Chapter 7 Yielding criteria

1. Criteria for yielding

(1) What is the meaning about yield criterion?
In this case the stress is un-axial and this point can readily be
determined. But what if there are several stress acting at a point in
different direction
The criteria for deciding which combination of multi-axial

stress will cause yielding are called criteria.

(2). Theory of yield criterion(A) Tresa criterion
Yielding will occur when the maximum shear stress reaches the
values of the maximum shear stress occurring under simple tension.
The maximum shear stress in multi-axial stress = the maximum
shear stress in simple tension
2 1 3 2 3 0
max 1
,
,
=
2
2 2
2

1
2

, 0

For pure shear ( k )

1 + 2 = 0 1 = 2
2
k= 1
= 1 = 2
2

k =

1 2
2

k =

0
2

=k

0
2

For pure shear (k ) state, the yielding is happened if k =

0
2

(2)The von-Mises yield criterion

Yielding begin when the octahedral shear stress reaches the
octahedral shear stress at yield in simple tension.
oct = oct ,o

1
( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy 2 + yz2 + zx2 )
3

oct =

2
0
3

oct ,o =

oct ,o

oct = oct ,o
1
2
( x z ) 2 + ( x y ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy2 + yz2 + zx2 ) =
0
3
3

2
0
3

For the principal stress

1
2
( 1 3 ) 2 + ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 =
0
3
3

1
J 2 = [( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( x z ) 2 + 6( xy2 + xz2 + yz2 )]
6

J2 =

o2
3

For the case of pure shear

 1 = 2 = k , z = 0
6
2
k=
0
3
3
1
0
k =
3

: k
von-Mises yield :
J2 = k 2

Discussion: For Tresca criterion

For Von-Mises Yield

criteion
1
kT = 0 = 0.5 0
2

kV =

1
0 = 0.577 0
3

kV > kT

(3)Yield surface and Haigh-westergaard stress space

From the yielding criterion, the shear condition in multi-axial
stress = the shear condition in simple tension
F ( ij ) = K (k ) < 1 >

ij : The stress state

k : obtain from simple tension

(3) Yield surface And Haigh-Westergaard stress space

From the form of yielding criterion. That is

The shear condition in multiaxial stress = The shear condition in

simple tension

F ( ij ) = K (k )

----------------(1)
obtain from simple tension

The stress state

(A). Represents a hyper surface in the six-dimensional stress space,

any point on this surface represents a points a point at which yielding
can begin and function (1) is called the yielding function.
The surface in the stress space is called the yield surface. Since the
rotating the axes does not affect the yielding state, we can choose the
principal axes for the coordinates.

F ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) = K

Furthermore, since it is always assumed that hydrostatic tension or

compression does not influence yielding , we can assume that only the
stress deviators enter into the yielding function.

f ( s1 , s2 , s3 ) = K
5

and s1 , s2 , s3 can be writen in terms of the invariants J1 , J 2 , J 3

J1 = s1 + s2 + s3 = 0

Where J 2 = ( s12 + s22 + s32 )

2

1 3 3 3

J 3 = 3 ( s1 + s2 + s3 )

f ( J 2 , J 3 ) = K (k )

For von-mises criterial

oct =

1
2
s12 + s22 + s32 =
o ( m )
3
3

2 12
2
o
J2 =
3
3
1
J 2 = o2 = k 2 , and k is the yield in pure shear.
3
=

For Tresca criterion:

1 2 ( 1 m ) ( 2 m ) s1 s2 o
( m )
=
=
=
2
2
2
2

4 J 23 27 J 32 36k 2 J 22 + 96k 4 J 2 64k 6 = 0

B. Haigh-Wester-gaard stress space. => yielding criterion can be

expressed as function of ( 1 , 2 , 3 )
6

 1 , 2 , 3 ,.

