Professional Documents
Culture Documents
O
L
E
H
Group 9 TI/III/V/E
Name :
1. Andri Setiyawan
2. Etik Sunarsih
3. Fajar hariadi
FOREWORD
Our gratitude we wish for the presence of Almighty God, thanks to the blessings we
can finish this english paper.
In this paper we arranged based on the percentage that has held meetings every
lecture
thanks to all colleagues who have helped to resolve the papers' ll also lecturer in
English for his guidance.
I hope this paper can be useful to the reader as well.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover......................................................................................................................................
Foreword................................................................................................................................
Table Of Contetnt...................................................................................................................
ITEMS :
1. NOUN ...
2. TOBE.....
3. VERB.
4. INTERJECTION..
5. IDEVINITE ARTICLE
6. DIRECT AND INDERECT SPEECH.
7. NUMERAL ADJECTIVE
8. USE : SOME, ANY
9. PASSIVE VOICE
10. GERUND.
11. PEMBENTUKAN TATA KALIMAT B. INGGRIS .
1. NOUN
A. The Mining Of Noun
Pada generally regular plural noun is in the form by adding akhitan-s or-es
behind
the
singular
form
of
nouns
(noun)
b.
Plural noun
One Class
A Glass
Two Classes
Five Glasses
is.
A Bus
Four Busses
Plural noun
Six Brushes
Two Dishes
Plural noun
Six Beaches
Two Inches
Two Matches
c. Nouns ending in-y preceded (dead letter), plural form is generated by replacing
the suffix-y to-i then added the suffix-ice.
Example:
Singular noun
A Lady
A Baby
Plural noun
Two Ladies
Five Babies
Plural noun
A Thief
Two Thieves
A Leaf
Five Leaves
One Wolf
Two Wolves
But there are also nouns ending in-f and-fe that have plural forms ending in-s,
Example:
Singular noun
Plural noun
A Thief
Two Thieves
A Leaf
Five Leaves
One Wolf
Two Wolves
Singular noun
Plural noun
A Chief
Two Chiefs
A Roof
Five Roofs
A Gulf
Two Gulfs
Besides nouns ending in-f there are two pieces that have a plural form, eg:
Singular noun
Plural noun
Scart
Scarfs scarves
Hoof
Hoofs - hooves
b. Nouns ending in the letter - o usually plural form is generated by adding the suffixice in the singular. Example:
Singular noun
Plural noun
A Potato
Five Potatoes
A Hero
Three Heroes
One Tomato
Six Tomatoes
However there are exceptions from the rules above, namely that not all singular nouns
ending in-o have plurals ending in-es. Consider the following example:
Singular noun
A Bamboo
A Piano
A Solo
Plural noun
Two Bamboos
Five Pianos
Six Solos
c. There are plural nouns irregular that it must be memorized, for example:
Singular noun
A Man
A Woman
A Tooth
Plural noun
Two Men
Five Women
Four Teeth
d. Noun compound / compound (compound noun) also has a plural form yag generated
by adding the suffix 's' to noun stem. Example
Singular noun
Plural noun
A Looker on
Two Lookers on
A Posser by
e. There are some plural nouns that have the same form as the singular, the words of
these objects should also be memorized. Example:
Singular noun
Plural noun
One Sheep
Two Sheep
One Deer
Five Deer
f. There are also some actual noun plural but singular look, nouns of this type does not
have a single form (singular). Example:
The cettle are not mine
Those people have not arrived yet
g. The names of branches of science are also always in the plural, even though a single
meaningful. Example:
Politics
Ethics
Physies
Metaphysics
Mathematics
h. There is also a noun is always in the plural, and more often used in pairs, to declare
the couple used "a pair of" (a pair). Example:
Shoes
Sandals
Trousers
A pair of shoes
A pair of sandals
A pair of trousers
2. TOBE
The Greek sea god, Proteus, was (like the sea) capable of changing form in an instant.
In order to get any decent information out of him, you had to grab him and hold on
tight while he went through his various forms lion, wild boar, snake, tree, running
stream it wasn't easy. The verb To be is said to be the most protean of the English
language, constantly changing form, sometimes without much of a discernible pattern.
Considering that we use it so often, it is really too bad that the verb To be has to be
the most irregular, slippery verb in the language.
Present Tense
I am
We are
You are
You are
He/She/It is
They are
Past Tense
I was
We were
You were
You were
He/She/It was
They were
I am being, etc.
