GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH

IRRIGATION & CAD DEPARTMENT

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
OF
CANA LININ
L
G

Er.B.Lakshmana Rao B.Tech., .B.A., F.I.E.,

Chief Engineer, CDO & SRISAILAM PROJECT Hyderabad.
09440817277
blakshmanarao@yahoo.co.in

09-12-2011

NAC, HYDERABAD

CANAL LINING

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FUNCTIONS OF LINING
SEEPAGE CONTROL
PREVENTION OF WATER
LOGGING
INCREASED RESISTANCE
HYDRAULIC
TO EROSION/ABRASION
EFFICIENCY
REDUCTION IN CROSS SECTION AREA
SMALLER STRUCTURES
LOW OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
COST
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REQUIREMENTS OF LINING
ECONOMY
STRUCTURAL STABILITY
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY
REPAIRABILITY AND EASY
MAINTENANCE MAXIMUM HYDRAULIC
EFFICIENCY IMPERMEABILITY
RESISTANCE TO EROSION
ABILITY TO PREVENT WEED
GROWTH
RESISTANCE AGAINST
BURROWING ANIMALS
REASONABL FLEXIBILITY
E
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TYPES OF LINING
RIGID LINING
STONE PITCHED LINING
BURNT CLAY TILE/BRICK LINING
PRECAST CEMENT CONCRETE
IN-SITU CEMNT CONCRETE LINING
STONE MASONRY LINING
SOIL CEMENT LINING
SHOTCRETE LINING
ASPHALTI CEMENT/CONCRETE LINING
C
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TYPES OF LINING
BITUMINOUS / ASPHALTIC FELT
LINING
FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC
TISSUE ASPHALTIC MEMBRANE
COMPOSITE MEMBRANE/RUBBER
LINING FLEXIBLE LINING
GEOMEMBRANE
HDPE
LDPE
PVC
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FREE BOARD
FREE BOARD IS VERTICAL DIFFERNCE
BETWEEN F.S.L OF CANAL AND TOP OF LINING
CANAL DISCHARGE
FREE BOARD
cumecs
metres
> 10
0.75
3 10
0.60
13
0.50
< 1.0
0.30
< 0.1(water courses)
0.15

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LIMITING VELOCITY

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THICKNESS OF C.C. LINING

The thickness of concrete lining may be
adopted from Table-I of IS 3873-1993
depending upon the canal discharge and depth
of water.
Capacity
Depth of
Thickness
of canal
Water
of Lining
(cumecs)
mtrs
mm
05
01
50
60 50 100
1-2.5
60
50-200
2.5-4.5
75 100
75
200-300
4.5-6.5
90 100
300-700
6.5-9.0
120- 150
Note: Hydel canal should have a greater thickness
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SUB GRADE
Sub grade should be prepared,
dressed and rolled true to level and
according to the cross section of the
canal to form a firm compacted sub
grade for the lining.

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PREPARATION OF SUB GRDE

Expansive soils
Consisting of
rock Consisting

of soil
Other
sandy reaches
Sandythan
reaches

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UNDER DRAINAGE OF LINED CANALS

Drainage arrangements should be such
that the pressure on lining does not
increase beyond the safe limit
CONDITIONS OF WATER TABLE
BELOW CANAL BED LEVEL
BETWEEN CANAL B.L. AND
F.S.L. ABOVE CANAL F.S.L.
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TYPES OF SUB GRADE

FREE DRAINING Gravel with
sand/Sandy soil whose k is 10-4cm/sec
POOR DRAINING Very fine sand
/ admixture of sand / silt / clay
whose k is 10-6 to 10-4cm/sec
PRACTICALLY IMPERVIOUS
Homogeneous clays
whose k is 10-6 cm/sec
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METHODS OF UNDERDRAINAGE
Position of
Water Table

Free Draining

Below Canal B.L.

Between C.B.L
And F.S.L.

150-200 th. well

defined filter

Above Canal
F.S.L.

150-200 th. well

defined filter

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Poor Draining Practically

Impervious

150-200 th. well

defined filter

600 thick
Sand/Murram/
Pervious material

150-200 th. well

defined filter

600 thick
Sand/Murram/
Pervious material

NAC, HYDERABAD

600 thick
Sand/Murram/
Pervious material
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PRESSURE RELIEF ARRANGEMENTS

Case -Water table below canal B.L. :
No pressure relief arrangements are required

Case Water table between Canal B.L.

and F.S.L.:
Bed : Longitudinal and transverse drains
with pressure relief valves
Sides : Pressure relief valves in pockets.