The principal ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) coordinate system represents a stress

space called the Haigh-wWester-gaard stress space.

uuur

Consider a line ON which passing through the origin, and having

equal angles
With the coordinates axes, then every point on this line is

1 = 2 = 3 = m =

1 + 2 + 3
3

()

uuur

The plane perpendicular to ON , its equation will be

1 + 2 + 3 = 3

Where
uuur
uuur ON
OPg uuur =
(ON )

and : is the distance from origin to the plane

 1 + 2 + 3 = 0, is the plane called -plane.

and

And this is the pure shear stress condition.

uuur
ur uuur ON
1
1
1
And A = A = OP uuur = 1 + 2 + 3 = 3 m
3
3
3
ON

ur ur ur
r
r
r
B = P A = ( 1 m )i + ( 2 m ) j + ( 3 m )k

B 2 = ( 1 m ) 2 + ( 2 m ) 2 + ( 3 m ) 2
= s12 + s22 + s32
(Q J 2 =

1 2 2 2
1
( s1 + s2 + s3 ) = sij sij )
2
2

B2 = 2J 2
B = 2J
=

1
2
2

2
0
3

1
and J 2 = 02 (von Mises)
3
ur
=> the components of B are therefore the stress
deriators s1 , s2 , s3

=>
uuur
1
ur ur ur
ON
P = A + B = 3 m uuur + 2 J 22
ON

ur
B
ur
B

(at Haigh - Wester - gaard stress space)

Since it is assumed that yielding is determined by the deriatoric

state of stress only, it follows that if one of the points on the line
uuur

through p parallel to ON lies on the yield surface => they must all lie
on the yield surface, since they all have the same deriatoric stress
components. Hence the yield surface must be composed of lines
uuur

parallel to ON ; i.e, it must be a cylinder with generators parallel to

uuur
ON .

Note:
(a) The intersection of this yield cylinder with any plane perpendicular
to it will produce a curve called the yield locus. Since this curve will be
the same for all planes perpendicular to the cylinder. => For this
purpose we choose the -plane which m = 0 .
(b) If, as usual, isotropy is assumed so that rotating the axes does not
affect

the

yielding.

That

means

line

perpendicular

to

1 , 1 ; 2 , 2 ; 3 , 3 ; are therefore lines of symmetry and we now

have six symmetric sectors.

(1,-1, 2,-2, 3,-3)
(c) The yield surface must be symmetric in the principal stress since it
certainly does not matter.

=> Hence, we have divided the yield locus into 12 symmetric

sectors, each of 30o . and we need only consider the stress states lying in
one of these sectors.

C. The stress in -plane

a=

2
2
2 cos 300 1 cos 300 = ( 2 1 ) / 2
3
3

b=

2
2
2
1
(2 3 2 1 )
3 2 sin 300 1 sin 300 =
3
3
3
6

1
r 2 = a 2 + b 2 = ( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2
3
= ( 1 m ) 2 + ( 2 m ) 2 + ( 3 m ) 2
= 2J2

= tan 1

b
= tan 1
a

3 tan =

1
(2 3 2 1 )
2 2 1
6
= tan 1 3
1
3( 2 1 )
( 2 1 )
2

2 3 2 1
2 1

(if 3 > 2 > 1 )

For von Mise yield criterion

10

1
1
J 2 = o2 = r 2
3
2
2
r 2 = o2
3

The yield locus is therefore a circle of radius r =

2
o
3

NoTe:
(a).for = 0
3 tan =

2 3 2 1
=0
2 1

1
( 1 + 2 )
2
1
1
and m = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) = ( 1 + 2 ) = 3
3
2
at -plane m = 0 3 = 0, That means =0 is pure shear state
3 =

(b) for = 300 , from 3 tan 300 =

2 3 2 1
=1
2 1

3 = 2
=> uniaxial stress

(c) If the yield locus is assumed to be convex, the bounds on yield loci
will be between C' A B' and C A B.