We must choose carefully among these various forms when selecting the proper verb to
go with our subject. Singular subjects require singular verbs; plural subjects require
plural verbs. That's usually an easy matter. We wouldn't write The troops was moving
to the border. But some sentences require closer attention. Do we write The majority
of students is (or are) voting against the referendum"? Review carefully the material in
our section on Subject-Verb Agreement, and notice how often the choices we make
require a familiarity with these forms of the To be verb.
Simple Questions
We create simple yes/no questions by inverting the order of subject and the To be
verb.
Am I bothering you?
3. VERB
KALIMAT VERBAL
Verbal sentence is a sentence in which there is a verb (verb). Verbal phrase usually
indicates the action to do something. or indicate the name of the deeds done by the
subject, but perhaps also to indicate the state. Verbs usually the predicate of a sentence.
Verbal sentence ==> Subject + Verb
Here are some example sentences that use verbal tenses simple present tense.
I study Bahasa, would be wrong if you write I am study Bahasa, because the study is a
verb.
In English, substantially all of the predicate in a sentence must express an active
activity directly. The sentences that do not use a predicate verb (active), then assisted
using Auxiliaty verb / Helping verb (to be, have / has, do / does, Will / Marshall)
as a function of the verb To Be is to assist in the sentences that do not contain the
predicate verb in nominal sentences. Subject + Object + Verb-s/es / Adverb Subject +
to be + complement.
There are two basic forms sentence, namely sentences verbal and nominal sentences.
So the things we need to consider in making sentences in English is that we should be
able to distinguish between sentence verbal and nominal sentences. And do not forget
to always adhere to the position of the predicate sentence in tense is used. the rest can
adjust.
note: we should not use a to be in front of the subject if the subject is in front of the
verb, except the use of the passive voice (passive voice).
Verb (verb) was used to reveal the activity of something or a group of nouns. In
the sentence, the verb functioning as a predicate. Verbs generally require the object
(called a transitive verb), but there are also some verbs that do not require an object
(called the intransitive verb).
Consider the example below:
~ She always sleeps well.
~ My mother is cooking five different special meals for our guests.Home
~ I study every Saturday night.
Sentences 1 to 3 is the intransitive sentence because it is not followed by the object
sentences, while sentences of 4 to 6 is a transitive sentence because the sentence was
followed by the object (ie: five different meals, Classic, and the mango fruit).
Here are some verbs that are commonly used:
run
write
ride
play
memorize
drive
sleep
think
help
study
calculate
borrow
do
multiply
lend
clean
subtract
cry
grow
devide
smile
kick
read
laugh
smoke
see
teach
erase
watch
walk
wash
hear
jump
dig
listen
go,etc.
As a predicate, except in the simple present tense and simple past tense, tense other
uses auxiliary verbs are added. This is called a verb phrase.
Example:
# They usually play cards on Saturday night.
# We do not smoke.
# My sisters cleaned the house yesterday.
# Our teacher discussed the use of the Past Perfect Continuous Tense last week.
# Of the four examples above, only use a single verb: verb1 (samples 1-2) and verb2
(examples 3-4).
Now let us compare with the use of the verb phrase in this example the following
sentence:
1. Andi, Anto, Anjas, and I are doing homework now. (Note, to be are, am not used in a
sentence like this because of the use of conjunction and in Andy, Anto, Anjas, and I,
making a plural subject, and can be replaced with the subject pronoun They). Contrast
with the following sentence:
2. Either Andy, Anto, Anjas, or I am doing homework now. See the difference?
3. Mr. Dodo has gone to his office.
4. We will defeat him soon.
5. Before he went to Bali, John Had Bought a luggage full of clothes.
6. He Could've passed the exam if he Had studied well.
Note:
A. Use of the verb in the sentence (when we use verb1, verb2, verb3, (verb1 + ing),
ect) are always based on the tense (time and the ongoing process of events or activities
conducted by the subject line).
B. Between a subject with the verb must always be in agreement (see: subject-verb
agreement).
C. Verb is very much in number.
D. Most of the changes from verb1 to verb2 and verb3 is by adding affixes-ed or-d on
verb1 her. Verbs that change like this is called regular verbs (irregular verbs). So, who
needs to memorize the irregular verbs, ie verbs which change from verb1 to verb2 and
verb3 occur irregularly.
4. INTERJECTION
Can you find the interjection in the Reading? That's right, ha ha. It's an expression of
laughter.
Try using some of these interjections the next time you have a conversation in English!
aha
:
used
to
express
aw: used to express sympathy, tenderness,
surprise.
disapproval, or disbelief.
ooh
joy.
ugh
wow
:
used
to
express
horror,
disgust,
or
: used to express wonder, amazement, or great pleasure.
repugnance.
