
071
060
069
066
064
Table 13. Effect of magnesium sulphate solution on retained strength (MPa) and strength retention coefficient of MOC
concrete after durability cycles.
26Be
Durability cycles
Freezing/thawing
Wetting/drying
Sulphate attack
Dry mix
(MgO : agg.)
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
1:
65
85
105
65
85
105
65
85
105
30Be
28-day
strength
Retained
strength
Strength retention
coefficient
28-day
strength
Retained
strength
Strength retention
coefficient
480
400
340
480
400
340
480
400
340
435
364
307
420
350
295
420
35.7
291
090
091
088
088
087
086
086
089
085
660
552
455
660
552
455
660
552
455
570
480
390
585
480
380
600
480
400
086
086
086
088
087
083
090
087
088
tions, a better match of elastic moduli of matrix and aggregate seems to be the reason of very high strength and
elastic modulus of MOC cement concrete due to strong
pasteaggregate interface (Nabil et al 2002).
MOC concrete compositions are highly resistant towards abrasion (table 7) and are suitable for all kinds of
floorings and concrete pavements as per IS: 9284-1979.
Alternate heatingcooling results in increased strength
of MOC concrete. However, the strength of concrete is
affected by cycles of alternate freezingthawing and wettingdrying in water and in sulphate solution (tables 811).
From tables 12 and 13 it can be seen that the values of
strength retention coefficients of MOC concrete range
between 06 and 07 while for compositions incorporating
magnesium sulphate, strength retention coefficients are
08 (table 12) and hence suitable for all engineering
applications.
4.
Acknowledgement
Conclusions
246
References
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Deng Dehua and Zhang Chauanmei 1999 Cem. Concr. Res. 29
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Hewlett Peter C 1998 Leas chemistry of cement and concrete
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Mathur R, Chandrawat M P S and Nagpal K C 1984 Res. & Ind.
29 195
Metkovic B and Young J F 1973 Nature Phys. Sci. 246 79
Mingfen Feng and Wei Shen 1989 Proc. second NCB international seminar on cement and building materials, New Delhi