11

A yielding curve below CAB Which pass the C, A, B point will

not be convex is call lower bound.
a yielding curve outside C C' A B' B which pass the C,A,B point
will not be convex also is call upper bound.

(4) Subsequent yield surfaces, Loading and unloading

initial yield, yielding
, yielding surface strain hardens

For a yield Function

F ( ij ) = k

()

k is a value wich defind a yield surface. and strain-harden function

F( ij ) is loading function.

And

After yielding has occurred, k take on a new value, depending on

the strain-hardening properties of the material.
After yielding has occurred, k takes on a new value, depending on
the strain-hardening properties of the material.
12

A. Loading and unloading for a strain-hardening material

Three cases for a strain-hardening material:
(A)

Loading plastic flow is occurring.

F = k , dF =

(B)

Neutral loading stress state moving on yield surface.

F = k , dF =

(C)

F
d ij > 0
ij
F
d ij = 0
ij

unloading
F = k , dF =

F
d ij < 0
ij
uur
F
F uur
d j = (
e j ) ( d i e j )
j
j
ur
uur
= F d i e j

Note: ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , dF =

ur
F : yield surface

dF =

uur
d i e j :

F
d j < 0 unloading
j

B. Subsequent yield loci

(A) Isotropic hardening
If 0' > 0 , then the new yield locus is a circle of radius

2 '

for von-Misses criterion, which is larger than, but concentric with ,

the origin yield circle. The material is called strain harden
isotropically.

13

(B) Bauschinger effect

: ,!

Prager Kinematic model

Assume :
(a) The rigid frame having the shape of the yield surface
(b)The frame is assumed to be constrained against rotation and to
be perfectly smooth, so that only forces normal to the frame can be
transmitted to it.
(c)The state of stress and the state of strain are represented in the
model in different ways, For example, for a rigid strain-hardening
14

material, the displacement of center of the frame relative to the origin is

proportional to the total strain, and the state of stress is represented by
the position of the pin relative to the origin.

Note: the isotropic hardening assumption is still generally used. For

small plastic strain it probably gives answers that are sufficiently

accurate.

15

6,Plastic stress-strain relations,

stress-strain .

(1)

General derivation of plastic stress-strain relations.

(note: )
For obtaining general stress-strain relation, two definition and two
assumption are needed.
Definition:
(a)Positive work is done by external agency during the application of the set of stress.

d ij d ij > 0

(b)The net work performed by it over the cycle of application and removal is zero or position.

d ijd ijp 0(delcte elastic strain engergy)

Assume:(a)A loading function exists. At each stage of the plastic

deformation there
exists

function

( ij )

so

that

further

plastic

deformation takes place only for ( ij ) > k

Both and k may depend on the existing state of stress
and on the strain history.
16

(b)The relation between infinitesimals of stress and plastic strain is

linear:
Gij = dF d ijp = cijk l d k l

Note: (a) cijk l may be functions of stress, strain, and history of

loading that implies they are independent of the d ij
(b)From assumption 1, it follows that for plastic may be applied to
the stress and strain increments.
If d 'ij and d ''ij are two increments producing plastic strain
increments, d p 'ij and d p ''ij .And

d '' Bl : incremental stress perpendicular to f

'
d Bl : incremental stress tangent to f( ij )
d B' l produce no plastic flow(,

From assumption 2. d p ij = cijk l (d k' l + d k'' l ) = cijk l d k'' l

From assumption 1. dF =
Q

F
F
d k l =
(d k' l + d k'' l ) > 0
k l
k l

F
F
F
d k' l = 0 dF =
d k'' l > 0
d k' l
k l
k l
k l

and d k'' l = a

F
F F
dF = a
>0
k l
k l k l

17

dF
>0
F F
k l k l

a =

From d ijp = cijk l d k'' l = cijk l a

= cijk l (

F
F
dF
(
)
= cijk l
k l
k l F F
k l k l

dF
)dF = Gij = dF
F F
k l k l
F
)
ke
F
F
(
)(
)
ke ke
(

d ijp = Gij dF

and

Gij = Cijke

is called potential function

From definition 2.