Ouch!
Well,/well!
Oh!
Horray!
Yuck!
Excuse me!
Sorry!
Example:
Wow, you are so cool !
Kata Seru Arti
Contoh
ah
Menyatakan kepasrahan
alas
dear
Oh dear! Does it
hurt?
eh
Meminta pengulangan
Menyatakan keheranan
Eh! Really?
Meminta persetujuan
er
Menyatakan kebimbangan
hello,
hullo
Menyatakan salam
Menyatakan keterkejutan
Hello! My car is
gone!
Meminta perhatian
Menyatakan keheranan,
kegembiraan, dll
hi
Menyatakan salam
hmm
Menyatakan kebimbangan,
keraguan atau
ketidaksetujuan
Hmm. I am not so
sure.
Oh, o
Oh! He is here!
Menyatakan pembelaan
ouch
uh
Menyatakan kebimbangan
uh-huh
Menyatakan kesepakatan
Shall we go?
uh-huh.
hey
24 divided by 4 is
um6.
well
Well I never!
Memberikan keterangan
5. IDEVINITE ARTICLE
There are two indefinite articles indefinite or definite article, namely a and an.
Grammatically both are equal and have the meaning as, one or something.
Article placed before a singular count-nouns (singular nouns which can be calculated)
beginning with a consonant or a vowel pronounced like the letter consonants, such as:
a man, a table, a cow, a sheep, a university, a useful device, a unique opportunity, a
Euro, a UN declaration, etc. While the article is placed before singular count-nouns
beginning with vowels (a, i, u, e, o) or consonants is pronounced like the vowels, such
as: an elephant, an apple, an open door, an hour, an X-rays, an Honourable man, an
ugly incident, an FM radio, an MP3 file, etc.
Indefinite articles a and an are used:
1. to refer to someone or something (or singular countable nouns) for the first time or
when talking about people or things that are not well known.
- We have a problem.
- Suddenly They Heard a loud bang.
- I have an idea
2. to refer to someone or something specific general not specifically mentioned.
- I suggest you leave it to an expert.
- I was waiting for a bus.
- You need a dictionary.
3. in front of the noun that can not be counted when referring to an example or type
only (single type).
- A dry wine
- A rare, highly prized wines
4. in front of the name of the day, month, celebration, seasons, or a particular event.
- The interview took place on a Friday afternoon.
- It was a bitterly cold winter.
- She was born at six o'clock on a Sunday morning.
5. to show that someone or something that is a member of a group or profession.
- I explained that i was an artist.
- He's a teacher.
- Their new car is a BMW.
6. in front of the name of an artist who refers to works of art
(paintings, sculptures, carvings, etc..) that have been made.
- Most people have very little difficulty in seeing why a Van
:
of
direct
speech
(There
are
quotes
in
the
content
words):
of
indirect
speech
(no
quotes):
Note:
7. NUMERAL ADJECTIVE
Numeral adjectives are those that express numbers. They include one, two, three, first,
second, and many others.
Numeral adjectives are divided into:
When a numeral is uses as a noun, the cardinal, like the pronominal adjectives, takes no
article. On the other hand, the ordinal uses the article.
For example
Two only were present.
The third was lost.
A qualifying adjective is one that limits the meaning of a noun, by denoting some property
or quality.
For example
a virtuous person
that running horse
Participles belong to this class of adjectives. Participles have the signification of the verb
and the construction of the adjective. When the participle is placed before the noun that it
modifies it is called a participial adjective.
For example
the rising sun
that winning season
those studying students
When a participle is placed after the noun and is, itself, limited by the other words, it is
parsed as a participle.
For example
the sun rising in the East
the lion pursuing its prey
the students studying their lessons
When a qualifying adjective represents either a definite or indefinite understood object, the
article the must be place before it.
For example
the wise [persons]
the benevolent [leaders]
the beautiful
the good and the true
When a quality is used abstractly, the adjective is changed to an abstract noun.
For example
Wise becomes wisdom.
Beautiful become beauty.
Comparison of Adjectives
Comparison is the variation of the adjectives to express different degrees of the quality
that the adjective denotes. The variation may take place only in the meaning as when the
following are added before the adjective:
generous
rather
very
somewhat
too
quite generous
more generous
most generous
clear
clearer
clearest
the positive
the comparative
the superlative
a long pen
a longer street
that two objects, qualities, or conditions are contrasted in the comparative degrees
one with two more, or with others in the superlative.
For example
George is older than his brother.