Case Water table above canal F.S.L.:

Same as above of Case
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LONGITUDINAL DRAINS
TRANSVERSE DRAINS
150MM DIA AC/ PVC PIPES
12 DIA HOLES
100HOLES PER METRE
LENGTH
PARALLEL ROW OF HOLES SHALL
BE STAGGERED
SPACING 10m
c/c
PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES AT
SIDES 1 FOR EVERY 100 SqM
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ANTI - SALT TREATMENT

SALT CONTENT
1%
SODIUM SULPHATE 0.36%
2
mm THICK BITUMEN LAYER BY
SPRAYING AT 2.35Kg/sqm
TO GET GOOD BOND BETWEEN SOIL AND
BITUMEN CRDE OIL @ 60.5lit SHOULD BE
SPRAYED OVER IT WELL IN ADVANCE
WHEN SUB GRADE IS DRY, CLEAN AND
FREE FROM DIRT
SUB GRADE SHOULD BE COVERED WITH

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SURFACE DRAINAGE
THE TOP OF THE SIDE LINING
CONCRETE SHOULD BE KEYED INTO
THE SUBGRADE BOTH IN CUTTING
AND EMBANKMENT BY TAKING IT
HORIZONTALLY FOR A WIDTH OF
ABOUT 300mm. THIS KEY WOULD
PREVENT DIRECT ENTRY OF
SURFACE RAIN WATER BEHIND THE
LINING.
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SEQUENCE OF LINING
IT IS PREFERABLE TO
PLACE CONCRETE ON SIDES
FIRST.
THIS WILL PREVENT THE BED
FROM GETTING SPOILED BY
SUBSEQUENT OPERATIONS
THE PANEL WIDTH SHOULD VARY 2-3
METRES, IN NO CASE IT SHOULD NOT
BE >3M.
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CURING
THE LINING SHOULD BE CURED
FOR AT LEAST 28 DAYS,
SUBSEQUENT TO LAYING OF
CONCRETE LINING AFTER A
PERIOD OF 12 HOURS.

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CANAL LINING IN EXPANSIVE SOILS

EXPANSIVE SOILS: BED AND SIDE
SLOPES
OF CANAL IN CUTTING AND EMBANKMENT
WHEN IN CONTACT WITH WATER SWELL
THEY EXERT A PRESSURE OF
50-300 KN/Sqm OR MORE
BLACK COTTON SOILS AND A WIDE
RANGE
OF EXPANSIVE SOILS ARE SEEN ACROSS
INDIA
SWELLING PRESSURE AND FREE
SWELL INDEX TESTS SHALL BE DONE
AS
PER
IS 2720:1977(
PARTS 40 AND 41 )
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COHESIVE NON-SWELLING SOILS

PROPERTY ON COHESION
NON EXPANDING
LOW PLASTICITY WITH LIQUID LIMIT
NOT>50%, PLASTICITY INDEX NOT>30

CNS SOILS
CLAYEY SOILS
SILTY CLAY
SANDY CLAY
GRAVELLY SANDY
CLAY

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THICKNESS OF CNS LAYER

(For canal Discharge more than 2cumecs)
Swell pressure
Thickness
kN/sqm
cm (min)
50 150
75
150 300
85
300 500
100

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CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
CANAL IN CUTTING
Proper moisture to be added after spreading CNS
material in 150mm thick layers and compacted
and after getting the required thickness, the
surface should be trimmed.
Then canal lining shall be taken up.
In deep cuts, the CNS layer should be provided
upto GL. The thickness above canal prism may
be 150-200mm, 1000mm above F.S.L of canal
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CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE
CANAL IN EMBANKMENT
Proper moisture should be added to CNS soil and
expansive soil surface
Expansive soil and CNS Soil above GL should be
compacted simultaneously in layers with appropriate
equipment to ensure proper density
A rock toe with inverted filters may be provided at either
end of canal bank
The thickness of CNS layer on rear slopes may be
150-200mm provided simultaneously with expansive soil
and proper turfing is to be provided to protect slope
CNS layer below sand blanket at rock toe portion shall be
provided
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TESTS FOR LINING

(NON DESTRUCTIVE REBOUND HAMMER TEST))

TO TEST THE EFFECTIVENESS OF

VIBRATION

PERMEABILITY

STRENGTH
OF CONCRETE CORES AT SUITABLE
PLACES FROM THE SIDES OF CANAL
AS WELL AS FROM THE BED CANAL
CONCRETE SHALL BE TAKEN
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LIST OF B.I.S. CODES

1. Code of practice for design of cross section of lined canals IS 4745:1968
2. Guidelines for lining of canals in expansive soils -IS 9451:1994
3. Laying cement concrete lining on canals IS 3873:1993
4. Under drainage of Lined canals IS 4558 :1983
5. Design of Lined canals and guidance for Selection of Lining - IS 10430:1982
6. Pre cast cement concrete tiles for canal lining
- IS 10466 : 1991

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THANK YOU

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NAC, HYDERABAD

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