d ij d ijp 0 (d ij' + d ij'' )d ijp 0

Because d ij' produce no d ijp We can chose any constc.

positive or negative,

will produce the same (d ij' + d ij'' )d ijp < 0 d ij' d ijp = 0
plastic increment d ijp
d ij' Gij dF = 0

Q dF > 0 d ij' d ijp = 0

F
G ij
'
d ij Gij dF = 0
ij

Gij = G

F
= Cijke
ij

F
(G is a constant which may
)
ke
be function of stress, strain
F
F
(
)(
)
and history of loading)
ke ke
(

18

 d ijp = G

f
dF Hardening value
ij
^ yield locus

= GdF
= d

F
ij
(d: is a nonnegative constant which may vary through out

F
ij

the loading history

=> The plastic strain increment vector must be normal to the yield
surface.
( Note : From d ijp = G
=G

F
dF
ij

(dF =

F
d kl'' )
kl

F F
d kl''
ij kl

dF d kl'' , dF yield locus )

The flow rules associated with von-Mises and Tresca

()

For the von-Mises yield function

F ( ij ) = J 2 =

From

1
1
1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 1 3 ) 2 = sij sij = o2
6
2
3

d ijp = GdF

F
F sij
= GdF
ij
sij ij

( sij = ij m

= GdFsij
= d sij

Paradtl - Reuss equation

19

sij
ij

= 1)

()

For Tresca yield function

Assuming it is known which is the maximum principal stress

1 and minimum principal stress 3 , 1 > 2 > 3

F=

1
1
( 1 3 ) = 0
2
2

F 1
F
F
1
= ,
=0 ,
=
1 2
o
3
2

p
d 1 = 2 d

d 2p = 0

1
d 3p = d
2

(1)(2) are known as the flow rules associated with the von-Mises
and Tresca criteria.
.Perfectly Plastic Material

For ideal plasticity it is also assumed that F ( ij ) exists and is

function of stress only , and that plastic flow take place without limit
when F ( ij ) =k, and the material behaves elastically when F ( ij ) <k.
For plastic flow.
F

dF =
d ij = 0

ij
d ijp //
d ijp = d

ij
ij
d d p = 0
ij ij

20

 d ijp //

F
F
d ijp = d
where d is a scalar.
ij
ij

.Determination of the function G.. Effective stress and strain

()Effective stress e
From yield criterion F ( ij ) = K ( 0 ) or f ( ij ) = 0
From uni-axial tensile test.
, e , 0
e effective stress.

Definition

1
F ( ij ) = K ( e ) = J 2 = e2 For Von-Mises
3

sij d ep == 0 d ijp =

3 F
2 ij
F F
k l k l

d ep =

3 F
2 ij

d e

'
F F e
k l k l

F
F
= sk l ,
k l
ij

e = 3 2 =

3
sij sij
2

Note: e = 0 ,.
()Effective plastic strain d ep
From the definition of plastic work=Effective plastic work
e d ep = sij d ep (If plastic flow is happened)
d =
p
e

sij

d =
p
e

sij
3
sij sij
2

0d

p
e

and d = Gd sij sij =

p
e

21

d ijp
Gd

d ep d ep
2 p p
d ij d ij
=
3
3 p p
d ij d ij
2
3 p p
d ij d ij (For Von-mises criterion )
2

d ep =

3
(d xp ) 2 + (d yp ) 2 + (d zp ) 2 + 2(d xyp ) 2 + (d yzp ) 2 + (d zxp ) 2
2

1
2

1
2

For uniaxial tens it test d yp = d xp , d zp = d xp

d ep = d xp

sij d ep = e d ep = 0 d xp

()Determination of the Function G.