George is the older of the two brothers.
He is more prosperous that scrupulous.
Many animals are more active by night than by day.
Of all jewels, the diamond is the most precious.
Of all men, he was the wisest.
that different objects may possess the same quality is equal or in unequal degrees.
For example
Cotton is as white as wool.
Wool is whiter than hemp.
This tree is the tallest of all (of the trees.)
that, in different circumstances, the same quality may belong to the same object in
equal or unequal degrees.
For example
Our commander was as self-possessed in danger as in safety.
The Asiatic cholera is more prevalent in autumn than in winter and usually most
prevalent in the summer.
that different qualities may belong to the same object in equal and unequal degrees.
For example
The aid was as timely as acceptable.
The servant was more skillful than willing.
The different qualities may belong to different objects in equal or rarely if ever in unequal
degrees.
For example
He was as agreeable as his opponent was offensive.
Scarcely, with priority, he was more agreeable than his opponent was offensive.
In respect to form, comparison may take place:
better
best
bad
worse
worst
little
less
least
much
more
most
many
more
most
old
Adjectives terminating in ish indicate a quality in a lower degrees than the positive.
For example
Bluish indicates a color that approaches the color blue.
The meaning of the adjective is also varied by the addition of such adverbs as somewhat,
rather, slightly, a little, too, vary, greatly, exceedingly, and others. The formation of the
comparative and superlative may be done by adding adverbs such as much, far, vastly,
altogether, by far, and many others.
For example
rather weak tea
Citation was much the better horse.
Lincoln was a far wiser leader.
Adjectives derived from proper names, numerals those referring to position, material, and
form; and those having an absolute signification are seldom, if ever, compared.
For example
German
Spanish
seventh
sixth
perpendicular
level
square
woolen
icy
With the exception of much, few first, last, little, less, least, many, more, and most, the
pronominal adjectives are not compared.
To parse adjectives:
Indicate that the word is an adjective.
Indicate what kind of adjective it is.
If it is a qualifying adjective, compare it and give its degree.
Indicate which noun the adjective modifies.
Parse the adjectives in the following sentence:
The faithful person will be rewarded.
Faithful is an adjective
It is a qualifying adjective.
Faithful compared:
faithful
more faithful
most faithful
In this sentence, faithful modifies the noun person
Parse the adjectives in the following sentence:
Her house is larger than mine.
Larger is an adjective.
It is a qualifying adjective.
Larger compared:
large
larger
largest
The is an adjective.
It is a limiting adjective.
It modifies the noun field.
Young is an adjective.
It is qualifying adjective.
Young compared:
young
more young
most young
It is in the positive degree.
Young modifies an understood noun person.
Bold is also a qualifying adjective.
Bold compared:
bold
bolder
boldest
Bold is in the positive degree.
Bold modifies the understood noun person.
The is a limiting adjective.
It modifies the noun council.
Solemn is a qualifying adjective.
Solemn compared:
solemn
more solemn
most solemn
Solemn modifies the noun council.
Best is a qualifying adjective.
Best compared:
good
better
best
Best is in the superlative degree.
Best modifies the understood noun person.
The is a limiting adjective.
It modifies the understood noun person.
Old is a qualifying adjective.
Old compared:
old
older
oldest
Old is in the positive degree.
Old modifies the understood noun person.
SOME
Some are used to indicate the amount of uncertainty, the exact number is not
considered important. Some are used in affirmative statements,
Example :
- I have some books.
- She wants some apples.
Some are also used in questions, but only if we estimate the answer to that question is
"Yes".
Example :
- Do you have some paper?
- Would you like some french fries?
ANY
Any used in negative statements.
Example:
-
Any is also generally used in questions, especially if we expect the answer is "No".
Example:
-
Some and any are often used like articles (a / an) for plural nouns. A / an is used for
singular countable nouns, and some / any can be used for plural nouns, countable or
uncountable.
For example:
At first it looks complicated, but when you are practicing their use and not just read
it will be more meaningful, and the more you are experienced and confident you
will soon learn to use English grammar properly.
9. PASSIVE VOICE
are the object of the sentence. Active voice is more often used in everyday life compared
with the passive voice. However, often we find the passive voice in newspapers, articles in
magazines and scholarly writings. Passive voice is used as the object of the active voice is
more important information than its subject.
Example:
Active: We fertilize the soil every 6 months
Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
From this example we can see that:
1. Object of the active voice (the soil) became the subject of the passive voice
2. Subject of the active voice (we) became the object of the passive voice. Note also that
there is a change of subject pronoun 'we' becomes the object pronoun 'us'.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) the active voice becomes verb3 (fertilized) in the passive voice.