From d ijp = GdF

d ep = GdF

dFG =

d ijp =

( e' =

3
2

F
2
and d ep = d ijp d ijp
3
ij

2 F F
3 ij ij
d ep
F F
ij ij

3 F
2 ij
F F
k l k l

d ep =

3 F
2 ij

d e

'
F F e
k l k l

d e
) The slope of the uniaxial stress-plastic strain curve at
d ep

the current value of e

22

For Von-Mises criterion

F
F
= sk l ,
= sij
k l
ij

d ijp =
=

3 sij
3 sij d e
d ep =
2 e
2 e e'

d ijp =

3
sij
2 d p ( Q = 3 s s ) F = s , F = s
e
e
ij ij
kl
ij
2
k l
ij
sk l s k l

3
sij
2 d p (Q = 3 s s )
e
e
ij ij
2
sk l sk l

3 sij
3 sij d e
d ep =
(The flow rule associated with von mises
2 e
2 e e'

yield criterion)

sij

3p
= ij
2
2 p
sij = pe ij
3

or

3 s p 3 s e
ij = ij e = ij '
2 e
2 e e
p

and

1 v v
vi ,e ij = ( i + j )
2 xj xj

e =

3 p p
ij ij
2
sij =

If

2 e p
ij
3 p

the

velocity

field

p
1 v v
2 p p
vi , e ij = ( i + j ) e =
ij ij
3
2 x j x j

23

is

know

 sij will be know, If in plastic state.

(?) Incremental and deformation theories

For

d ijp =

3 sij
d ep
2 e

d ijp =

3 sij
d ep
2 e

are

called

incremental

stress-strain relations because they relate the increments of plastic

strain to the stress.
For the case of proportion or radial loading i.e if all the stress are
increasing in ratio (stressed disk or cylinders), the incremental theory
reduces of the deformation theory.
sij = K

e = K

IF

0
ij
0
e

3 s p
ijp =
e
2

0
ij
0
e

3 s
p
p
d ij = 2 d e

ij = K ij0

and

is

monotonically increasing function of

sij = Ksij0
Then
0
e = K e

d ijp =

0
0
3 sij
3 sij
p
p
d
d
d ep

=
e
ij
0
0

2 e
2 e

0
3 sij p
=
e
2 e0
p
ij

The plastic strain is a function only of the current of stress and

is independent of the loading path.

(?)Convexity of yield surface. Singular points.
.

Convexity of yield surface

Let some external agency add stresses along some arbitrary path
inside the surface until a state of stress d ij is reached which is on the

24

yield surface. Now suppose the external agency to add a very small
outward pointed stress increment d ij which produces small plastic
strain increments d ij , as coell as elastic increments.
The work done by the external agency over the cycle is

(1)

Elastoplastic problems of spheres and cylinders

=
=

Spherical coordinates The problems of spheres

(a) The equilibrium equation

(r + dr )( r + dr )d ( r + dr ) sin d rrdr sin d 2r sin ddrd = 0

2

r 2rdr + drr dr 2rdr = 0

dr 2(r )
+
= Fr
dr
r

and Fr body force per unit

volume
(b) The strain-displacement or compatibility relation

25

du
u

r = , = = ~~~~~< 1 >

dr
r

du d ( r )
d r
=

+
=0
From < 1 >, r =
dr
dr
dr
r

rp + p + p = 0 rp = 2 p

(c) The stress-strain relation

1

r = (r 2 ) + rp

1
1
= [ ( + r )] + p = [(1 ) r ] + p
E
E

. Von-Miese yield function

1
1
1
J 2 = 02 , J 2 = Sij S ij = [( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 ]
3
2
6

and 1 = r , 2 = 3 =
( r ) 2 = 02 0 = r

.Prandfl-reuss Equation

From d ijp =

3 d ep
S ij d ep =
2 re

2 p p
d ij d ij = d rp
3

d rp = d ep sgn( r )

Polar coordinates-For cylinders problems

(1)

The equation of equilibrium of stress

d r r
+
= Fr
dr
r

The strain-displacement relations or compatibility equation

(2)

r =

du
u
, =
dr
r

d r
+
=0
dr
r

rp + p + zp = 0

26

(3)

The stress-strain relation

1

=
[ r ( + z )] + rp
r

1
p
= [ ( z + r )] +
E

1
z = [ z ( r + )] ( p + rp )

NOTE: for the case of plane stress z = 0 and for the case of
plane strain z = 0 or z = const. for generalized strain. In both cases
the stear stresses and strains are zero.
Thick Hollow sphere with internal pressure

Consider a sphere with inner radius a and outer radius b ,

subjected to an internal pressure P. It is obvious that complete
symmetry about the center will exist so that the radial and any two
tangential direction will be principal direction.

(1)

Elastic solution
1

r = E ( r 2 )
d

From
and + r = 0
1
dr
r
= [(1 ) r ]
E

d
d r
1
1
E [(1 ) dr dr ] + Er (1 + )( r ) = 0 compatituibility

d r

+2 r
= 0 equabhuiums
dr
r

27

equations

2(1 ) d 1 d r
=
1 + dr
1 + dr
1
= r + c1
2

2c
d r 3
+ r = 1
dr
r
r

d r 3
2c
+ r = 1
dr
r
r

From

let =

d
, r = ez
dz

d r
+ 3 r = 2c1
dr

d
d dr d z
d
=
=
e =r
= rD
dz dr dz dr
dr

( + 3) r = 2c1
y h = c2 e 3 z = c2

yp =

2c1
1
2
2

2c1 =
= c1 (1 + ( ) 2 ) = c1

( + 3)
3
3
3
3(1 + ) 3
3

y = yh + y p =

1
r3

c2 2
+ c1
r3 3

r =

c2 2
+ c1
r3 3

c2 2

r ( a ) = P = a 3 + 3 c1
From boundary condition
c
2
r (b) = 0 = 23 + c1 = 0
b
3

c1 =

3 Pa 3
Pa 3b 3
,
c
=
2
2 b3 a 3
(b 3 a 3 )

Pa 3
Pa 3
b3
a 3b 3 1

(
1
)
=
+
=

r ( b 3 a 3 ) r 3 b 3 a 3 b 3 a 3
3
a

1
3 Pa 3

= r +

2
2 b3 a 3

For convenience the following dimensionless quantities are now

introduced:
=

b
r
P
, S r = r , S =
, = , P =
0
0
0
a
a

r
3 3
=
=
S
P
r

0
3 ( 3 1)

3
3
S = P 2 +

2 3 ( 3 1)
dw = ( ij ij )d ijp + d ij d ijp

and ij : some state of stress inside

28

the loading surface

p
p
Q d ij d ij 0 d ij d ij cos 0 2 2 (acute angle)

Q ( ) 0 d p cos 0 (acute angle)

ij
ij
ij
ij
ij

2
2

For convex surface

No vector ij ij can pass outside the surface intersecting the
surface twice. The surface must therefore be convex.

( at

condition)

29

For surface is not convex

If the surface is not convex , there exist, some points ij , ij such
that the vector ij ij form an obtuse angle.

Singular point-

The yield surface has vertices or corners where the gradient is not
defined (Tresca hexagon). Such point can be treated by introducing an
auxiliary parameter.
7.Application
To solve any plasticity problem, four sets of relations must be
satisfied as:
The equation of equilibrium of stress

(a)

(b)

ij
x j

+ fj = 0

The strain-displacement or compatibility relations:

1 ui u j

(
)
=
+
ij
2 x j xi

= 0 for plasticity
ii

30

(c)

The stress-strain relations

IVon-Mises yield function

1
1
J 2 = 02 , J 2 = sij sij
3
2

II Prandtl-Reuss Equations
d ijp =

(d)

3 d
sij
2 e
p
e

e =
and
d p =
e

The boundary conditions

ij l i = j
stress-boundary

displacement-boundary u j = U J

p26

31

Test by tensidle-tet
2 p p
d ij d ij
3

3
sij sij
2

p31
If we know m , then any point stress could be know.