4. He added that be 'is' in front verb3. Be used is dependent on the subject of passive voice
and tenses used. (Note the passive voice patterns below).
5. He added the word 'by' behind verb3. However, if the object of the passive voice is
considered not important or unknown, then the object is usually not mentioned and so is the
word 'by'.
6. Especially for progressive sentences (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, and
past perfect continuous future, need to add 'being' in front verb3). If not added "being",
tensisnya will change, not progressive / continuous again. Consider the examples in point h
- o below.
Based on the six points above the passive voice followed the pattern as follows:
Verb3 + Subject + be + by + Object + modifier
The pattern of active and passive voice in every tense
a. If the active voice in simple present tense, then 'be' it is the passive voice is, am or are.
Example:
Active: He meets Them everyday.
Passive: They are met by him everyday.
Active: She waters this plant every two days.
Passive: This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. If the active voice in simple past tense, then 'be' passive voice-it is was or were the
resource persons
Example:
Active: He met yesterday Them
Passive: They were the resource persons met by him yesterday
Active: She watered this plant this morning
Passive: This plant was watered by her this morning
c. If the active voice in present perfect tense, then 'be' passive voice it is been placed after
the auxiliary has or have, so it becomes 'has been' or 'have been'
Example:
Active: He has met Them
Passive: They have been met by him
Active: She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive: This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. If the active voice in the past perfect tense, then 'be' passive voice it is been placed after
the auxiliary had, so to be Had been
Example:
Active: He Had Met Them before I CAME.
being.
Example:
Active: He Will be meeting Them.
Passive: They Will be being met by him.
Active: She Will be watering this plant.
Passive: This plant will of some being watered by her.
m. If the active voice in the future past continuous tense, then 'be' it is the passive voice
would be + being.
Example:
Active: He would be meeting Them.
Passive: They would be being met by him.
Active: She would be watering this plant.
Passive: This plant would be being watered by her.
n. If the active voice in the future perfect continuous tense, then 'be' passive voice is the
will of his have been + being.
Example:
Active: He will of Them have been meeting.
Passive: Will They have been being met by him.
Active: She Will have been watering this plant.
Passive: This Will plant have been being watered by her.
o. If the active voice in the past future perfect continuous tense, then 'be' it is the passive
voice would have been + being.
Example:
Active: He would be meeting Them.
Passive: They would be being met by him.
Active: She would be watering this plant.
Passive: This plant would be being watered by her.
Other examples:
1. Koko's nose is bleeding. He was punched by his friend right on his nose. (Koko's nose
was bleeding. He was beaten by his friend right on the nose).
2. The Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian team. (Indonesia football
team was defeated by the Saudi Arabian team).
3. These plants were the resource persons watered by my sister A Few minutes ago. (The
plants are watered by my brother a few minutes ago).
4. There is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (There is no food left. Everything
had been eaten away by Yeyes).
5. Home is studied by all high school students. (English learned by all advanced high
school students (high school).
10. GERUND
When we use a verb in ing form more like a noun, it is usually a gerund
When we use a verb in ing form more like a verb or an adjective, it is usually a
present participle.
Gerunds as a Subject, Object or Complement
a. As a Subject
Past FutureTense
tenses are used to make sentences about things that had happened, and we talk about
it now. Tense is marked with the words past, which indicates past.
event
that happened in
the
past and
ends at
certain
Nominal Sentence
Formula
(+) S + V2 + C
(-) S + did + not + V1 + C
(?) did + S + V1 + C
(Passive) O + was/were + V3 + by + S + C
Example
(+)
We
(-)
We
didn't
(?)
did
we
ate
eat
eat
some
some
some
cake
yesterday.
cake
yesterday.
cake
yesterday?
Untuk menyatakan kejadian di waktu lampau pada waktu tertentu sekarang sudah
selesai
Example: She got a letter last month .
To express the habits that made in the past is now not performed anymore / Untuk
menyatakan kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang dilakukan di waktu lampau sekarang tidak
dilakukan lagi
Example: I always woke up at 6 oclock
States that an event or action which clearly done in the past, although the timing is
notmentioned / menyatakan bahwa suatu kejadian atau perbuatan yang secara jelas
dilakukan di waktu lampau walaupun waktunya tidak disebutkan
Example: Fifi gave me a present
Used in conditional type 2 / Digunakan dalam conditional type 2
Example: If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new house
time information that is often used :
Yesterday /kemaren
Last night/semalam