If curves are now drawn in the xy plane such that at every point of
each curve the tangent coincides with one of maximum shear direction,
The two families of curves called shear lines, or slip lines.
line

line

Note:<a> , are merely parameters or curvilinear coordinates

used to designate the point under consideration, just as x and y
designate the point.
<b>Take a curve element, From monrs cycles

32

v
d x
1 v v
du x
=x =
=, y = y , xy = ( x + y )
x dt
y
2 y x
dt

= v cos v sin
v y = sin + v cos = 0
2 K1 = c1 along line
m
m + 2 K 2 = c2 along line

From ,

If we choose the
= 0,

curve linear coordinate system

, =
=
x y

=0
2
K
2 K1 = c1 along -curve

m + 2 K = 0 m + 2 K 2 = c2 along -curve

Hencky equation, From boundary condition, we obtain c1 , c2

If we know 1 , 2 m x , y , xy
.

Geiringer Velocities equation

From Prandtl-Reuss equation, and incompressibility condition

y
d
d

p
d 3
x
y
y
x y = x
= x

d ij = sij

xy
xy xy
e 2 d xy

d + d = 0

d iip = 0
x
y

x + y = 0
u
u
1 u u
and x = x , y = y , xy = ( x + y )
2 y
x
y
x

v y
d
1 v v y
du x vx
, y =
, xy = ( x +
)
x =x =
=
2 y x
x dt
x
y
dt
p
e

33

v y
vx
( x ) ( y )
y

= x

v
2 xy

y
)
( x +
y x

v v y
( x+
)=0

x y

Since the principal axes of stress and stress and of plastic strain
increment coincide, it follows that the maximum shear stress lines and
maximum shear velocity lines coincides, or the stress slip lines are the
same as the velocity slip line.
the strain rates normal to the and direction are equal to

the mean strain rate, that mean.

d d 1
=
= ( x + y ) = 0 There
dt
dt
2

are no extension, only

shearing flows
in the slip direction.
(,)
Now consider the velocities in the slip direction
v = v cos v sin

And x
v y = v sin + v cos

Take , curve-line coordinate = 0

vx
v

v
)
=

=0
=(
=
0

and
v
v
= ( y ) =0 = v + = 0

y

dv v d = 0 along a line

dv + v d = 0 along a line

.Geometry of the slip-line field

34

Geiringer velocities equation

Henckys first law the angle between two slip lines of one family
at the points where they are cut by a slip line of the other family is
constant along their lengths.

From Henckys equation

m 2 K1 = c1 along line

m + 2 K 2 = c2 along line

along AD- -line = mD 2K D

along DC- -line mD 2=+

mC mA = +
4K D 2 K A 2 KC = 2 KC + 2 K A 4K B
4K D + 4K B = 4K C + 4K A
D + B = C + A
A B = D C
along AD- -line mA 2 K A = mD 2K D

along DC- -line mD 2 K D = mC +2K C

mC mA = 4 K D 2 K A 2K C

The same method along AB and BC

mC mA = 2 KC + 2 K A 4K B
4K D 2 K A 2 KC = 2 K C + 2 K A 4K B
4K D + 4K B = 4K C + 4K A
D + B = C + A
A B = D C

35

(3)Maximum And Octahedral shear stress

. Maximum shear stress

Let us take the coordinate axes in the principal direction. And any
r

section direction is v = l i + n j + mk = v j

From

ij vi = Tvj

1v1 = Tv1 , 2 v2 = Tv 2 , 3v3 = Tv 3

uur uur
Tv 2 = TvgTv = 12 v12 + 22 v22 + 32 v32

36